lecture v-第3章

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election　of　any　foreign　prince。　The　nobility　would　have　had　no
objection　to　the　placing　of　a　Swedish　or　Polish　pretender　on　the
vacant　throne。　The　higher　and　lower　orders　differed　widely　as　to
the　man　they　wished　to　choose　from　among　the　Russian　boyars；　the
names　of　Golitzin；　Vorotinsky；　Troubezkoy；　and　even　that　of　the
dethroned　Basilius　Schouisky；　were；　for　a　time；　to　be　found　on
the　list　of　candidates　supported　by　the　nobility。　The　first　to
declare　himself　in　favour　of　the　young　Romanov　was　one　of　his
relations　named　Scheremetiev；　and　his　proposal　was　favourably
listened　to　by　the　lower　nobility；　the　Cossacks　and　the
burgesses。　His　election；　however；　was　so　unexpected　an　event　that
his　own　father；　a　bishop　then　closely　imprisoned　by　the　Poles；
was　the　first　to　suggest；　in　a　letter　written　to　Scheremetiev；
that　certain　constitutional　limits　should　be　imposed　On　the　power
of　the　future　Czar。　Strahlenberg（7*）　is　quite　correct　in　his
statement　that　the　idea　of　these　limitations　was　borrowed　from
Poland　where　already　in　the　middle　of　the　sixteenth　century；
under　Stephen　Bathory；　the　States…General；　or　Seim；　and　the
Council　possessed　considerable　rights。　The　reasons　which　operated
in　favour　of　the　young　Michael　Romanov　were；　first　of　all；　his
relationship　with　the　extinct　dynasty　of　Rurik　through　his　great
aunt；　Anastasia　Romanov；　who　was　one　of　the　wives　of　ivan　the
Terrible；　secondly；　the　small　number　of　relations　which　was
looked　upon　as　a　safeguard　against　further　depredations　on　the
demesne　lands　in　the　form　of　beneficiary　donations；　and　thirdly；
the　popularity　of　his　family；　which　had　been　persecuted　by　the
boyars　from　the　time　of　Boris　Godounov。　His　father；　Philarete；
who　had　been　forced　to　become　a　monk；　was　especially　endeared　to
the　nation　by　his　virtues；　he　had　attained　a　high　position　among
the　clergy；　having　been　made　Bishop　of　Jaroslav。
　　　　The　late　Patriarch　Germogen；　who　had　been　much　beloved　by　the
people；　had　also　been　favourably　disposed　towards　the　election　of
young　Romanov；　and　this　fact　contributed　greatly　to　secure　him
the　sympathy　of　the　clergy。　At　the　time　of　his　election　Michael
was　but　a　boy　of　fifteen；　and　his　father　being　a　prisoner　in
Magdeburgh；　Scheremetiev　and　the　members　of　his　party　looked　upon
it　as　highly　probable　that　the　real　government　would　pass　into
their　hands。
　　　　The　Sovereign　power　which　was　offered　to　young　Romanov　was
far　from　being　the　same　as　that　enjoyed　by　Ivan　the　Terrible。
Autocratic　power　had　had　to　yield　before　the　new　theories　of
constitutional　limitations　directly　imported　from　Poland。　That
Michael　had　to　sign　a　compromise　is　a　fact　briefly　mentioned　by
Russian　eye…witnesses；　such　as　Kotoschichin；　as　well　as　by
foreigners　then　residing　in　Russia。　The　chronicles　of　the　city　of
Pskov　speak　of　it　in　contemptuous　terms。　It　was　not　enough；　say
they；　for　the　boyars　to　have　reduced　the　country　to　the　miserable
state　to　which　they　had　brought　it。　They　wanted　to　go　on　in　the
same　way　of　pillage　and　oppression；　they　had　no　regard　for　the
Czar；　did　not　fear　him　on　account　of　his　youth；　and　all　the　more
so　since　they　had　induced　him；　at　the　time　of　his　accession　to
the　throne；　to　take　an　oath；　by　which　he　renounced　the　right　of
inflicting　capital　punishment　on　persons　belonging　to　the　higher
nobility。　Capital　punishment　was　to　be　superseded　by　close
imprisonment。　No　mention　is　made　in　the　chronicles　of　any　further
limitation　of　the　Sovereign　power　of　the　Czar。
　　　　The　well…known　Kotoschichin；　who　was　alive　at　the　time；
speaking　of　the　accession　of　the　Czar　Alexis；　son　of　Michael
Romanov；　notices　the　fact　that；　〃contrary　to　the　custom
established　by　his　predecessor；　the　new　Czar　signed　no　charter　by
which　he　undertook　to　inflict　capital　punishment　only　in
accordance　with　law　and　justice；　and　to　consult　the　boyars　and
men　of　the　Douma　on　each　and　every　question　concerning　the
government　of　the　land；　so　that　no　decision　might　be　come　to
without　their　assent。〃　Although　Kotoschichin　speaks　more
positively　as　to　the　constitutional　character　of　the　limitations
imposed　on　Russian　autocracy　in　the　first　quarter　of　the
seventeenth　century；　we　must　notice　the　fact　that　he　says　nothing
of　the　part　which　the　Sobor　or　Parliament　was　called　upon　to　play
in　this　experiment　in　limited　monarchy。　He　mentions　only　the
boyars　and　the　men　of　the　Douma；　not　〃those　of　the　land；〃　a
phrase　used　at　that　time　when　speaking　of　the　members　of　the
Zemski　Sobor。
　　　　The　Swedish　writer；　Fokkerodt；　is　more　explicit　when　he
affirms　that　in　the　compromise　signed　by　Michael；　the　young　Czar
promised　to　give　free　course　to　the　judicial　proceedings　of　the
courts；　so　as　to　inflict　no　punishment　on　his　own　authority；　to
introduce　no　new　law　without　the　consent　of　the　Sobor；　to　abstain
from　levying　any　tax　without　the　consent　of　this　representative
Assembly；　and　to　begin　no　war　without　its　counsel　and
approbation。
　　　　As　to　Strahlenberg；　his　statement　is　as　follows：　Before　the
coronation　Michael　was　forced　to　accept　the　following　conditions：
He　promised　to　（1）　uphold　and　protect　the　existing　creed　of
Russia；　（2）　to　keep　no　memory　of　injuries　inflicted　on　his
family；　to　forget　and　to　forgive　all　past　animosities；　（3）　He
took　also　the　obligation　to　make　no　new　laws　or　alter　old　ones；
and　to　take　no　important　measure　which　might　contradict　the
existing　laws；　or　suspend　the　legal　proceedings　of　the　court　of
justice。　（4）　He　promised　as　well　　to　begin　no　wars　and　to　make　no
peace　by　his　own　will。（8*）
　　　　This　view　of　the　power　of　the　Sobor　is　confirmed　by　the　fact
of　its　quasi…permanent　presence　at　Moscow　during　the　whole　reign
of　the　first　Romanov。　The　laws　and　proclamations　issued　at　that
time　generally　contain　the　following　characteristic　expression：
〃According　to　our　order　（oukas）　and　the　decision　of　the　whole
land　（po　vsei　zemli　prigovorou）。〃　The　whole　land　cannot　mean
anything　else　than　the　representatives　in　Parliament　assembled。
　　　　Many　important　questions　were　discussed　and　settled　by　the
Sobor。　In　the　first　years　of　the　reign　want　of　money　obliged　the
Czar　more　than　once　to　have　recourse　to　forced　loans　and
benevolences。　These　were　levied　side　by　side　with　the　regular
taxes　on　the　goods　of　merchants　and　peasants　（torgovii　i　soschnii
liudi）；　the　taxes　received　the　consent　of　the　Sobor；　the
benevolences　were　endorsed　by　it。　The　nomination　of　a　new
Patriarch　in　1619　was　also　their　work。　The　annals　of　the　time
tell　us　that　the　boyars；　the　dignitaries　of　the　Court；　and　all
the　people　of　the　〃Moscovite　State〃　called　on　Michael　and　asked
him　to　induce　his　father　Philarete　to　accept　the　primacy　of　the
Russian　church。　Two　years　later；　in　1621；　a　new　Sobor　was
consulted　on　the　question　as　to　whether　Russia　should　go　to　war
with　Poland。　The　Estates　gave　an　answer　in　the　affirmative；　but
the　want　of　money　and　soldiers　forced　the　Government　to　postpone
the　execution　of　this　decision。
　　　　From　1622　the　Sobors　lose　their　character　of　quasi…constant
assemblies；　each　remaining　in　session　for　several　years　and　begin
to　be　called　only　on　special　occasions；　whenever　their　services
were　required　for　the　settlement　of　important　questions　of　State。
　　　　In　1632　war　with　Poland　necessitated　the　levying　of　new
subsidies。　The　Sobor　Was　accordingly　assembled　and　gave　its
consent　to　the　imposition　of　a　general　tax　on　all　the　estates　of
the　empire；　on　the　tradesmen　as　on　the　〃men　of　service。〃　The
amount　of　money　to　be　demanded　from　the　latter　was　not　fixed；
each　person　could　pay　what　he　liked。　The　sums　produced　by　the　tax
were　intended　for　the　payment　of　the　army。　During　the　next　two
years　we　find　the　Sobor　consulting　the　Czar　on　matters　of　war　and
taxation；　on　the　relations　of　the　land　with　Poland　and　the
Tartars　of　the　Crimea。　The　Czar　complained　of　the　ill…treatment
to　which　his　envoy　was　subjected　by　the　Khan。　The　superior
clergy；　whose　answer　alone　has　been　preserved；　insisted　on　the
necessity　of　building　fortresses　on　the　Southern　boundaries　of
the　Moscovite　empire；　in　those　cities　of　the　Ukraine；　which　like
Belgorod　or　Voroneg；　remained　for　centuries　the　pioneers　of
Christianity　and　culture　in　the　southern　steppes　of　Russia；　and
which　were　periodically　plundered　by　the　Tartars。
　　　　Two　years　later　the　military　occupation　of　Asov　by　the
Cossacks　of　the　Don　and　the　impending　necessity　of　a　war　with　the
Crimean　Tartars　for　the　preservation　of　the　conquest；　caused　a
new　Sobor　to　be　convened。　This　Assembly　was　in　favour　of　war　and
accordingly　ordered　the　levy　of　military　forces；　〃even　from　the
villages　belonging　to　the　crown　land　and　the　lands　of　the
clergy。〃　In　1642　matters　concerning　the　fortress　of　Asov　again
became　the　immediate　cause　of　a　new　assembling　of　the　Russian
Estates。　As　the　Turks　had　no　intention　of　leaving　Asov　in　the
hands　of　the　Cossacks；　who　were　not　able　to　hold　it　themselves；
the　question　of　annexing　it　to　the　Russian　state　suggested　itself
to　the　Government；　though　it　involved　the　risk　of　incurring　the
responsibility　of　a　new　and　almost　imminent　war。　The　Czar　finding
it　necessary　to　know　the　feeling　of　the　nation；　summoned　one
hundred　and　ninety…five　persons　elected　by　the　Estates；　besides
the　Douma　or　Privy　Council　and　the　superior　clergy；　to　Moscow。
Nearly　all　classes　of　society　sent　representatives；　each　class
gave　its　opinion　or　advice　separately　on　papers　bearing　the
signatures　of　all　the　members　of　the　same　Estate；　while　the
dissentients　sent　in　their　opinions　on　separate　and　private
papers。
　　　　The　superior　clergy；　faithful　to　their　old　habits；　assured
the　Czar　that　they　were　quite　unable　to　advise　him　on　the
question；　it　was　not；　they　said；　their　custom　to　do　So；　for　it
was　the　Business　of　the　Czar　and　his　Douma；　their　sole　duty　was
to　invoke　God's　blessing　on　the　Czar's　undertakings。　Should　the
Czar；　however；　want　military　aid；　they　declared　themselves　ready
to　make　the　necessary　sacrifices　in　order　to　pay　the　soldiers；
and　that　according　to　their　means。　The　majority　of　the　Moscovite
nobility　expressed　themselves　in　favour　of　annexation。　The　Czar
ought　to　hold　the　newly　acquired　fortress；　but　he　should　merely
order　the　Cossacks　to　continue　their　occupation　of　it。　Volunteers
alone　ought　to　be　necessary　to　give　help　and　assistance。　Some
advised　that　soldiers　should　Be　sent　to　Asov；　not　only　from　the
cities　of　the　Ukraine；　but　even　from　Moscow。　All　sorts　of　men；
with　the　exception　of　serfs　and　such　as　had　lost　their　liberty
through　not　having　paid　their　debts；　ought　to　be　selected　for
that　purpose。　If　money　were　wanted；　each　Estate　ought　to　nominate
two　or　three　persons　whom　the　Czar　might　authorise　to　levy
subsidies　from　all　persons　and　goods；　from　officers　（prikasnii）
and　the　Czar's　suite；　from　widows　and　orphans；　from　〃hosts〃　and
merchants；　and　from　each　and　every　person　not　engaged　in　military
service。
　　　　Some　of　the　nobility；　amongst　others　those　of　Vladimir；
simply　promised　to　obey　the　Czar's　orders；　pointing　at　the　same
time　to　the　miserable　state　of　their　cities　and　country；　which
they　said　was　wellknown　to　the　Czar　and　to　the　boyars　of　his
Douma。　Much　more　peremptory　was　the　advice　given　by　the　local
nobility　of　certain　larger　cities；　such　as　Sousdal；