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С˵£º the psychology of revolution ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

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which¡¡will¡¡surely¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of

those¡¡scientific¡¡phenomena¡¡into¡¡which¡¡the¡¡opinions¡¡and¡¡beliefs¡¡of

a¡¡writer¡¡enter¡¡so¡¡little¡¡that¡¡the¡¡reader¡¡does¡¡not¡¡even¡¡suspect

them¡£



This¡¡period¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡come¡¡into¡¡being£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡still¡¡in¡¡the

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are¡¡now¡¡so¡¡no¡¡longer¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡may¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡this¡¡new¡¡state¡¡of

mind¡¡by¡¡the¡¡following¡¡extracts¡¡from¡¡recent¡¡authors£º



M¡£¡¡Hanotaux£»¡¡having¡¡vaunted¡¡the¡¡utility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution£»¡¡asks

whether¡¡its¡¡results¡¡were¡¡not¡¡bought¡¡too¡¡dearly£»¡¡and¡¡adds£º



¡®¡®History¡¡hesitates£»¡¡and¡¡will£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡long¡¡time¡¡yet£»¡¡hesitate¡¡to

answer¡£''



M¡£¡¡Madelin¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡dubious¡¡in¡¡the¡¡book¡¡he¡¡has¡¡recently

published£º



¡®¡®I¡¡have¡¡never¡¡felt¡¡sufficient¡¡authority¡¡to¡¡form£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡my

inmost¡¡conscience£»¡¡a¡¡categorical¡¡judgment¡¡on¡¡so¡¡complex¡¡a

phenomenon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡French¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡To¡­day¡¡I¡¡find¡¡it¡¡even¡¡more

difficult¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡brief¡¡judgement¡£¡¡¡¡Causes£»¡¡facts£»¡¡and

consequences¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡me¡¡to¡¡be¡¡still¡¡extremely¡¡debatable

subjects¡£''



One¡¡may¡¡obtain¡¡a¡¡still¡¡better¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡transformation¡¡of¡¡the

old¡¡ideas¡¡concerning¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡by¡¡perusing¡¡the¡¡latest

writings¡¡of¡¡its¡¡official¡¡defenders¡£¡¡¡¡While¡¡they¡¡professed

formerly¡¡to¡¡justify¡¡every¡¡act¡¡of¡¡violence¡¡by¡¡representing¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a

simple¡¡act¡¡of¡¡defence£»¡¡they¡¡now¡¡confine¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡pleading

extenuating¡¡circumstances¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡find¡¡a¡¡striking¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡this¡¡new

frame¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡France¡¡for¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡schools£»

published¡¡by¡¡MM¡£¡¡Aulard¡¡and¡¡Debidour¡£¡¡¡¡Concerning¡¡the¡¡Terror¡¡we

read¡¡the¡¡following¡¡lines£º



¡®¡®Blood¡¡flowed¡¡in¡¡waves£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡injustice¡¡and¡¡crimes

which¡¡were¡¡useless¡¡from¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡of¡¡national¡¡defence£»

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harassed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡dangers£»¡¡the¡¡patriots¡¡struck¡¡out¡¡in¡¡their

rage¡£''



We¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡in¡¡another¡¡part¡¡of¡¡this¡¡work¡¡that¡¡the¡¡first¡¡of¡¡the

two¡¡authors¡¡whom¡¡I¡¡have¡¡cited¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡his

uncompromising¡¡Jacobinism£»¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡indulgent¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡men

formerly¡¡qualified¡¡as¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®Giants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention¡£''



The¡¡judgments¡¡of¡¡foreigners¡¡upon¡¡our¡¡Revolution¡¡are¡¡usually

distinctly¡¡severe£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡surprised¡¡when¡¡we¡¡remember

how¡¡Europe¡¡suffered¡¡during¡¡the¡¡twenty¡¡years¡¡of¡¡upheaval¡¡in

France¡£



The¡¡Germans¡¡in¡¡particular¡¡have¡¡been¡¡most¡¡severe¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡opinion

is¡¡summed¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡lines¡¡by¡¡M¡£¡¡Faguet£º



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consists¡¡above¡¡all¡¡in¡¡telling¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡to¡¡one's¡¡own¡¡country£º¡¡

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ourselves£»¡¡what¡¡she¡¡does¡¡see¡£''



For¡¡the¡¡rest£»¡¡whatever¡¡the¡¡worth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡verdicts¡¡pronounced¡¡upon

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future¡¡will¡¡consider¡¡it¡¡as¡¡an¡¡event¡¡as¡¡passionately¡¡interesting

as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡instructive¡£



A¡¡Government¡¡bloodthirsty¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡guillotine¡¡old¡¡men¡¡of¡¡eighty

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author¡¡reproaches¡¡me¡¡with¡¡¡®¡®exploring¡¡the¡¡world¡¡and¡¡the

newspapers¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡books¡£''



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with¡£



Philosophers¡¡are¡¡beginning¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡puerility¡¡of¡¡such

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university¡¡metaphysics¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡yet¡¡turned¡¡aside£»¡¡although¡¡it

has¡¡lost¡¡its¡¡former¡¡force







4¡£¡¡¡¡Impartiality¡¡in¡¡History¡£





Impartiality¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡essential

quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡historian¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡historians¡¡since¡¡Tacitus¡¡have

assured¡¡us¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡impartial¡£



In¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡sees¡¡events¡¡as¡¡the¡¡painter¡¡sees¡¡a

landscapethat¡¡is£»¡¡through¡¡his¡¡own¡¡temperament£»¡¡through¡¡his

character¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡of¡¡the¡¡race¡£



A¡¡number¡¡of¡¡artists£»¡¡placed¡¡before¡¡the¡¡same¡¡landscape£»¡¡would

necessarily¡¡interpret¡¡it¡¡in¡¡as¡¡many¡¡different¡¡fashions¡£¡¡¡¡Some

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It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡with¡¡the¡¡writer¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡can¡¡no¡¡more¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡the

impartiality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡historian¡¡than¡¡we¡¡can¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡the

impartiality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡painter¡£



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of¡¡a¡¡period¡¡completely¡¡impossible¡£



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Poets¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Corneille£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡create¡¡heroes¡¡superior¡¡to

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Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡moralist's¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡of¡¡the¡¡psychologist

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CHAPTER¡¡II



THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGICAL¡¡FOUNDATIONS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME



1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Absolute¡¡Monarchy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Bases¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡£



Many¡¡historians¡¡assure¡¡us¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡was¡¡directed

against¡¡the¡¡autocracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡kings¡¡of

France¡¡had¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡absolute¡¡monarchs¡¡long¡¡before¡¡its

outbreak¡£



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example£»¡¡had¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡constant¡¡struggle¡¡either¡¡against¡¡the

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The¡¡king¡¡ordered¡¡his¡¡release£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡refused¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡obliged

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itself¡¡beaten¡£¡¡¡¡Profiting¡¡by¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡absence£»¡¡it

arrested¡¡Berquin¡¡again¡¡an

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