the psychology of revolution-µÚ18ÕÂ
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university¡¡metaphysics¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡yet¡¡turned¡¡aside£»¡¡although¡¡it
has¡¡lost¡¡its¡¡former¡¡force
4¡£¡¡¡¡Impartiality¡¡in¡¡History¡£
Impartiality¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡essential
quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡historian¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡historians¡¡since¡¡Tacitus¡¡have
assured¡¡us¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡impartial¡£
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character¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡of¡¡the¡¡race¡£
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This¡¡question£»¡¡I¡¡admit£»¡¡allows¡¡of¡¡two¡¡very¡¡different¡¡solutions£»
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CHAPTER¡¡II
THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGICAL¡¡FOUNDATIONS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME
1¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Absolute¡¡Monarchy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Bases¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡£
Many¡¡historians¡¡assure¡¡us¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡was¡¡directed
against¡¡the¡¡autocracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡kings¡¡of
France¡¡had¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡absolute¡¡monarchs¡¡long¡¡before¡¡its
outbreak¡£
Only¡¡very¡¡late¡¡in¡¡historynot¡¡until¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡XIV¡£did
they¡¡finally¡¡obtain¡¡incontestable¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡the¡¡preceding
sovereigns£»¡¡even¡¡the¡¡most¡¡powerful£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Francis¡¡I¡££»¡¡for
example£»¡¡had¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡constant¡¡struggle¡¡either¡¡against¡¡the
seigneurs£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡clergy£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡parliaments£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡did¡¡not
always¡¡win¡£¡¡¡¡Francis¡¡himself¡¡had¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡power¡¡to¡¡protect
his¡¡most¡¡intimate¡¡friends¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Sorbonne¡¡and¡¡the
Parliament¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡friend¡¡and¡¡councillor¡¡Berquin£»¡¡having¡¡offended
the¡¡Sorbonne£»¡¡was¡¡arrested¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡order¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡body¡£¡¡
The¡¡king¡¡ordered¡¡his¡¡release£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡refused¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡obliged
to¡¡send¡¡archers¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡him¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Conciergerie£»¡¡and¡¡could
find¡¡no¡¡other¡¡means¡¡of¡¡protecting¡¡him¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡keeping¡¡him
beside¡¡him¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Louvre¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Sorbonne¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡considered
itself¡¡beaten¡£¡¡¡¡Profiting¡¡by¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡absence£»¡¡it
arrested¡¡Berquin¡¡again¡¡an