°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > the psychology of revolution >

µÚ23ÕÂ

the psychology of revolution-µÚ23ÕÂ

С˵£º the psychology of revolution ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




even¡¡as¡¡subordinates£»¡¡and¡¡also£»¡¡in¡¡most¡¡cases£»¡¡an¡¡appetite¡¡for

money¡¡or¡¡for¡¡pleasure¡£¡¡¡¡Between¡¡the¡¡delegate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡of

Public¡¡Safety¡¡and¡¡the¡¡minister£»¡¡prefect£»¡¡or¡¡subprefect¡¡of¡¡the

Empire¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡is¡¡small£º¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡man¡¡under¡¡the¡¡two

costumes£»¡¡first¡¡en¡¡carmagnole£»¡¡then¡¡in¡¡the¡¡braided¡¡coat¡£''



The¡¡dogma¡¡of¡¡equality¡¡had¡¡as¡¡its¡¡first¡¡consequence¡¡the

proclamation¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡sovereignty¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡£¡¡¡¡This

sovereignty¡¡remained¡¡otherwise¡¡highly¡¡theoretical¡¡during¡¡the

whole¡¡Revolution¡£



The¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡authority¡¡was¡¡the¡¡lasting¡¡legacy¡¡of¡¡the

Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡two¡¡terms¡¡¡®¡®liberty''¡¡and¡¡¡®¡®fraternity''¡¡which

accompany¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡republican¡¡device¡¡had¡¡never¡¡much¡¡influence¡£¡¡

We¡¡may¡¡even¡¡say¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡none¡¡during¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡and¡¡the

Empire£»¡¡but¡¡merely¡¡served¡¡to¡¡decorate¡¡men's¡¡speeches¡£



Their¡¡influence¡¡was¡¡hardly¡¡more¡¡considerable¡¡later¡£¡¡¡¡Fraternity

was¡¡never¡¡practised¡¡and¡¡the¡¡peoples¡¡have¡¡never¡¡cared¡¡much¡¡for

liberty¡£¡¡¡¡To¡­day¡¡our¡¡working¡­men¡¡have¡¡completely¡¡surrendered¡¡it

to¡¡their¡¡unions¡£



To¡¡sum¡¡up£º¡¡although¡¡the¡¡Republican¡¡motto¡¡has¡¡been¡¡little

applied¡¡it¡¡has¡¡exerted¡¡a¡¡very¡¡great¡¡influence¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡French

Revolution¡¡practically¡¡nothing¡¡has¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡mind

but¡¡the¡¡three¡¡celebrated¡¡words¡¡which¡¡sum¡¡up¡¡its¡¡gospel£»¡¡and¡¡which

its¡¡armies¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡Europe¡£







BOOK¡¡II



THE¡¡RATIONAL£»¡¡AFFECTIVE£»¡¡MYSTIC£»¡¡AND¡¡COLLECTIVE¡¡INFLUENCES¡¡ACTIVE

DURING¡¡THE¡¡REVOLUTION



CHAPTER¡¡I



THE¡¡PSYCHOLOGY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡CONSTITUENT¡¡ASSEMBLY



1¡£¡¡¡¡Psychological¡¡Influences¡¡active¡¡during¡¡the¡¡French¡¡Revolution¡£



The¡¡genesis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡Revolution£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡its¡¡duration£»

was¡¡conditioned¡¡by¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡a¡¡rational£»¡¡affective£»¡¡mystic£»¡¡and

collective¡¡nature£»¡¡each¡¡category¡¡of¡¡which¡¡was¡¡ruled¡¡by¡¡a

different¡¡logic¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡have¡¡said£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡have¡¡not

been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡dissociate¡¡the¡¡respective¡¡influences¡¡of¡¡these

factors¡¡that¡¡so¡¡many¡¡historians¡¡have¡¡interpreted¡¡this¡¡period¡¡so

indifferently



The¡¡rational¡¡element¡¡usually¡¡invoked¡¡as¡¡an¡¡explanation¡¡exerted¡¡in

reality¡¡but¡¡a¡¡very¡¡slight¡¡influence¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡prepared¡¡the¡¡way¡¡for¡¡the

Revolution£»¡¡but¡¡maintained¡¡it¡¡only¡¡at¡¡the¡¡outset£»¡¡while¡¡it¡¡was

still¡¡exclusively¡¡middle¡­class¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡action¡¡was¡¡manifested¡¡by

many¡¡measures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡proposals¡¡to¡¡reform¡¡the

taxes£»¡¡the¡¡suppression¡¡of¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡a¡¡useless¡¡nobility£»

&c¡£



As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of

the¡¡rational¡¡elements¡¡speedily¡¡vanished¡¡before¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the

affective¡¡and¡¡collective¡¡elements¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡for¡¡the¡¡mystic¡¡elements£»

the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡faith£»¡¡they¡¡made¡¡the¡¡army

fanatical¡¡and¡¡propagated¡¡the¡¡new¡¡belief¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡world¡£



We¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡these¡¡various¡¡elements¡¡as¡¡they¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡events

and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡psychology¡¡of¡¡individuals¡£¡¡¡¡Perhaps¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important

was¡¡the¡¡mystic¡¡element¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Revolution¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡clearly

comprehendedwe¡¡cannot¡¡repeat¡¡it¡¡too¡¡oftenunless¡¡it¡¡is

considered¡¡as¡¡the¡¡formation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡religious¡¡belief¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡I¡¡have

said¡¡elsewhere¡¡of¡¡all¡¡beliefs¡¡applies¡¡equally¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡

Referring£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡chapter¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Reformation£»¡¡the

reader¡¡will¡¡see¡¡that¡¡it¡¡presents¡¡more¡¡than¡¡one¡¡analogy¡¡with¡¡the

Revolution¡£



Having¡¡wasted¡¡so¡¡much¡¡time¡¡in¡¡demonstrating¡¡the¡¡slight¡¡rational

value¡¡of¡¡beliefs£»¡¡the¡¡philosophers¡¡are¡¡to¡­day¡¡beginning¡¡to

understand¡¡their¡¡function¡¡better¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡have¡¡been¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡admit

that¡¡these¡¡are¡¡the¡¡only¡¡factors¡¡which¡¡possess¡¡an¡¡influence

sufficient¡¡to¡¡transform¡¡all¡¡the¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡a¡¡civilisation¡£



They¡¡impose¡¡themselves¡¡on¡¡men¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡reason¡¡and¡¡have¡¡the

power¡¡to¡¡polarise¡¡men's¡¡thoughts¡¡and¡¡feelings¡¡in¡¡one¡¡direction¡£¡¡

Pure¡¡reason¡¡had¡¡never¡¡such¡¡a¡¡power£»¡¡for¡¡men¡¡were¡¡never

impassioned¡¡by¡¡reason¡£



The¡¡religious¡¡form¡¡rapidly¡¡assumed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡explains¡¡its

power¡¡of¡¡expansion¡¡and¡¡the¡¡prestige¡¡which¡¡it¡¡possessed¡¡and¡¡has

retained¡£



Few¡¡historians¡¡have¡¡understood¡¡that¡¡this¡¡great¡¡monument¡¡ought¡¡to

be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡religion¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡penetrating

mind¡¡of¡¡Tocqueville£»¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡perceive¡¡as

much¡£



¡®¡®The¡¡French¡¡Revolution£»''¡¡he¡¡wrote£»¡¡¡®¡®was¡¡a¡¡political¡¡revolution

which¡¡operated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡and¡¡assumed¡¡something¡¡of¡¡the

aspect¡¡of¡¡a¡¡religious¡¡revolution¡£¡¡¡¡See¡¡by¡¡what¡¡regular¡¡and

characteristic¡¡traits¡¡it¡¡finally¡¡resembled¡¡the¡¡latter£º¡¡not¡¡only

did¡¡it¡¡spread¡¡itself¡¡far¡¡and¡¡wide¡¡like¡¡a¡¡religious¡¡revolution£»

but£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡it¡¡spread¡¡itself¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡preaching¡¡and

propaganda¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡political¡¡revolution¡¡which¡¡inspires¡¡proselytes£»

which¡¡is¡¡preached¡¡as¡¡passionately¡¡to¡¡foreigners¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is

accomplished¡¡at¡¡home£º¡¡consider¡¡what¡¡a¡¡novel¡¡spectacle¡¡was¡¡this¡£''



The¡¡religious¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡being¡¡granted£»¡¡the

accompanying¡¡fury¡¡and¡¡devastation¡¡are¡¡easily¡¡explained¡£¡¡¡¡History

shows¡¡us¡¡that¡¡such¡¡are¡¡always¡¡the¡¡accompaniments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birth¡¡of

religions¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Revolution¡¡was¡¡therefore¡¡certain¡¡to¡¡provoke¡¡the

violence¡¡and¡¡intolerance¡¡the¡¡triumphant¡¡deities¡¡demand¡¡from¡¡their

adepts¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡overturned¡¡all¡¡Europe¡¡for¡¡twenty¡¡years£»¡¡ruined

France£»¡¡caused¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡cost¡¡the¡¡country

several¡¡invasions£º¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡only¡¡at¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡such

catastrophes¡¡that¡¡a¡¡people¡¡can¡¡change¡¡its¡¡beliefs¡£



Although¡¡the¡¡mystic¡¡element¡¡is¡¡always¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡beliefs£»

certain¡¡affective¡¡and¡¡rational¡¡elements¡¡are¡¡quickly¡¡added

thereto¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡belief¡¡thus¡¡serves¡¡to¡¡group¡¡sentiments¡¡and¡¡passions

and¡¡interests¡¡which¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡affective¡¡domain¡£¡¡¡¡Reason¡¡then

envelops¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡seeking¡¡to¡¡justify¡¡events¡¡in¡¡which£»¡¡however£»

it¡¡played¡¡no¡¡part¡¡whatever¡£



At¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡every¡¡one£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡his

aspirations£»¡¡dressed¡¡the¡¡new¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡a¡¡different¡¡rational

vesture¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡peoples¡¡saw¡¡in¡¡it¡¡only¡¡the¡¡suppression¡¡of¡¡the

religious¡¡and¡¡political¡¡despotisms¡¡and¡¡hierarchies¡¡under

which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡so¡¡often¡¡suffered¡£¡¡¡¡Writers¡¡like¡¡Goethe¡¡and

thinkers¡¡like¡¡Kant¡¡imagined¡¡that¡¡they¡¡saw¡¡in¡¡it¡¡the¡¡triumph¡¡of

reason¡£¡¡¡¡Foreigners¡¡like¡¡Humboldt¡¡came¡¡to¡¡France¡¡¡®¡®to¡¡breathe¡¡the

air¡¡of¡¡liberty¡¡and¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡at¡¡the¡¡obsequies¡¡of¡¡despotism¡£''



These¡¡intellectual¡¡illusions¡¡did¡¡not¡¡last¡¡long¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡evolution¡¡of

the¡¡drama¡¡soon¡¡revealed¡¡the¡¡true¡¡foundations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dream¡£





2¡£¡¡¡¡Dissolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡assembling¡¡of¡¡the

States¡¡General¡£





Before¡¡they¡¡are¡¡realised¡¡in¡¡action£»¡¡revolutions¡¡are¡¡sketched¡¡out

in¡¡men's¡¡thoughts¡£¡¡¡¡Prepared¡¡by¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡already¡¡studied£»¡¡the

French¡¡Revolution¡¡commenced¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡with¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Louis

XVI¡£¡¡¡¡More¡¡discontented¡¡and¡¡censorious¡¡every¡¡day£»¡¡the¡¡middle

classes¡¡added¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡claim¡£¡¡¡¡Everybody¡¡was¡¡calling¡¡for¡¡reform¡£



Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡thoroughly¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡utility¡¡of¡¡reform£»¡¡but¡¡he

was¡¡too¡¡weak¡¡to¡¡impose¡¡it¡¡on¡¡the¡¡clergy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nobility¡£¡¡¡¡He

could¡¡not¡¡even¡¡retain¡¡his¡¡reforming¡¡ministers£»¡¡Malesherbes¡¡and

Turgot¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡with¡¡famines¡¡and¡¡increased¡¡taxation£»¡¡the¡¡poverty¡¡of

all¡¡classes¡¡increased£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡huge¡¡pensions¡¡drawn¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Court

formed¡¡a¡¡shocking¡¡contrast¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general¡¡distress¡£



The¡¡notables¡¡convoked¡¡to¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡remedy¡¡the¡¡financial

situation¡¡refused¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡equal¡¡taxation£»¡¡and¡¡granted¡¡only

insignificant¡¡reforms¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Parliament¡¡did¡¡not¡¡even¡¡consent

to¡¡register¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡to¡¡be¡¡dissolved¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡provincial¡¡Parliaments

made¡¡common¡¡cause¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Paris£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡also¡¡dissolved¡£¡¡

But¡¡they¡¡led¡¡opinion£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡France¡¡promoted

the¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡a¡¡meeting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡¡General£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡not

been¡¡convoked¡¡for¡¡nearly¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡years¡£



The¡¡decision¡¡was¡¡taken£º¡¡¡¡5£»000£»000¡¡Frenchmen£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡100£»000

were¡¡ecclesiastics¡¡and¡¡150£»000¡¡nobles£»¡¡sent¡¡their

representatives¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡were¡¡in¡¡all¡¡1£»200¡¡deputies£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡578

were¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate£»¡¡consisting¡¡chiefly¡¡of¡¡magistrates£»

advocates£»¡¡and¡¡physicians¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡300¡¡deputies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clergy£»

200£»¡¡of¡¡plebeian¡¡origin£»¡¡threw¡¡in¡¡their¡¡lot¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate

against¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡and¡¡clergy¡£



From¡¡the¡¡first¡¡sessions¡¡a¡¡psychological¡¡conflict¡¡broke¡¡out

between¡¡the¡¡deputies¡¡of¡¡different¡¡social¡¡conditions¡¡and

£¨therefore£©¡¡different¡¡mentalities¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡magnificent¡¡costumes¡¡of

the¡¡privileged¡¡deputies¡¡contrasted¡¡in¡¡a¡¡humiliating¡¡fashion¡¡with

the¡¡sombre¡¡fashions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate¡£



At¡¡the¡¡first¡¡session¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡and¡¡the¡¡clergy

¡¡were¡¡covered£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡prerogatives¡¡of¡¡their¡¡class£»

before¡¡the¡¡king¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡imitate

them£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡privileged¡¡members¡¡protested¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡following¡¡day

more¡¡protests¡¡of¡¡wounded¡¡self¡­love¡¡were¡¡heard¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡deputies¡¡of

the¡¡Third¡¡Estate¡¡invited¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡and¡¡the¡¡clergy¡¡who

were¡¡sitting¡¡in¡¡separate¡¡halls¡¡to¡¡join¡¡them¡¡for¡¡the¡¡verification

of¡¡their¡¡powers¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡nobles¡¡refused¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡negotiations¡¡lasted

more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡month¡£¡¡¡¡Finally£»¡¡the¡¡deputies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Third¡¡Estate£»¡¡on

the¡¡proposition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Abbe¡¡Sieyes£»¡¡considering¡¡that

they¡¡represented¡¡95¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡declared¡¡themselves

constituted¡¡as¡¡a¡¡National¡¡Assembly¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡that¡¡moment¡¡the

Revolution¡¡pursued¡¡its¡¡course¡£





3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡£





The¡¡power¡¡of¡¡a¡¡political¡¡assembly¡¡resides£»¡¡above¡¡all£»¡¡in¡¡the

weakness¡¡of¡¡its¡¡adversaries¡£¡¡¡¡Astonished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡slight¡¡resistance

encountered£»¡¡and¡¡carried¡¡away¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ascendancy¡¡of¡¡a¡¡handful¡¡of

orators£»¡¡the¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly£»¡¡from¡¡its¡¡earliest¡¡sessions£»

spoke¡¡and¡¡acted¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sovereign¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡Notably¡¡it¡¡arrogated¡¡to

itself¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡decreeing¡¡imposts£»¡¡a¡¡serious¡¡encroachment

upon¡¡the¡¡prerogatives¡¡of¡¡the¡¡royal¡¡power¡£



The¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡was¡¡feeble¡¡enough¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡simply¡¡had

the¡¡hall¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡States¡¡assembled¡¡closed¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡deputies¡¡then

met¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tennis¡­court£»¡¡and¡¡took¡¡the¡¡oath¡¡that¡¡they

would¡¡not¡¡separate¡¡until¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡was¡¡an

established¡¡fact¡£



The¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡deputies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clergy¡¡went¡¡with¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡The

king¡¡revoked¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly£»¡¡and¡¡ordered¡¡the

deputies¡¡to¡¡retire¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Marquis¡¡de¡¡Dreux¡­Breze£»¡¡the¡¡Grand

Master¡¡of¡¡Ceremonies£»¡¡having¡¡invited¡¡them¡¡to¡¡obey¡¡the¡¡order¡¡of

the¡¡sovereign£»¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡declared¡¡¡®¡®that¡¡the

nation¡¡assembled¡¡cannot¡¡receive¡¡orders£»''¡¡and¡¡Mirabeau¡¡replied¡¡to

the¡¡envoy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡that£»¡¡being¡¡united¡¡by¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the

people£»¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡would¡¡only¡¡withdraw¡¡at¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡the

bayonet¡£¡¡¡¡Again¡¡the¡¡king¡¡gave¡¡way¡£



On¡¡the¡¡9th¡¡of¡¡June¡¡the¡¡meeting¡¡of¡¡deputies¡¡took¡¡the¡¡title¡¡of¡¡the

Constituent¡¡Assembly¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time¡¡in¡¡centuries¡¡the¡¡king

was¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡recognise¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡power£»¡¡formerly

ignoredthat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡its¡¡elected

representatives¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡absolute¡¡monarchy¡¡was¡¡no¡¡more¡£



Feeling¡¡himself¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡seriously¡¡threatened£»¡¡Louis¡¡XVI¡£

summoned¡¡to¡¡Versailles¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡regiments¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡foreign

mercenaries¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Assembly¡¡demanded¡¡the¡¡withdrawal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡troops¡£



The¡¡king¡¡refused£»¡¡and¡¡dismissed¡¡Necker£»¡¡replacing¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the

Marshal¡¡de¡¡Broglie£»¡¡reputed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡extremely¡¡authoritative

person¡£



·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ