°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > the psychology of revolution >

µÚ24ÕÂ

the psychology of revolution-µÚ24ÕÂ

С˵£º the psychology of revolution ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡






The¡¡king¡¡refused£»¡¡and¡¡dismissed¡¡Necker£»¡¡replacing¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the

Marshal¡¡de¡¡Broglie£»¡¡reputed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡extremely¡¡authoritative

person¡£



But¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡had¡¡able¡¡supporters¡£¡¡¡¡Camille¡¡Desmoulins¡¡and

others¡¡harangued¡¡the¡¡crowd¡¡in¡¡all¡¡directions£»¡¡calling¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the

defence¡¡of¡¡liberty¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡sounded¡¡the¡¡tocsin£»¡¡organised¡¡a¡¡militia

of¡¡12£»000¡¡men£»¡¡took¡¡muskets¡¡and¡¡cannon¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Invalides£»¡¡and¡¡on

the¡¡14th¡¡of¡¡July¡¡the¡¡armed¡¡bands¡¡marched¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡£¡¡¡¡The

fortress£»¡¡barely¡¡defended£»¡¡capitulated¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hours¡£¡¡¡¡Seven

prisoners¡¡were¡¡found¡¡within¡¡it£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡one¡¡was¡¡an¡¡idiot¡¡and¡¡four

were¡¡accused¡¡of¡¡forgery¡£



The¡¡Bastille£»¡¡the¡¡prison¡¡of¡¡many¡¡victims¡¡of¡¡arbitrary¡¡power£»

symbolised¡¡the¡¡royal¡¡power¡¡to¡¡many¡¡minds£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡people¡¡who

demolished¡¡it¡¡had¡¡not¡¡suffered¡¡by¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Scarcely¡¡any¡¡but¡¡members

of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡were¡¡imprisoned¡¡there¡£



The¡¡influence¡¡exercised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡this¡¡fortress¡¡has

continued¡¡to¡¡our¡¡days¡£¡¡¡¡Serious¡¡historians¡¡like¡¡M¡£¡¡Rambaud¡¡assure

us¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡is¡¡a¡¡culminating¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡the

history£»¡¡not¡¡of¡¡France¡¡only¡¡but¡¡of¡¡all¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡inaugurates¡¡a

new¡¡epoch¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£''



Such¡¡credulity¡¡is¡¡a¡¡little¡¡excessive¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the

event¡¡lay¡¡simply¡¡in¡¡the¡¡psychological¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first

time¡¡the¡¡people¡¡received¡¡an¡¡obvious¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weakness¡¡of¡¡an

authority¡¡which¡¡had¡¡lately¡¡been¡¡formidable¡£



When¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡authority¡¡is¡¡injured¡¡in¡¡the¡¡public¡¡mind¡¡it

dissolves¡¡very¡¡rapidly¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡might¡¡not¡¡one¡¡demand¡¡of¡¡a¡¡king¡¡who

could¡¡not¡¡defend¡¡his¡¡principal¡¡fortress¡¡against¡¡popular¡¡attacks£¿¡¡

The¡¡master¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡all¡­powerful¡¡had¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so¡£



The¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡was¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those

phenomena¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡contagion¡¡which¡¡abound¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the

Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡foreign¡¡mercenary¡¡troops£»¡¡although¡¡they¡¡could

scarcely¡¡be¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡movement£»¡¡began¡¡to¡¡show¡¡symptoms¡¡of

mutiny¡£¡¡¡¡Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡was¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡accepting¡¡their¡¡disbandment¡£¡¡

He¡¡recalled¡¡Necker£»¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Hotel¡¡de¡¡Ville£»¡¡sanctioned¡¡by

his¡¡presence¡¡the¡¡accomplished¡¡facts£»¡¡and¡¡accepted¡¡from¡¡La

Fayette£»¡¡commandant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Guard£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡cockade¡¡of

red£»¡¡white£»¡¡and¡¡blue¡¡which¡¡allied¡¡the¡¡colours¡¡of¡¡Paris¡¡to¡¡those

of¡¡the¡¡king¡£



Although¡¡the¡¡riot¡¡which¡¡ended¡¡in¡¡the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡can

by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡¡®¡®a¡¡culminating¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡history£»''¡¡it

does¡¡mark¡¡the¡¡precise¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡commencement¡¡of¡¡popular

government¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡armed¡¡people¡¡thenceforth¡¡intervened¡¡daily¡¡in¡¡the

deliberations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡Assemblies£»¡¡and¡¡seriously

influenced¡¡their¡¡conduct¡£



This¡¡intervention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡conformity¡¡with¡¡the¡¡dogma¡¡of

its¡¡sovereignty¡¡has¡¡provoked¡¡the¡¡respectful¡¡admiration¡¡of¡¡many

historians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡a¡¡superficial¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the

psychology¡¡of¡¡crowds¡¡would¡¡speedily¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the

mystic¡¡entity¡¡which¡¡they¡¡call¡¡the¡¡people¡¡was¡¡merely¡¡translating

the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡a¡¡few¡¡leaders¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡correct¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the

people¡¡took¡¡the¡¡Bastille£»¡¡attacked¡¡the¡¡Tuileries£»¡¡invaded¡¡the

Convention£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡certain¡¡leadersgenerally¡¡by

means¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clubsunited¡¡armed¡¡bands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡populace£»¡¡which

they¡¡led¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Bastille£»¡¡the¡¡Tuileries£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡¡¡During¡¡the

Revolution¡¡the¡¡same¡¡crowds¡¡attacked¡¡or¡¡defended¡¡the¡¡most¡¡contrary

parties£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡who¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡at¡¡their

heads¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡crowd¡¡never¡¡has¡¡any¡¡opinion¡¡but¡¡that¡¡of¡¡its¡¡leaders¡£



Example¡¡constituting¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡potent¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡suggestion£»

the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡was¡¡inevitably¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡the

destruction¡¡of¡¡other¡¡fortresses¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡chateaux¡¡were¡¡regarded¡¡as

so¡¡many¡¡little¡¡Bastilles£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡imitate¡¡the¡¡Parisians

who¡¡had¡¡destroyed¡¡theirs¡¡the¡¡peasants¡¡began¡¡to¡¡burn¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡They

did¡¡so¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡fury¡¡because¡¡the¡¡seigneurial¡¡homes

contained¡¡the¡¡titles¡¡of¡¡feudal¡¡dues¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡species¡¡of

Jacquerie¡£



The¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly£»¡¡so¡¡proud¡¡and¡¡haughty¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡king£»

was£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡assemblies¡¡which¡¡followed¡¡it£»

extremely¡¡pusillanimous¡¡before¡¡the¡¡people¡£



Hoping¡¡to¡¡put¡¡an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡the¡¡disorders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡night¡¡of¡¡August¡¡4th£»

it¡¡voted£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility£»¡¡the

Comte¡¡de¡¡Noailles£»¡¡the¡¡abolition¡¡of¡¡seigneurial¡¡rights¡£¡¡¡¡Although

this¡¡measure¡¡suppressed¡¡at¡¡one¡¡stroke¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡the

nobles£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡voted¡¡with¡¡tears¡¡and¡¡embracings¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡accesses¡¡of

sentimental¡¡enthusiasm¡¡are¡¡readily¡¡explained¡¡when¡¡we¡¡recall¡¡how

contagious¡¡emotion¡¡is¡¡in¡¡a¡¡crowd£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡in¡¡an¡¡assembly

oppressed¡¡by¡¡fear¡£



If¡¡the¡¡renunciation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡rights¡¡had¡¡been¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡the

nobility¡¡a¡¡few¡¡years¡¡earlier£»¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡would¡¡doubtless¡¡have

been¡¡avoided£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡now¡¡too¡¡late¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡give¡¡way¡¡only¡¡when¡¡one

is¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡merely¡¡increases¡¡the¡¡demands¡¡of¡¡those

to¡¡whom¡¡one¡¡yields¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡politics¡¡one¡¡should¡¡always¡¡look¡¡ahead¡¡and

give¡¡way¡¡long¡¡before¡¡one¡¡is¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡£



Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡hesitated¡¡for¡¡two¡¡months¡¡to¡¡ratify¡¡the¡¡decisions¡¡voted

by¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡night¡¡of¡¡the¡¡4th¡¡of¡¡August¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had

retired¡¡to¡¡Versailles¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡leaders¡¡sent¡¡thither¡¡a¡¡band¡¡of¡¡7£»000

or¡¡8£»000¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡assuring¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the

royal¡¡residence¡¡contained¡¡great¡¡stores¡¡of¡¡bread¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡railings¡¡of

the¡¡palace¡¡were¡¡forced£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bodyguard¡¡were¡¡killed£»¡¡and

the¡¡king¡¡and¡¡all¡¡his¡¡family¡¡were¡¡led¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Paris¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst

of¡¡a¡¡shrieking¡¡crowd£»¡¡many¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡bore¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡their

pikes¡¡the¡¡heads¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡massacred¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡dreadful¡¡journey

lasted¡¡six¡¡hours¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡events¡¡constituted¡¡what¡¡are¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the

¡®¡®days''¡¡of¡¡October¡£



The¡¡popular¡¡power¡¡increased£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡like¡¡the

whole¡¡assembly£»¡¡was¡¡henceforth¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peoplethat

is£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clubs¡¡and¡¡their¡¡leaders¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡popular

power¡¡was¡¡to¡¡prevail¡¡for¡¡nearly¡¡ten¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡was

to¡¡be¡¡almost¡¡entirely¡¡its¡¡work¡£



While¡¡proclaiming¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡constituted¡¡the¡¡only¡¡sovereign£»

the¡¡Assembly¡¡was¡¡greatly¡¡embarrassed¡¡by¡¡riots¡¡which¡¡went¡¡far

beyond¡¡its¡¡theoretical¡¡expectations¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡supposed¡¡that¡¡order

would¡¡be¡¡restored¡¡while¡¡it¡¡fabricated¡¡a¡¡Constitution¡¡destined¡¡to

assure¡¡the¡¡eternal¡¡happiness¡¡of¡¡mankind¡£



We¡¡know¡¡that¡¡during¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡duration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡one¡¡of

the¡¡chief¡¡occupations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assemblies¡¡was¡¡to¡¡make£»¡¡unmake£»¡¡and

remake¡¡Constitutions¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡theorists¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡them¡¡then£»¡¡as

they¡¡do¡¡to¡­day£»¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡transforming¡¡society£»¡¡the

Assembly£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡could¡¡not¡¡neglect¡¡its¡¡task¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡meantime

it¡¡published¡¡a¡¡solemn¡¡Declaration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rights¡¡of¡¡Man¡¡which

summarised¡¡its¡¡principles¡£



The¡¡Constitution£»¡¡proclamations£»¡¡declarations£»¡¡and¡¡speeches¡¡had

not¡¡the¡¡slightest¡¡effect¡¡on¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡movements£»¡¡nor¡¡on¡¡the

dissentients¡¡who¡¡daily¡¡increased¡¡in¡¡number¡¡in¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the

Assembly¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡became¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡subjected¡¡to¡¡the

ascendancy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡advanced¡¡party£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡the

clubs¡£¡¡¡¡Danton£»¡¡Camille¡¡Desmoulins£»¡¡and¡¡later¡¡Marat¡¡and

Hebert£»¡¡violently¡¡excited¡¡the¡¡populace¡¡by¡¡their¡¡harangues¡¡and

their¡¡journals¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Assembly¡¡was¡¡rapidly¡¡going¡¡down¡¡the¡¡slope

that¡¡leads¡¡to¡¡extremes¡£



During¡¡all¡¡these¡¡disorders¡¡the¡¡finances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡were¡¡not

improving¡£¡¡¡¡Finally¡¡convinced¡¡that¡¡philanthropic¡¡speeches¡¡would

not¡¡alter¡¡their¡¡lamentable¡¡condition£»¡¡and¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡bankruptcy

threatened£»¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡decreed£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡2nd¡¡of¡¡November£»¡¡1789£»

the¡¡confiscation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡revenues£»

consisting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tithes¡¡collected¡¡from¡¡the¡¡faithful£»¡¡amounted¡¡to

some¡¡L8£»000£»000£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡value¡¡was¡¡estimated¡¡at¡¡about

L120£»000£»000¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡divided¡¡among¡¡some¡¡hundreds¡¡of

prelates£»¡¡Court¡¡abbes£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡who¡¡owned¡¡a¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡all¡¡France¡£¡¡

These¡¡goods£»¡¡henceforth¡¡entitled¡¡is¡¡¡®¡®national¡¡domains£»''¡¡formed

the¡¡guarantee¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assignats£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡issue¡¡of¡¡which¡¡was

for¡¡400£»000£»000¡¡francs¡¡£¨L16£»000£»000¡¡sterling£©¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡public

accepted¡¡them¡¡at¡¡the¡¡outset£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡multiplied¡¡so¡¡under¡¡the

Directory¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Convention£»¡¡which¡¡issued¡¡45£»000£»000£»000¡¡francs

in¡¡this¡¡form¡¡£¨L1£»800£»000£»000¡¡sterling£©£»¡¡that¡¡an¡¡assignat¡¡of

100¡¡livres¡¡was¡¡finally¡¡worth¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡halfpence¡£



Stimulated¡¡by¡¡his¡¡advisers£»¡¡the¡¡feeble¡¡Louis¡¡attempted¡¡in

vain¡¡to¡¡struggle¡¡against¡¡the¡¡decrees¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡by¡¡refusing

to¡¡sanction¡¡them¡£



Under¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡daily¡¡suggestions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡and

the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡contagion¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡movement¡¡was

spreading¡¡everywhere¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡and¡¡often¡¡even

against¡¡it¡£



In¡¡the¡¡towns¡¡and¡¡villages¡¡revolutionary¡¡municipalities¡¡were

instituted£»¡¡protected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡local¡¡National¡¡Guards¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡of

neighbouring¡¡towns¡¡commenced¡¡to¡¡make¡¡mutual¡¡arrangements¡¡to

defend¡¡themselves¡¡should¡¡need¡¡arise¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡federations¡¡were

formed£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡soon¡¡rolled¡¡into¡¡one£»¡¡this¡¡sent¡¡14£»000

National¡¡Guards¡¡to¡¡Paris£»¡¡who¡¡assembled¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Champ¡­de¡­Mars¡¡on

the¡¡14th¡¡of¡¡July£»¡¡1790¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡the¡¡king¡¡swore¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡the

Constitution¡¡decreed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Assembly¡£



Despite¡¡this¡¡vain¡¡oath¡¡it¡¡became¡¡more¡¡evident¡¡every¡¡day¡¡that¡¡no

agreement¡¡was¡¡possible¡¡between¡¡the¡¡hereditary¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the

monarchy¡¡and¡¡those¡¡proclaimed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡£



Feeling¡¡himself¡¡completely¡¡powerless£»¡¡the¡¡king¡¡thought¡¡only¡¡of

flight¡£¡¡¡¡Arrested¡¡at¡¡Varennes¡¡and¡¡brought¡¡back¡¡a¡¡prisoner¡¡to

Paris£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡shut¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Tuileries¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Assembly£»¡¡although

still¡¡extremely¡¡royalist£»¡¡suspended¡¡him¡¡from¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡decided

to¡¡assume¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government¡£



Never¡¡did¡¡sovereign¡¡find¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡a¡¡position¡¡so¡¡difficult¡¡as

that¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡his¡¡flight¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡a

Richelieu¡¡would¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡extricated¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡element¡¡of

defence¡¡on¡¡which¡¡he¡¡could¡¡have¡¡relied¡¡had¡¡from¡¡the¡¡beginning

absolutely¡¡failed¡¡him¡£



During¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡duration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡¡the¡¡

immense¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡Frenchmen¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡remained

royalist£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡had¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡accepted¡¡a¡¡liberal¡¡monarchy

he¡¡could¡¡perhaps¡¡have¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡that

Louis¡¡had¡¡little¡¡to¡¡promise¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡an¡¡agreement¡¡with

the¡¡Assembly¡£



Little£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡his¡¡structure¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡that¡¡little¡¡was

strictly¡¡impossible¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡the¡¡shades¡¡of¡¡his¡¡forbears¡¡would¡¡have

risen¡¡up¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡him¡¡had¡¡he¡¡consented¡¡to¡¡modify¡¡the¡¡mechanism

of¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡¡inherited¡¡from¡¡so¡¡many¡¡ancestors¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡even¡¡had

he¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡the¡¡opposition¡¡of¡¡his¡¡family£»¡¡the¡¡clergy£»

the¡¡nobles£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Court¡¡could¡¡never¡¡have¡¡been¡¡surmounted¡£¡¡¡¡The

ancient¡¡castes¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡¡rested£»¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡and¡¡the

clergy£»¡¡were¡¡then¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡powerful¡¡as¡¡the¡¡monarch¡¡himself¡£¡¡

Every¡¡time¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡as¡¡though¡¡he¡¡might¡¡yield¡¡to¡¡the¡¡injunctions

of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡it¡¡was¡¡because¡¡he¡¡was¡¡constrained¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡by

force£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡appeals¡¡to¡¡alien¡¡Powers

represented¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡of¡¡a¡¡desperate¡¡man¡¡who¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡all

his¡¡natural¡¡defences¡¡fail¡¡him¡£



He£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡the¡¡queen£»¡¡entertained¡¡the¡¡strangest¡¡illusions

as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡possible¡¡assistance¡¡of

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ