the psychology of revolution-µÚ24ÕÂ
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¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
The¡¡king¡¡refused£»¡¡and¡¡dismissed¡¡Necker£»¡¡replacing¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the
Marshal¡¡de¡¡Broglie£»¡¡reputed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡extremely¡¡authoritative
person¡£
But¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡had¡¡able¡¡supporters¡£¡¡¡¡Camille¡¡Desmoulins¡¡and
others¡¡harangued¡¡the¡¡crowd¡¡in¡¡all¡¡directions£»¡¡calling¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the
defence¡¡of¡¡liberty¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡sounded¡¡the¡¡tocsin£»¡¡organised¡¡a¡¡militia
of¡¡12£»000¡¡men£»¡¡took¡¡muskets¡¡and¡¡cannon¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Invalides£»¡¡and¡¡on
the¡¡14th¡¡of¡¡July¡¡the¡¡armed¡¡bands¡¡marched¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡£¡¡¡¡The
fortress£»¡¡barely¡¡defended£»¡¡capitulated¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hours¡£¡¡¡¡Seven
prisoners¡¡were¡¡found¡¡within¡¡it£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡one¡¡was¡¡an¡¡idiot¡¡and¡¡four
were¡¡accused¡¡of¡¡forgery¡£
The¡¡Bastille£»¡¡the¡¡prison¡¡of¡¡many¡¡victims¡¡of¡¡arbitrary¡¡power£»
symbolised¡¡the¡¡royal¡¡power¡¡to¡¡many¡¡minds£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡people¡¡who
demolished¡¡it¡¡had¡¡not¡¡suffered¡¡by¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Scarcely¡¡any¡¡but¡¡members
of¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡were¡¡imprisoned¡¡there¡£
The¡¡influence¡¡exercised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡this¡¡fortress¡¡has
continued¡¡to¡¡our¡¡days¡£¡¡¡¡Serious¡¡historians¡¡like¡¡M¡£¡¡Rambaud¡¡assure
us¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡is¡¡a¡¡culminating¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡the
history£»¡¡not¡¡of¡¡France¡¡only¡¡but¡¡of¡¡all¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡inaugurates¡¡a
new¡¡epoch¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£''
Such¡¡credulity¡¡is¡¡a¡¡little¡¡excessive¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the
event¡¡lay¡¡simply¡¡in¡¡the¡¡psychological¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first
time¡¡the¡¡people¡¡received¡¡an¡¡obvious¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weakness¡¡of¡¡an
authority¡¡which¡¡had¡¡lately¡¡been¡¡formidable¡£
When¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡authority¡¡is¡¡injured¡¡in¡¡the¡¡public¡¡mind¡¡it
dissolves¡¡very¡¡rapidly¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡might¡¡not¡¡one¡¡demand¡¡of¡¡a¡¡king¡¡who
could¡¡not¡¡defend¡¡his¡¡principal¡¡fortress¡¡against¡¡popular¡¡attacks£¿¡¡
The¡¡master¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡all¡powerful¡¡had¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so¡£
The¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡was¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those
phenomena¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡contagion¡¡which¡¡abound¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the
Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡foreign¡¡mercenary¡¡troops£»¡¡although¡¡they¡¡could
scarcely¡¡be¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡movement£»¡¡began¡¡to¡¡show¡¡symptoms¡¡of
mutiny¡£¡¡¡¡Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡was¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡accepting¡¡their¡¡disbandment¡£¡¡
He¡¡recalled¡¡Necker£»¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Hotel¡¡de¡¡Ville£»¡¡sanctioned¡¡by
his¡¡presence¡¡the¡¡accomplished¡¡facts£»¡¡and¡¡accepted¡¡from¡¡La
Fayette£»¡¡commandant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Guard£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡cockade¡¡of
red£»¡¡white£»¡¡and¡¡blue¡¡which¡¡allied¡¡the¡¡colours¡¡of¡¡Paris¡¡to¡¡those
of¡¡the¡¡king¡£
Although¡¡the¡¡riot¡¡which¡¡ended¡¡in¡¡the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡can
by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡¡®¡®a¡¡culminating¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡history£»''¡¡it
does¡¡mark¡¡the¡¡precise¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡commencement¡¡of¡¡popular
government¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡armed¡¡people¡¡thenceforth¡¡intervened¡¡daily¡¡in¡¡the
deliberations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡Assemblies£»¡¡and¡¡seriously
influenced¡¡their¡¡conduct¡£
This¡¡intervention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡conformity¡¡with¡¡the¡¡dogma¡¡of
its¡¡sovereignty¡¡has¡¡provoked¡¡the¡¡respectful¡¡admiration¡¡of¡¡many
historians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡a¡¡superficial¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the
psychology¡¡of¡¡crowds¡¡would¡¡speedily¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the
mystic¡¡entity¡¡which¡¡they¡¡call¡¡the¡¡people¡¡was¡¡merely¡¡translating
the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡a¡¡few¡¡leaders¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡correct¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the
people¡¡took¡¡the¡¡Bastille£»¡¡attacked¡¡the¡¡Tuileries£»¡¡invaded¡¡the
Convention£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡certain¡¡leadersgenerally¡¡by
means¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clubsunited¡¡armed¡¡bands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡populace£»¡¡which
they¡¡led¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Bastille£»¡¡the¡¡Tuileries£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡¡¡During¡¡the
Revolution¡¡the¡¡same¡¡crowds¡¡attacked¡¡or¡¡defended¡¡the¡¡most¡¡contrary
parties£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡who¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡be¡¡at¡¡their
heads¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡crowd¡¡never¡¡has¡¡any¡¡opinion¡¡but¡¡that¡¡of¡¡its¡¡leaders¡£
Example¡¡constituting¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡potent¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡suggestion£»
the¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bastille¡¡was¡¡inevitably¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡the
destruction¡¡of¡¡other¡¡fortresses¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡chateaux¡¡were¡¡regarded¡¡as
so¡¡many¡¡little¡¡Bastilles£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡imitate¡¡the¡¡Parisians
who¡¡had¡¡destroyed¡¡theirs¡¡the¡¡peasants¡¡began¡¡to¡¡burn¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡They
did¡¡so¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡fury¡¡because¡¡the¡¡seigneurial¡¡homes
contained¡¡the¡¡titles¡¡of¡¡feudal¡¡dues¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡species¡¡of
Jacquerie¡£
The¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly£»¡¡so¡¡proud¡¡and¡¡haughty¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡king£»
was£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡assemblies¡¡which¡¡followed¡¡it£»
extremely¡¡pusillanimous¡¡before¡¡the¡¡people¡£
Hoping¡¡to¡¡put¡¡an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡the¡¡disorders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡night¡¡of¡¡August¡¡4th£»
it¡¡voted£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nobility£»¡¡the
Comte¡¡de¡¡Noailles£»¡¡the¡¡abolition¡¡of¡¡seigneurial¡¡rights¡£¡¡¡¡Although
this¡¡measure¡¡suppressed¡¡at¡¡one¡¡stroke¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡the
nobles£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡voted¡¡with¡¡tears¡¡and¡¡embracings¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡accesses¡¡of
sentimental¡¡enthusiasm¡¡are¡¡readily¡¡explained¡¡when¡¡we¡¡recall¡¡how
contagious¡¡emotion¡¡is¡¡in¡¡a¡¡crowd£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡in¡¡an¡¡assembly
oppressed¡¡by¡¡fear¡£
If¡¡the¡¡renunciation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡rights¡¡had¡¡been¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡the
nobility¡¡a¡¡few¡¡years¡¡earlier£»¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡would¡¡doubtless¡¡have
been¡¡avoided£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡now¡¡too¡¡late¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡give¡¡way¡¡only¡¡when¡¡one
is¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡merely¡¡increases¡¡the¡¡demands¡¡of¡¡those
to¡¡whom¡¡one¡¡yields¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡politics¡¡one¡¡should¡¡always¡¡look¡¡ahead¡¡and
give¡¡way¡¡long¡¡before¡¡one¡¡is¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡£
Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡hesitated¡¡for¡¡two¡¡months¡¡to¡¡ratify¡¡the¡¡decisions¡¡voted
by¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡night¡¡of¡¡the¡¡4th¡¡of¡¡August¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had
retired¡¡to¡¡Versailles¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡leaders¡¡sent¡¡thither¡¡a¡¡band¡¡of¡¡7£»000
or¡¡8£»000¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡assuring¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the
royal¡¡residence¡¡contained¡¡great¡¡stores¡¡of¡¡bread¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡railings¡¡of
the¡¡palace¡¡were¡¡forced£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bodyguard¡¡were¡¡killed£»¡¡and
the¡¡king¡¡and¡¡all¡¡his¡¡family¡¡were¡¡led¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Paris¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst
of¡¡a¡¡shrieking¡¡crowd£»¡¡many¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡bore¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡their
pikes¡¡the¡¡heads¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡massacred¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡dreadful¡¡journey
lasted¡¡six¡¡hours¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡events¡¡constituted¡¡what¡¡are¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the
¡®¡®days''¡¡of¡¡October¡£
The¡¡popular¡¡power¡¡increased£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡like¡¡the
whole¡¡assembly£»¡¡was¡¡henceforth¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peoplethat
is£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡clubs¡¡and¡¡their¡¡leaders¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡popular
power¡¡was¡¡to¡¡prevail¡¡for¡¡nearly¡¡ten¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡was
to¡¡be¡¡almost¡¡entirely¡¡its¡¡work¡£
While¡¡proclaiming¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡constituted¡¡the¡¡only¡¡sovereign£»
the¡¡Assembly¡¡was¡¡greatly¡¡embarrassed¡¡by¡¡riots¡¡which¡¡went¡¡far
beyond¡¡its¡¡theoretical¡¡expectations¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡supposed¡¡that¡¡order
would¡¡be¡¡restored¡¡while¡¡it¡¡fabricated¡¡a¡¡Constitution¡¡destined¡¡to
assure¡¡the¡¡eternal¡¡happiness¡¡of¡¡mankind¡£
We¡¡know¡¡that¡¡during¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡duration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡one¡¡of
the¡¡chief¡¡occupations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assemblies¡¡was¡¡to¡¡make£»¡¡unmake£»¡¡and
remake¡¡Constitutions¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡theorists¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡them¡¡then£»¡¡as
they¡¡do¡¡to¡day£»¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡transforming¡¡society£»¡¡the
Assembly£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡could¡¡not¡¡neglect¡¡its¡¡task¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡meantime
it¡¡published¡¡a¡¡solemn¡¡Declaration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rights¡¡of¡¡Man¡¡which
summarised¡¡its¡¡principles¡£
The¡¡Constitution£»¡¡proclamations£»¡¡declarations£»¡¡and¡¡speeches¡¡had
not¡¡the¡¡slightest¡¡effect¡¡on¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡movements£»¡¡nor¡¡on¡¡the
dissentients¡¡who¡¡daily¡¡increased¡¡in¡¡number¡¡in¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the
Assembly¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡became¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡subjected¡¡to¡¡the
ascendancy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡advanced¡¡party£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡the
clubs¡£¡¡¡¡Danton£»¡¡Camille¡¡Desmoulins£»¡¡and¡¡later¡¡Marat¡¡and
Hebert£»¡¡violently¡¡excited¡¡the¡¡populace¡¡by¡¡their¡¡harangues¡¡and
their¡¡journals¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Assembly¡¡was¡¡rapidly¡¡going¡¡down¡¡the¡¡slope
that¡¡leads¡¡to¡¡extremes¡£
During¡¡all¡¡these¡¡disorders¡¡the¡¡finances¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡were¡¡not
improving¡£¡¡¡¡Finally¡¡convinced¡¡that¡¡philanthropic¡¡speeches¡¡would
not¡¡alter¡¡their¡¡lamentable¡¡condition£»¡¡and¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡bankruptcy
threatened£»¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡decreed£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡2nd¡¡of¡¡November£»¡¡1789£»
the¡¡confiscation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡revenues£»
consisting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tithes¡¡collected¡¡from¡¡the¡¡faithful£»¡¡amounted¡¡to
some¡¡L8£»000£»000£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡value¡¡was¡¡estimated¡¡at¡¡about
L120£»000£»000¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡divided¡¡among¡¡some¡¡hundreds¡¡of
prelates£»¡¡Court¡¡abbes£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡who¡¡owned¡¡a¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡all¡¡France¡£¡¡
These¡¡goods£»¡¡henceforth¡¡entitled¡¡is¡¡¡®¡®national¡¡domains£»''¡¡formed
the¡¡guarantee¡¡of¡¡the¡¡assignats£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡issue¡¡of¡¡which¡¡was
for¡¡400£»000£»000¡¡francs¡¡£¨L16£»000£»000¡¡sterling£©¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡public
accepted¡¡them¡¡at¡¡the¡¡outset£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡multiplied¡¡so¡¡under¡¡the
Directory¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Convention£»¡¡which¡¡issued¡¡45£»000£»000£»000¡¡francs
in¡¡this¡¡form¡¡£¨L1£»800£»000£»000¡¡sterling£©£»¡¡that¡¡an¡¡assignat¡¡of
100¡¡livres¡¡was¡¡finally¡¡worth¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡halfpence¡£
Stimulated¡¡by¡¡his¡¡advisers£»¡¡the¡¡feeble¡¡Louis¡¡attempted¡¡in
vain¡¡to¡¡struggle¡¡against¡¡the¡¡decrees¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡by¡¡refusing
to¡¡sanction¡¡them¡£
Under¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡daily¡¡suggestions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡and
the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡contagion¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡movement¡¡was
spreading¡¡everywhere¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡and¡¡often¡¡even
against¡¡it¡£
In¡¡the¡¡towns¡¡and¡¡villages¡¡revolutionary¡¡municipalities¡¡were
instituted£»¡¡protected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡local¡¡National¡¡Guards¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡of
neighbouring¡¡towns¡¡commenced¡¡to¡¡make¡¡mutual¡¡arrangements¡¡to
defend¡¡themselves¡¡should¡¡need¡¡arise¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡federations¡¡were
formed£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡soon¡¡rolled¡¡into¡¡one£»¡¡this¡¡sent¡¡14£»000
National¡¡Guards¡¡to¡¡Paris£»¡¡who¡¡assembled¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Champ¡de¡Mars¡¡on
the¡¡14th¡¡of¡¡July£»¡¡1790¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡the¡¡king¡¡swore¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡the
Constitution¡¡decreed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Assembly¡£
Despite¡¡this¡¡vain¡¡oath¡¡it¡¡became¡¡more¡¡evident¡¡every¡¡day¡¡that¡¡no
agreement¡¡was¡¡possible¡¡between¡¡the¡¡hereditary¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the
monarchy¡¡and¡¡those¡¡proclaimed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡£
Feeling¡¡himself¡¡completely¡¡powerless£»¡¡the¡¡king¡¡thought¡¡only¡¡of
flight¡£¡¡¡¡Arrested¡¡at¡¡Varennes¡¡and¡¡brought¡¡back¡¡a¡¡prisoner¡¡to
Paris£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡shut¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Tuileries¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Assembly£»¡¡although
still¡¡extremely¡¡royalist£»¡¡suspended¡¡him¡¡from¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡decided
to¡¡assume¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡government¡£
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that¡¡of¡¡Louis¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡his¡¡flight¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡genius¡¡of¡¡a
Richelieu¡¡would¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡extricated¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡only¡¡element¡¡of
defence¡¡on¡¡which¡¡he¡¡could¡¡have¡¡relied¡¡had¡¡from¡¡the¡¡beginning
absolutely¡¡failed¡¡him¡£
During¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡duration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constituent¡¡Assembly¡¡the¡¡
immense¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡Frenchmen¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡remained
royalist£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡had¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡accepted¡¡a¡¡liberal¡¡monarchy
he¡¡could¡¡perhaps¡¡have¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡that
Louis¡¡had¡¡little¡¡to¡¡promise¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡an¡¡agreement¡¡with
the¡¡Assembly¡£
Little£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡but¡¡with¡¡his¡¡structure¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡that¡¡little¡¡was
strictly¡¡impossible¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡the¡¡shades¡¡of¡¡his¡¡forbears¡¡would¡¡have
risen¡¡up¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡him¡¡had¡¡he¡¡consented¡¡to¡¡modify¡¡the¡¡mechanism
of¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡¡inherited¡¡from¡¡so¡¡many¡¡ancestors¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡even¡¡had
he¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡the¡¡opposition¡¡of¡¡his¡¡family£»¡¡the¡¡clergy£»
the¡¡nobles£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Court¡¡could¡¡never¡¡have¡¡been¡¡surmounted¡£¡¡¡¡The
ancient¡¡castes¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡¡rested£»¡¡the¡¡nobility¡¡and¡¡the
clergy£»¡¡were¡¡then¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡powerful¡¡as¡¡the¡¡monarch¡¡himself¡£¡¡
Every¡¡time¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡as¡¡though¡¡he¡¡might¡¡yield¡¡to¡¡the¡¡injunctions
of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡it¡¡was¡¡because¡¡he¡¡was¡¡constrained¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡by
force£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡time¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡appeals¡¡to¡¡alien¡¡Powers
represented¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡of¡¡a¡¡desperate¡¡man¡¡who¡¡had¡¡seen¡¡all
his¡¡natural¡¡defences¡¡fail¡¡him¡£
He£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡the¡¡queen£»¡¡entertained¡¡the¡¡strangest¡¡illusions
as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡possible¡¡assistance¡¡of