the psychology of revolution-µÚ34ÕÂ
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None¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Montagnards¡¡who¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡for¡¡the¡¡downfall¡¡of
Robespierre¡¡had¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡dreamed¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡mark¡¡the¡¡end
of¡¡the¡¡Terror¡£
Tallien£»¡¡Barras£»¡¡Fouche£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡overthrew¡¡Robespierre¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had
overthrown¡¡Hebert£»¡¡Danton£»¡¡the¡¡Girondists£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡others¡£¡¡
But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡acclamations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crowd¡¡told¡¡them¡¡that¡¡the¡¡death
of¡¡Robespierre¡¡was¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡having¡¡put¡¡an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Terror
they¡¡acted¡¡as¡¡though¡¡such¡¡had¡¡been¡¡their¡¡intention¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were
the¡¡more¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡in¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Plainthat¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡great
majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assemblywhich¡¡had¡¡allowed¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡be
decimated¡¡by¡¡Robespierre£»¡¡now¡¡rebelled¡¡furiously¡¡against¡¡the
system¡¡it¡¡had¡¡so¡¡long¡¡acclaimed¡¡even¡¡while¡¡it¡¡abhorred¡¡it¡£¡¡
Nothing¡¡is¡¡more¡¡terrible¡¡than¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡men¡¡who¡¡have¡¡been¡¡afraid
and¡¡are¡¡afraid¡¡no¡¡longer¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Plain¡¡revenged¡¡itself¡¡for¡¡being
terrorised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Mountain£»¡¡and¡¡terrorised¡¡that¡¡body¡¡in¡¡turn¡£
The¡¡servility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡colleagues¡¡of¡¡Robespierre¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Convention
was¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡any¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡sympathy¡¡for¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡The
dictator¡¡filled¡¡them¡¡with¡¡an¡¡unspeakable¡¡alarm£»¡¡but¡¡beneath¡¡the
marks¡¡of¡¡admiration¡¡and¡¡enthusiasm¡¡which¡¡they¡¡lavished¡¡on¡¡him¡¡out
of¡¡fear¡¡was¡¡concealed¡¡an¡¡intense¡¡hatred¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡can¡¡gather¡¡as¡¡much
by¡¡reading¡¡the¡¡reports¡¡of¡¡various¡¡deputies¡¡inserted¡¡in¡¡the
Moniteur¡¡of¡¡August¡¡11£»¡¡15£»¡¡and¡¡29£»¡¡1794£»¡¡and¡¡notably¡¡that¡¡on
¡®¡®the¡¡conspiracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡triumvirs£»¡¡Robespierre£»¡¡Couthon£»¡¡and
Saint¡Just¡£''¡¡¡¡Never¡¡did¡¡slaves¡¡heap¡¡such¡¡invectives¡¡on¡¡a¡¡fallen
master¡£
We¡¡learn¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®these¡¡monsters¡¡had¡¡for¡¡some¡¡time¡¡been¡¡renewing
the¡¡most¡¡horrible¡¡prescriptions¡¡of¡¡Marius¡¡and¡¡Sulla¡£''¡¡
Robespierre¡¡is¡¡represented¡¡as¡¡a¡¡most¡¡frightful¡¡scoundrel£»¡¡we¡¡are
assured¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®like¡¡Caligula£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡have¡¡asked¡¡the¡¡French
people¡¡to¡¡worship¡¡his¡¡horse¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡sought¡¡security¡¡in
the¡¡execution¡¡of¡¡all¡¡who¡¡aroused¡¡his¡¡slightest¡¡suspicion¡£''
These¡¡reports¡¡forget¡¡to¡¡add¡¡that¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡Robespierre
obtained¡¡no¡¡support£»¡¡as¡¡did¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Marius¡¡and¡¡Sulla¡¡to¡¡whom
they¡¡allude£»¡¡from¡¡a¡¡powerful¡¡army£»¡¡but¡¡merely¡¡from¡¡the¡¡repeated
adhesion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention¡£¡¡¡¡Without¡¡their¡¡
extreme¡¡timidity¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dictator¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡lasted
a¡¡single¡¡day¡£
Robespierre¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡odious¡¡tyrants¡¡of¡¡history£»¡¡but¡¡he
is¡¡distinguished¡¡from¡¡all¡¡others¡¡in¡¡that¡¡he¡¡made¡¡himself¡¡a¡¡tyrant
without¡¡soldiers¡£
We¡¡may¡¡sum¡¡up¡¡his¡¡doctrines¡¡by¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡most
perfect¡¡incarnation£»¡¡save¡¡perhaps¡¡Saint¡Just£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jacobin
faith£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡its¡¡narrow¡¡logic£»¡¡its¡¡intense¡¡mysticism£»¡¡and¡¡its
inflexible¡¡rigidity¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡has¡¡admirers¡¡even¡¡to¡day¡£¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡Hamel
describes¡¡him¡¡as¡¡¡®¡®the¡¡martyr¡¡of¡¡Thermidor¡£''¡¡¡¡There¡¡has¡¡been
some¡¡talk¡¡of¡¡erecting¡¡a¡¡monument¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡would¡¡willingly
subscribe¡¡to¡¡such¡¡a¡¡purpose£»¡¡feeling¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡useful¡¡to
preserve¡¡proofs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blindness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crowd£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the
extraordinary¡¡docility¡¡of¡¡which¡¡an¡¡assembly¡¡is¡¡capable¡¡when¡¡the
leader¡¡knows¡¡how¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡statue¡¡would¡¡recall¡¡the
passionate¡¡cries¡¡of¡¡admiration¡¡and¡¡enthusiasm¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the
Convention¡¡acclaimed¡¡the¡¡most¡¡threatening¡¡measures¡¡of¡¡the
dictator£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡very¡¡eve¡¡of¡¡the¡¡day¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡cast
him¡¡down¡£
4¡£¡¡¡¡Fouquier¡Tinville£»¡¡Marat£»¡¡Billaud¡Varenne£»¡¡&c¡£
I¡¡shall¡¡devote¡¡a¡¡paragraph¡¡to¡¡certain¡¡revolutionists¡¡who¡¡were
famous¡¡for¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡their¡¡most¡¡sanguinary¡¡instincts¡£¡¡
Their¡¡ferocity¡¡was¡¡complicated¡¡by¡¡other¡¡sentiments£»¡¡by
fear¡¡and¡¡hatred£»¡¡which¡¡could¡¡but¡¡fortify¡¡it¡£
Fouquier¡Tinville£»¡¡the¡¡public¡¡prosecutor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolutionary
Tribunal£»¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡left¡¡the¡¡most¡¡sinister
memories¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡magistrate£»¡¡formerly¡¡reputed¡¡for¡¡his¡¡kindness£»
and¡¡who¡¡became¡¡the¡¡bloodthirsty¡¡creature¡¡whose¡¡memory¡¡evokes¡¡such
repulsion£»¡¡has¡¡already¡¡served¡¡me¡¡as¡¡an¡¡example¡¡in¡¡other¡¡works£»
when¡¡I¡¡have¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡show¡¡the¡¡transformation¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡natures
in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡revolution¡£
Needy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡at¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡monarchy£»
he¡¡had¡¡everything¡¡to¡¡hope¡¡from¡¡a¡¡social¡¡upheaval¡¡and¡¡nothing¡¡to
lose¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡men¡¡whom¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of¡¡disorder¡¡will
always¡¡find¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡it¡£
The¡¡Convention¡¡abandoned¡¡its¡¡powers¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡to¡¡pronounce
upon¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡nearly¡¡two¡¡thousand¡¡accused£»¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡were
Marie¡Antoinette£»¡¡the¡¡Girondists£»¡¡Danton£»¡¡Hebert£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had
all¡¡the¡¡suspects¡¡brought¡¡before¡¡him¡¡executed£»¡¡and¡¡did¡¡not¡¡scruple
to¡¡betray¡¡his¡¡former¡¡protectors¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡fell
into¡¡his¡¡powerCamille¡¡Desmoulins£»¡¡Danton£»¡¡or¡¡anotherhe¡¡would
plead¡¡against¡¡him¡£
Fouquier¡Tinville¡¡had¡¡a¡¡very¡¡inferior¡¡mind£»¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Revolution
brought¡¡to¡¡the¡¡top¡£¡¡¡¡Under¡¡normal¡¡conditions£»¡¡hedged¡¡about¡¡by
professional¡¡rules£»¡¡his¡¡destiny¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a
peaceable¡¡and¡¡obscure¡¡magistrate¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡was¡¡precisely¡¡the¡¡lot¡¡of
his¡¡deputy£»¡¡or¡¡substitute£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Tribunal£»¡¡Gilbert¡Liendon¡£¡¡
¡®¡®He¡¡should£»''¡¡writes¡¡M¡£¡¡Durel£»¡¡¡®¡®have¡¡inspired¡¡the¡¡same¡¡horror
as¡¡his¡¡colleague£»¡¡yet¡¡he¡¡completed¡¡his¡¡career¡¡in¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡ranks
of¡¡the¡¡Imperial¡¡magistracy¡£''
One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡benefits¡¡of¡¡an¡¡organised¡¡society¡¡is¡¡that¡¡it¡¡does
restrain¡¡these¡¡dangerous¡¡characters£»¡¡whom¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡social
restraints¡¡can¡¡hold¡£
Fouquier¡Tinville¡¡died¡¡without¡¡understanding¡¡why¡¡he¡¡was
condemned£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡his
condemnation¡¡was¡¡not¡¡justifiable¡£¡¡¡¡Had¡¡he¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡zealously
executed¡¡the¡¡orders¡¡of¡¡his¡¡superiors£¿¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡class
him¡¡with¡¡the¡¡representatives¡¡who¡¡were¡¡sent¡¡into¡¡the¡¡provinces£»
who¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡supervised¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡delegates¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention
examined¡¡all¡¡his¡¡sentences¡¡and¡¡approved¡¡of¡¡them¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡last¡£¡¡
If¡¡his¡¡cruelty¡¡and¡¡his¡¡summary¡¡fashion¡¡of¡¡trying¡¡the¡¡prisoners
before¡¡him¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡encouraged¡¡by¡¡his¡¡chiefs£»¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not
have¡¡remained¡¡in¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡condemning¡¡Fouquier¡Tinville£»¡¡the
Convention¡¡condemned¡¡its¡¡own¡¡frightful¡¡system¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡It
understood¡¡this¡¡fact£»¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡the¡¡scaffold¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of
Terrorists¡¡whom¡¡Fouquier¡Tinville¡¡had¡¡merely¡¡served¡¡as¡¡a¡¡faithful
agent¡£
Beside¡¡Fouquier¡Tinville¡¡we¡¡may¡¡set¡¡Dumas£»¡¡who¡¡presided¡¡over¡¡the
Revolutionary¡¡Tribunal£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡also¡¡displayed¡¡an¡¡excessive
cruelty£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡whetted¡¡by¡¡an¡¡intense¡¡fear¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡never¡¡went¡¡out
without¡¡two¡¡loaded¡¡pistols£»¡¡barricaded¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡his¡¡house£»¡¡and
only¡¡spoke¡¡to¡¡visitors¡¡through¡¡a¡¡wicket¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡distrust¡¡of
everybody£»¡¡including¡¡his¡¡own¡¡wife£»¡¡was¡¡absolute¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡even
imprisoned¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡have¡¡her¡¡executed¡¡when
Thermidor¡¡arrived¡£
Among¡¡the¡¡men¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡Convention¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡light£»¡¡Billaud¡
Varenne¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wildest¡¡and£»¡¡most¡¡brutal¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡may¡¡be
regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡perfect¡¡type¡¡of¡¡bestial¡¡ferocity¡£
¡®¡®In¡¡these¡¡hours¡¡of¡¡fruitful¡¡anger¡¡and¡¡heroic¡¡anguish¡¡he
remained¡¡calm£»¡¡acquitting¡¡himself¡¡methodically¡¡of¡¡his¡¡taskand
it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡frightful¡¡task£º¡¡he¡¡appeared¡¡officially¡¡at¡¡the¡¡massacres
of¡¡the¡¡Abbaye£»¡¡congratulated¡¡the¡¡assassins£»¡¡and¡¡promised¡¡them
money£»¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡he¡¡went¡¡home¡¡as¡¡if¡¡he¡¡had¡¡merely¡¡been¡¡taking¡¡a
walk¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡see¡¡him¡¡as¡¡president¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jacobin¡¡Club£»¡¡president¡¡of
the¡¡Convention£»¡¡and¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡of¡¡Public¡¡Safety£»¡¡he
drags¡¡the¡¡Girondists¡¡to¡¡the¡¡scaffold£º¡¡he¡¡drags¡¡the¡¡queen¡¡thither£»
and¡¡his¡¡former¡¡patron£»¡¡Danton£»¡¡said¡¡of¡¡him£»¡¡¡®Billaud¡¡has¡¡a¡¡dagger
under¡¡his¡¡tongue¡£'¡¡¡¡He¡¡approves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cannonades¡¡at¡¡Lyons£»¡¡the
drownings¡¡at¡¡Nantes£»¡¡the¡¡massacres¡¡at¡¡Arras£»¡¡he¡¡organises¡¡the
pitiless¡¡commission¡¡of¡¡Orange£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡concerned¡¡in¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of
Prairial£»¡¡he¡¡eggs¡¡on¡¡Fouquier¡Tinville£»¡¡on¡¡all¡¡decrees¡¡of¡¡death
is¡¡his¡¡name£»¡¡often¡¡the¡¡first£»¡¡he¡¡signs¡¡before¡¡his¡¡colleagues£»¡¡he
is¡¡without¡¡pity£»¡¡without¡¡emotion£»¡¡without¡¡enthusiasm£»¡¡when¡¡others
are¡¡frightened£»¡¡hesitate£»¡¡and¡¡draw¡¡back£»¡¡he¡¡goes¡¡his¡¡way£»
speaking¡¡in¡¡turgid¡¡sentences£»¡¡¡®shaking¡¡his¡¡lion's¡¡mane'for¡¡to
make¡¡his¡¡cold¡¡and¡¡impassive¡¡face¡¡more¡¡in¡¡harmony¡¡with¡¡the
exuberance¡¡that¡¡surrounds¡¡him¡¡he¡¡now¡¡decks¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡a¡¡yellow
wig¡¡which¡¡would¡¡make¡¡one¡¡laugh¡¡were¡¡it¡¡on¡¡any¡¡but¡¡the¡¡sinister
head¡¡of¡¡Billaud¡Varenne¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡Robespierre£»¡¡Saint¡Just£»¡¡and
Couthon¡¡are¡¡threatened¡¡in¡¡turn£»¡¡he¡¡deserts¡¡them¡¡and¡¡goes¡¡over¡¡to
the¡¡enemy£»¡¡and¡¡pushes¡¡them¡¡under¡¡the¡¡knife¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Why£¿¡¡¡¡What¡¡is
his¡¡aim£¿¡¡¡¡No¡¡one¡¡knows£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡in¡¡any¡¡way¡¡ambitious£»¡¡he
desires¡¡neither¡¡power¡¡nor¡¡money¡£''
I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡answer¡¡why¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡thirst
for¡¡blood£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡we¡¡have¡¡already¡¡spoken£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡is¡¡very
common¡¡among¡¡certain¡¡criminals£»¡¡perfectly¡¡explains¡¡the
conduct¡¡of¡¡Billaud¡Varennes¡£¡¡¡¡Bandits¡¡of¡¡this¡¡type¡¡kill¡¡for¡¡the
sake¡¡of¡¡killing£»¡¡as¡¡sportsmen¡¡shoot¡¡gamefor¡¡the¡¡very¡¡pleasure
of¡¡exercising¡¡their¡¡taste¡¡for¡¡destruction¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡ordinary¡¡times¡¡men
endowed¡¡with¡¡these¡¡homicidal¡¡tendencies¡¡refrain£»¡¡generally¡¡from
fear¡¡of¡¡the¡¡policeman¡¡and¡¡the¡¡scaffold¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡they¡¡are¡¡able¡¡to
give¡¡them¡¡free¡¡vent¡¡nothing¡¡can¡¡stop¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case
with¡¡Billaud¡Varenne¡¡and¡¡many¡¡others¡£
The¡¡psychology¡¡of¡¡Marat¡¡is¡¡rather¡¡more¡¡complicated£»¡¡not¡¡only
because¡¡his¡¡craving¡¡for¡¡murder¡¡was¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡other¡¡elements
wounded¡¡self¡love£»¡¡ambition£»¡¡mystic¡¡beliefs£»¡¡&c¡£but¡¡also
because¡¡we¡¡must¡¡regard¡¡him¡¡as¡¡a¡¡semi¡lunatic£»¡¡affected¡¡by
megalomania£»¡¡and¡¡haunted¡¡by¡¡fixed¡¡ideas¡£
Before¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡he¡¡had¡¡advanced¡¡great¡¡scientific
pretensions£»¡¡but¡¡no¡¡one¡¡attached¡¡much¡¡importance¡¡to¡¡his
maunderings¡£¡¡¡¡Dreaming¡¡of¡¡place¡¡and¡¡honour£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡only¡¡obtained
a¡¡very¡¡subordinate¡¡situation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡household¡¡of¡¡a¡¡great¡¡noble¡£¡¡
The¡¡Revolution¡¡opened¡¡up¡¡an¡¡unhoped¡for¡¡future¡£¡¡¡¡Swollen¡¡with
hatred¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡social¡¡system¡¡which¡¡had¡¡not¡¡recognised¡¡his
merits£»¡¡he¡¡put¡¡himself¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡violent¡¡section¡¡of
the¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡Having¡¡publicly¡¡glorified¡¡the¡¡massacres¡¡of
September£»¡¡he¡¡founded¡¡a¡¡journal¡¡which¡¡denounced¡¡everybody¡¡and
clamoured¡¡incessantly¡¡for¡¡executions¡£
Speaking¡¡continually¡¡of¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡Marat¡¡became
their¡¡idol¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡his¡¡colleagues¡¡heartily¡¡despised
him¡£¡¡¡¡Had¡¡he¡¡escaped¡¡the¡¡knife¡¡of¡¡Charlotte¡¡Corday£»¡¡he¡¡certainly
would¡¡not¡¡have¡¡escaped¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡guillotine¡£
5¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Destiny¡¡of¡¡those¡¡Members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention¡¡who¡¡survived
the¡¡Revolution¡£
Beside¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Convention¡¡whose¡¡psychology¡¡presents
particular¡¡characteristics¡¡there¡¡were¡¡othersBarras£»¡¡Fouche£»
Tallien£»¡¡Merlin¡¡de¡¡Thionville£»¡¡&c¡£completely¡¡devoid¡¡of
principles¡¡or¡¡belief£»¡¡who¡¡only¡¡sought¡¡to¡¡enrich¡¡themselves¡£
They¡¡sought¡¡to¡¡build¡¡up¡¡enormous¡¡fortunes¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public
misery¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡ordinary¡¡times¡¡they¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡qualified¡¡as
simple¡¡scoundrels£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡revolution¡¡all¡¡standards
of¡¡vice¡¡and¡¡virtue¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡disappear¡£
Although¡¡a¡¡few¡¡Jacobins¡¡remained¡¡fanatics£»¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡renounced
their¡¡convictions¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡they¡¡had¡¡obtained¡¡riches£»¡¡and¡¡became
the¡¡faithful¡¡courtiers¡¡of¡¡Napoleon¡£¡¡¡¡Cambaceres£»¡¡who£»¡¡on
addressing¡¡Louis¡¡XVI¡£¡¡in¡¡prison£»¡¡called¡¡him¡¡Louis¡¡Capet£»¡¡under
the¡¡Empire¡¡required¡¡his¡¡friends¡¡to¡¡call¡¡him¡¡¡®¡®Highness''¡¡in
public¡¡and¡¡¡®¡®Monseigneur''¡¡in¡¡private£»¡¡thus¡¡displaying¡¡the
envious¡¡feeling¡¡which¡¡accompanied¡¡the¡¡craving¡¡for¡¡equality¡¡in
many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Jacobin