the psychology of revolution-µÚ36ÕÂ
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¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
Observing¡¡everywhere¡¡a¡¡Catholic¡¡renascence£»¡¡and¡¡imagining¡¡that
the¡¡clergy¡¡were¡¡conspiring¡¡against¡¡them£»¡¡the¡¡Directors¡¡deported
or¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡the¡¡galleys¡¡in¡¡one¡¡year¡¡1£»448¡¡priests£»¡¡to¡¡say¡¡nothing
of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡who¡¡were¡¡summarily¡¡executed¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Terror¡¡was¡¡in
reality¡¡completely¡¡re¡established¡£
The¡¡autocratic¡¡despotism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Directory¡¡was¡¡exercised¡¡in¡¡all
the¡¡branches¡¡of¡¡the¡¡administration£»¡¡notably¡¡the¡¡finances¡£¡¡¡¡Thus£»
having¡¡need¡¡of¡¡six¡¡hundred¡¡million¡¡francs£»¡¡it¡¡forced¡¡the
deputies£»¡¡always¡¡docile£»¡¡to¡¡vote¡¡a¡¡progressive¡¡impost£»¡¡which
yielded£»¡¡however£»¡¡only¡¡twelve¡¡millions¡£¡¡¡¡Being¡¡presently¡¡in¡¡the
same¡¡condition£»¡¡it¡¡decreed¡¡a¡¡forced¡¡loan¡¡of¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡millions£»
which¡¡resulted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡closing¡¡of¡¡workshops£»¡¡the¡¡stoppage¡¡of
business£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡dismissal¡¡of¡¡domestics¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡only¡¡at¡¡the
price¡¡of¡¡absolute¡¡ruin¡¡that¡¡forty¡¡millions¡¡could¡¡be¡¡obtained¡£
To¡¡assure¡¡itself¡¡of¡¡domination¡¡in¡¡the¡¡provinces¡¡the¡¡Directory
caused¡¡a¡¡so¡called¡¡law¡¡of¡¡hostages¡¡to¡¡be¡¡passed£»¡¡according¡¡to
which¡¡a¡¡list¡¡of¡¡hostages£»¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡all¡¡offences£»¡¡was¡¡drawn
up¡¡in¡¡each¡¡commune¡£
It¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡what¡¡hatred¡¡such¡¡a¡¡system¡¡provoked¡£¡¡¡¡At
the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡1799¡¡fourteen¡¡departments¡¡were¡¡in¡¡revolt¡¡and¡¡forty¡six
were¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡rise¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡Directory¡¡had¡¡lasted¡¡the¡¡dissolution
of¡¡society¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡complete¡£
For¡¡that¡¡matter£»¡¡this¡¡dissolution¡¡was¡¡far¡¡advanced¡£¡¡¡¡Finances£»
administration£»¡¡everything¡¡was¡¡crumbling¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡receipts¡¡of¡¡the
Treasury£»¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡depreciated¡¡assignats¡¡fallen¡¡to¡¡a
hundredth¡¡part¡¡of¡¡their¡¡original¡¡value£»¡¡were¡¡negligible¡£¡¡¡¡Holders
of¡¡Government¡¡stock¡¡and¡¡officers¡¡could¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡obtain¡¡payment¡£
France¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡gave¡¡travellers¡¡the¡¡impression¡¡of¡¡a¡¡country
ravaged¡¡by¡¡war¡¡and¡¡abandoned¡¡by¡¡its¡¡inhabitants¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡broken
bridges¡¡and¡¡dykes¡¡and¡¡ruined¡¡buildings¡¡made¡¡all¡¡traffic
impossible¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡roads£»¡¡long¡¡deserted£»¡¡were¡¡infested¡¡by¡¡brigands¡£
Certain¡¡departments¡¡could¡¡only¡¡be¡¡crossed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡buying
a¡¡safe¡conduct¡¡from¡¡the¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡these¡¡bands¡£¡¡¡¡Industry
and¡¡commerce¡¡were¡¡annihilated¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡Lyons¡¡13£»000¡¡workshops¡¡and
mills¡¡out¡¡of¡¡15£»000¡¡had¡¡been¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡close¡£¡¡¡¡Lille£»¡¡Havre£»
Bordeaux£»¡¡Lyons£»¡¡Marseilles£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡were¡¡like¡¡dead¡¡cities¡£¡¡¡¡Poverty
and¡¡famine¡¡were¡¡general¡£
The¡¡moral¡¡disorganisation¡¡was¡¡no¡¡less¡¡terrible¡£¡¡¡¡Luxury¡¡and¡¡the
craving¡¡for¡¡pleasure£»¡¡costly¡¡dinners£»¡¡jewels£»¡¡and¡¡extravagant
households¡¡were¡¡the¡¡appanage¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡society¡¡composed¡¡entirely
of¡¡stock¡jobbers£»¡¡army¡¡contractors£»¡¡and¡¡shady¡¡financiers¡¡enriched
by¡¡pillage¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡gave¡¡Paris¡¡that¡¡superficial¡¡aspect¡¡of¡¡luxury
and¡¡gaiety¡¡which¡¡has¡¡deluded¡¡so¡¡many¡¡historians¡¡of¡¡this¡¡period£»
because¡¡the¡¡insolent¡¡prodigality¡¡displayed¡¡covered¡¡the¡¡general
misery¡£
The¡¡chronicles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Directory¡¡as¡¡told¡¡in¡¡books¡¡help¡¡to¡¡show¡¡us
of¡¡what¡¡lies¡¡the¡¡web¡¡of¡¡history¡¡is¡¡woven¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡theatre¡¡has¡¡lately
got¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡this¡¡period£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡fashions¡¡are¡¡still
imitated¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡left¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡a¡¡joyous¡¡period¡¡of¡¡re¡birth
after¡¡the¡¡gloomy¡¡drama¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Terror¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡reality¡¡the¡¡drama¡¡of
the¡¡Directory¡¡was¡¡hardly¡¡an¡¡improvement¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Terror¡¡and¡¡was
quite¡¡as¡¡sanguinary¡£¡¡¡¡Finally£»¡¡it¡¡inspired¡¡such¡¡loathing¡¡that¡¡the
Directors£»¡¡feeling¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡last£»¡¡sought¡¡themselves¡¡for
the¡¡dictator¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡replacing¡¡it¡¡and¡¡also¡¡of¡¡protecting¡¡them¡£
3¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Advent¡¡of¡¡Bonaparte¡£
We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Directory¡¡the¡¡anarchy¡¡and
disorganisation¡¡were¡¡such¡¡that¡¡every¡¡one¡¡was¡¡desperately¡¡calling
for¡¡the¡¡man¡¡of¡¡energy¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡re¡establishing¡¡order¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡early
as¡¡1795¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡deputies¡¡had¡¡thought¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡re¡
establishing¡¡royalty¡£¡¡¡¡Louis¡¡XVIII¡££»¡¡having¡¡been¡¡tactless
enough¡¡to¡¡declare¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡restore¡¡the¡¡ancien¡¡regime¡¡in
its¡¡entirety£»¡¡return¡¡all¡¡property¡¡to¡¡its¡¡original¡¡owners£»¡¡and
punish¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution£»¡¡was¡¡immediately¡¡thrown¡¡over¡£¡¡
The¡¡senseless¡¡expedition¡¡of¡¡Quiberon¡¡finally¡¡alienated¡¡the
supporters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡future¡¡sovereign¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡royalists¡¡gave¡¡a¡¡proof
during¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡of¡¡an¡¡incapacity¡¡and¡¡a
narrowness¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡which¡¡justified¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡measures¡¡taken
against¡¡them¡£
The¡¡monarchy¡¡being¡¡impossible£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡find¡¡a
general¡£¡¡¡¡Only¡¡one¡¡existed¡¡whose¡¡name¡¡carried¡¡weightBonaparte¡£¡¡
The¡¡campaign¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡had¡¡just¡¡made¡¡him¡¡famous¡£¡¡¡¡Having¡¡crossed
the¡¡Alps£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡marched¡¡from¡¡victory¡¡to¡¡victory£»¡¡penetrated¡¡to
Milan¡¡and¡¡Venice£»¡¡and¡¡everywhere¡¡obtained¡¡important¡¡war
contributions¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡then¡¡made¡¡towards¡¡Vienna£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡only¡¡twenty¡
five¡¡leagues¡¡from¡¡its¡¡gates¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Emperor¡¡of¡¡Austria¡¡decided
to¡¡sue¡¡for¡¡peace¡£
But¡¡great¡¡as¡¡was¡¡his¡¡renown£»¡¡the¡¡young¡¡general¡¡did¡¡not¡¡consider
it¡¡sufficient¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡increase¡¡it¡¡he¡¡persuaded¡¡the¡¡Directory¡¡that
the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡England¡¡could¡¡be¡¡shaken¡¡by¡¡an¡¡invasion¡¡of¡¡Egypt£»¡¡and
in¡¡May£»¡¡1798£»¡¡he¡¡embarked¡¡at¡¡Toulon¡£
This¡¡need¡¡of¡¡increasing¡¡his¡¡prestige¡¡arose¡¡from¡¡a¡¡very¡¡sound
psychological¡¡conception¡¡which¡¡he¡¡clearly¡¡expounded¡¡at¡¡St¡£
Helena£º
¡®¡®The¡¡most¡¡influential¡¡and¡¡enlightened¡¡generals¡¡had¡¡long¡¡been
pressing¡¡the¡¡general¡¡of¡¡Italy¡¡to¡¡take¡¡steps¡¡to¡¡place¡¡himself¡¡at
the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Republic¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡refused£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡strong
enough¡¡to¡¡walk¡¡quite¡¡alone¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡ideas¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of
governing¡¡and¡¡upon¡¡what¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡a¡¡great¡¡nation
which¡¡were¡¡so¡¡different¡¡from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the
Revolution¡¡and¡¡the¡¡assemblies¡¡that£»¡¡not¡¡being¡¡able¡¡to¡¡act¡¡alone£»
he¡¡feared¡¡to¡¡compromise¡¡his¡¡character¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡set¡¡out
for¡¡Egypt£»¡¡but¡¡resolved¡¡to¡¡reappear¡¡if¡¡circumstances¡¡should¡¡arise
to¡¡render¡¡his¡¡presence¡¡useful¡¡or¡¡necessary¡£''
Bonaparte¡¡did¡¡not¡¡stay¡¡long¡¡in¡¡Egypt¡£¡¡¡¡Recalled¡¡by¡¡his¡¡friends£»
he¡¡landed¡¡at¡¡Frejus£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡announcement¡¡of¡¡his¡¡return¡¡provoked
universal¡¡enthusiasm¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡were¡¡illuminations¡¡everywhere¡£¡¡
France¡¡collaborated¡¡in¡¡advance¡¡in¡¡the¡¡coup¡¡d'etat¡¡prepared
by¡¡two¡¡Directors¡¡and¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡ministers¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡plot¡¡was
organised¡¡in¡¡three¡¡weeks¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡execution¡¡on¡¡the¡¡18th¡¡of¡¡Brumaire
was¡¡accomplished¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡ease¡£
All¡¡parties¡¡experienced¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡delight¡¡at¡¡being¡¡rid¡¡of¡¡the
sinister¡¡gangs¡¡who¡¡had¡¡so¡¡long¡¡oppressed¡¡and¡¡exploited¡¡the
country¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡French¡¡were¡¡doubtless¡¡about¡¡to¡¡enter¡¡upon¡¡a
despotic¡¡system¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡so¡¡intolerable
as¡¡that¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡endured¡¡for¡¡so¡¡many¡¡years¡£
The¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coup¡¡d'etat¡¡of¡¡Brumaire¡¡justifies¡¡all
that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡already¡¡said¡¡of¡¡the¡¡impossibility¡¡of¡¡forming¡¡exact
judgments¡¡of¡¡events¡¡which¡¡apparently¡¡are¡¡fully¡¡understood¡¡and
attested¡¡by¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡how¡¡many¡¡witnesses¡£
We¡¡know¡¡what¡¡ideas¡¡people¡¡had¡¡thirty¡¡years¡¡ago¡¡concerning¡¡the
coup¡¡of¡¡Brumaire¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡crime¡¡committed¡¡by¡¡the
ambition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man¡¡who¡¡was¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡his¡¡army¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of
fact¡¡the¡¡army¡¡played¡¡no¡¡part¡¡whatever¡¡in¡¡the¡¡affair¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡little
body¡¡of¡¡men¡¡who¡¡expelled¡¡the¡¡few¡¡recalcitrant¡¡deputies¡¡were¡¡not
soldiers¡¡even£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡gendarmes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡The
true¡¡author¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coup¡¡d'etat¡¡was¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡itself£»¡¡with
the¡¡complicity¡¡of¡¡all¡¡France¡£
4¡£¡¡¡¡Causes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Duration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£
If¡¡we¡¡limit¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡to¡¡the¡¡time¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡conquest
of¡¡its¡¡fundamental¡¡principlesequality¡¡before¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡free
access¡¡to¡¡public¡¡functions£»¡¡popular¡¡sovereignty£»¡¡control¡¡of
expenditures£»¡¡&c¡£we¡¡may¡¡say¡¡that¡¡it¡¡lasted¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡months¡£¡¡
Towards¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡1789¡¡all¡¡this¡¡was¡¡accomplished£»¡¡and¡¡during
the¡¡years¡¡that¡¡followed¡¡nothing¡¡was¡¡added¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡yet¡¡the
Revolution¡¡lasted¡¡much¡¡longer¡£
Confining¡¡the¡¡duration¡¡to¡¡the¡¡dates¡¡admitted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡official
historians£»¡¡we¡¡see¡¡it¡¡persisting¡¡until¡¡the¡¡advent¡¡of¡¡Bonaparte£»¡¡a
space¡¡of¡¡some¡¡ten¡¡years¡£
Why¡¡did¡¡this¡¡period¡¡of¡¡disorganisation¡¡and¡¡violence¡¡follow¡¡the
establishment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡principles£¿¡¡¡¡We¡¡need¡¡not¡¡seek¡¡the¡¡cause
in¡¡the¡¡foreign¡¡war£»¡¡which¡¡might¡¡on¡¡several¡¡occasions¡¡have¡¡been
terminated£»¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡the¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡and¡¡the
constant¡¡victories¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French£»¡¡neither¡¡must¡¡we¡¡look¡¡for¡¡it¡¡in
the¡¡sympathy¡¡of¡¡Frenchmen¡¡for¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡Government¡£¡¡
Never¡¡was¡¡rule¡¡more¡¡cordially¡¡hated¡¡and¡¡despised¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the
Assemblies¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡its¡¡revolts¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡by¡¡its¡¡repeated¡¡votes¡¡a
great¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡displayed¡¡the¡¡horror¡¡with¡¡which¡¡it
regarded¡¡the¡¡system¡£
This¡¡last¡¡point£»¡¡the¡¡aversion¡¡of¡¡France¡¡for¡¡the¡¡revolutionary
regime£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡misunderstood£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡well¡¡displayed¡¡by
recent¡¡historians¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡author¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡book¡¡published¡¡on¡¡the
Revolution£»¡¡M¡£¡¡Madelin£»¡¡has¡¡well¡¡summarised¡¡their¡¡opinion¡¡in¡¡the
following¡¡words£º
¡®¡®As¡¡early¡¡as¡¡1793¡¡a¡¡party¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡numerous¡¡had¡¡seized¡¡upon
France£»¡¡the¡¡Revolution£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Republic¡£¡¡¡¡Now£»¡¡three¡quarters¡¡of
France¡¡longed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡to¡¡be¡¡checked£»¡¡or¡¡rather
delivered¡¡from¡¡its¡¡odious¡¡exploiters£»¡¡but¡¡these¡¡held¡¡the¡¡unhappy
country¡¡by¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡means¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡the¡¡Terror¡¡was¡¡essential
to¡¡them¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡to¡¡rule£»¡¡they¡¡struck¡¡at¡¡whomsoever¡¡seemed¡¡at
any¡¡given¡¡moment¡¡to¡¡be¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Terror£»¡¡were¡¡they¡¡the¡¡best
servants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£''
Up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Directory¡¡the¡¡government¡¡was¡¡exercised¡¡by
Jacobins£»¡¡who¡¡merely¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡retain£»¡¡along¡¡with¡¡the¡¡supreme
power£»¡¡the¡¡riches¡¡they¡¡had¡¡accumulated¡¡by¡¡murder¡¡and¡¡pillage£»¡¡and
were¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡surrender¡¡France¡¡to¡¡any¡¡one¡¡who¡¡would¡¡guarantee
them¡¡free¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡these¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡they¡¡negotiated¡¡the¡¡coup
d'etat¡¡of¡¡Brumaire¡¡with¡¡Napoleon¡¡was¡¡simply¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that
they¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡realise¡¡their¡¡wishes¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to
Louis¡¡XVIII¡£
But¡¡how¡¡explain¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡a¡¡Government¡¡so¡¡tyrannical¡¡and¡¡so
dishonoured¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡survive¡¡for¡¡so¡¡many¡¡years£¿
It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡because¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡religion¡¡still
survived¡¡in¡¡men's¡¡minds£»¡¡nor¡¡because¡¡it¡¡was¡¡forced¡¡on¡¡them¡¡by
means¡¡of¡¡persecution¡¡and¡¡bloodshed£»¡¡but¡¡especially£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡have
already¡¡stated£»¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡interest¡¡which¡¡a¡¡large
portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡¡had¡¡in¡¡maintaining¡¡it¡£
This¡¡point¡¡is¡¡fundamental¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡¡had¡¡remained¡¡a
theoretical¡¡religion£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡probably¡¡have¡¡been¡¡of¡¡short
duration¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡which¡¡had¡¡just¡¡been¡¡founded¡¡very
quickly¡¡emerged¡¡from¡¡the¡¡domain¡¡of¡¡pure¡¡theory¡£
The¡¡Revolution¡¡did¡¡not¡¡confine¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡despoiling¡¡the¡¡monarchy£»
the¡¡nobility£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡clergy¡¡of¡¡their¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡In
throwing¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡and¡¡the¡¡large
numbers¡¡of¡¡peasantry¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡and¡¡the¡¡employments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old
privileged¡¡classes¡¡it¡¡had¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡stroke¡¡turned¡¡them¡¡into
obstinate¡¡supporters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡system¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡those¡¡who
had¡¡acquired¡¡the¡¡property¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡nobles¡¡and¡¡clergy¡¡had¡¡been
despoiled¡¡had¡¡obtained¡¡lands¡¡and¡¡chateaux¡¡at¡¡low¡¡prices£»¡¡and
were¡¡terrified¡¡lest¡¡the¡¡restoration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡monarchy¡¡should¡¡force
them¡¡to¡¡make¡¡general¡¡restitution¡£
It¡¡was¡¡largely¡¡for¡¡these¡¡reasons¡¡that¡¡a¡¡Government¡¡which£»¡¡at¡¡any
normal¡¡period£»¡¡would¡¡never¡¡have¡¡been¡¡endured£»¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡survive
until¡¡a¡¡master¡¡should¡¡re¡establish¡¡order£»¡¡while¡¡promising¡¡to
maintain¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡but¡¡a