the psychology of revolution-第46章

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resort　to　analysis　before　one　can　understand　and　grasp　the　great

drama　and　display　the　impulses　which　continually　actuated　its

heroes。　　In　normal　times　we　are　guided　by　the　various　forms　of

logicrational；　affective；　collective；　and　mysticwhich　more　or

less　perfectly　balance　one　another。　　During　seasons　of　upheaval

they　enter　into　conflict；　and　man　is　no　longer　himself。





We　have　by　no　means　undervalued　in　this　work　the　importance　of

certain　acquisitions　of　the　Revolution　in　respect　of　the　rights

of　the　people。　　But　with　many　other　historians；　we　are

forced　to　admit　that　the　prize　gained　at　the　cost　of　such　ruin

and　bloodshed　would　have　been　obtained　at　a　later　date　without

effort；　by　the　mere　progress　of　civilisation。　　For　a　few　years

gained；　what　a　load　of　material　disaster；　what　moral

disintegration！　　We　are　still　suffering　as　a　result　of　the

latter。　　These　brutal　pages　in　the　book　of　history　will　take　long

to　efface：　they　are　not　effaced　as　yet。



Our　young　men　of　to…day　seem　to　prefer　action　to　thought。　

Disdaining　the　sterile　dissertations　of　the　philosophers；　they

take　no　interest　in　vain　speculation　concerning　matters　whose

essential　nature　remains　unknown。



Action　is　certainly　an　excellent　thing；　and　all　real　progress　is

a　result　of　action；　but　it　is　only　useful　when　properly　directed。　

The　men　of　the　Revolution　were　assuredly　men　of　action；　yet　the

illusions　which　they　accepted　as　guides　led　them　to　disaster。



Action　is　always　hurtful　when；　despising　realities；　it　professes

violently　to　change　the　course　of　events。　　One　cannot　experiment

with　society　as　with　apparatus　in　a　laboratory。　　Our　political

upheavals　show　us　what　such　social　errors　may　cost。



Although　the　lesson　of　the　Revolution　was　extremely　categorical；

many　unpractical　spirits；　hallucinated　by　their　dreams；　are

hoping　to　recommence　it。　　Socialism；　the　modern　synthesis　of　this

hope；　would　be　a　regression　to　lower　forms　of　evolution；　for　it

would　paralyse　the　greatest　sources　of　our　activity。　　By

replacing　individual　initiative　and　responsibility　by　collective

initiative　and　responsibility　mankind　would　descend　several　steps

on　the　scale　of　human　values。



The　present　time　is　hardly　favourable　to　such　experiments。　　While

dreamers　are　pursuing　their　dreams；　exciting　appetites　and　the

passions　of　the　multitude；　the　peoples　are　every　day　arming

themselves　more　powerfully。　　All　feel　that　amid　the　universal

competition　of　the　present　time　there　is　no　room　for　weak

nations。



In　the　centre　of　Europe　a　formidable　military　Power　is　increasing

in　strength；　and　aspiring　to　dominate　the　world；　in　order　to　find

outlets　for　its　goods；　and　for　an　increasing　population；　which　it

will　soon　be　unable　to　nourish。



If　we　continue　to　shatter　our　cohesion　by　intestine　struggles；

party　rivalries；　base　religious　persecutions；　and　laws　which

fetter　industrial　development；　our　part　in　the　world　will　soon　be

over。　　We　shall　have　to　make　room　for　peoples　more　solidly　knit；

who　have　been　able　to　adapt　themselves　to　natural　necessities

instead　of　pretending　to　turn　back　upon　their　course。　　The

present　does　not　repeat　the　past；　and　the　details　of　history　are

full　of　unforeseen　consequences；　but　in　their　main　lines　events

are　conditioned　by　eternal　laws。







INDEX



Absolute　monarchy；　the

Acceleration　of　forces　of　violence

Administrations；　real　ruling　forces

Affective　logic

Affirmation；　power　of

Alexander　I　of　Russia

Alsace　loss　of

Ambition；　as　a　motive　of　revolution

Anarchy；　followed　by　dictatorship；　mental

Ancestral　soul

Ancien　regime；　bases　of　the；　inconveniences　of；　life　under；

dissolution　of　

Ancients；　Council　of　

Anti…clerical　laws　

Armies；　of　the　Republic；　character　of；　victories　of；　causes　of

success　

Army；　role　of；　in　revolution；　in　1789　

Assemblies；　the　Revolutionary；　psychology　of；　obedient　to　the

clubs；　see　National；　Constituent；　Legislative　Assemblies；

Convention；　&c。

Assignats

Augustine；　St。

Aulaud；　M。

Austria；　revolution　in；　royalist　illusions　as　to　her　attitude；

attacks　the　Republic



Balfour；　Rt。　Hon。　A。　J。；　on　coal　strike　

Barras　

Barrere　

Bartholomew；　St。；　Massacre　of；　European　rejoicing　over　

Bastille；　taking　of　the　

Battifol；　M。　

Bayle；　P。

Beaulieu；　Edict　of　

Bedouin；　executions　at　

Belgium；　invasion　of　

Beliefs；　affective　and　mystic　origin　of；　intolerance　of；

justification　of；　intolerance　greatest　between　allied　beliefs；

intolerance　of　democratic　and　socialistic　beliefs

Berquin；　executed　by　Sorbonne　

Berry；　Duchess　de　

Billaud…Varenne　

Bismarck

Blanc；　Louis　

Blois；　States　of　

Bonaparte；　see　Napoleon

Bonnal；　General　

Bossuet　

Bourdeau；　M。　

Bourgeoisie；　their　jealousy　of　the　nobles　causes　the　Revolution；

their　thirst　for　revenge；　the　real　authors　of　the　Revolution；

philosophic　ideas　of

Brazilian　Revolution；　the

Britanny；　revolt　in

Broglie；　de

Brumaire；　coup　d'etat　of

Brunswick；　Duke　of；　his　manifesto

Buddhism

Bureaucracy　in　France



Caesar；　on　division　amid　the　Gauls

Caesarism

Caesars　follow　anarchy　and　dominate　mobs

Cahiers；　the

Calvin；　compared　to　Robespierre

Carnot

Carrier；　crimes　of；　and　trial

Catechism　of　the　Scottish　Presbyterians

Catherine　de　Medicis

Catholic　League

Cavaignac；　General

Chalandon

Champ…de…Mars；　affair　of　the

Charles　IX

Charles　X

China；　revolution　in

Chinese　labour

Christian　Revolution；　the

Christians；　mutual　hatred　of

Church；　confiscation　of　goods　of　the

Civil　War

Clemenceau；　M。

Clergy；　civil　constitution　of

Clubs；　the；　24…　psychology　of　the；　obeyed　by　the　Assemblies；

closed；　increasing　power　of　the；　see　Jacobins

Coalition；　the

Cochin；　A。

Colin；　M。

Collective　ideas；　collective　logic

Collot　d'Herbois

Commissaries　of　the　Convention；　psychology　of

Committees；　the　Governmental

Commune　of　Paris；　the；　in　insurrection；　chief　power　in　State；

orders　massacre　of　September；　tyranny　of　

Commune　of　1871　

Communes；　the　revolutionary　

Comte；　A。　

Concordat；　the　

Condorcet　

Constituent　Assembly；　the；　psychology　of　the；　its　fear　of　the

people；　temporarily　resists　the　people；　loses　power；　its　last

action

Constitution　of　1791；　of　1793；　of　1795；　of　the　year　VIII　

Constitutions；　faith　in　

Constraints；　social；　necessity　of　

Consulate；　the　

Contagion；　mental；　causes　of；　in　crowds　

Contrat　Social；　the　

Convention；　giants　of　the；　inconsistency　of；　decimates　itself；

psychology　of　the；　cowardice　of；　mental　characteristics　of；

composition　of；　fear　in　the；　besieged　by　the　Commune；　surrenders

Girondists；　Government　of　the；　abolishes　royalty；　dissolved

Council　of　State

Couthon

Criminal　mentality

Cromwell

Crowd；　Psychology　of　the

Crowds　in　the　French　Revolution

Cruppi；　M。

Cuba

Cunisset…Carnot

Currency；　paper



Danton

Darwin；　Charles

Dausset；　M。

‘‘Days；''of　May　31；　June　2；　of　June　20；　of　Aug。　10；　of　June　2；　of

Oct。　5　

Debidour；　M。

Declaration　of　Rights；　the

Democracy；　intellectual　and　popular

Departmental　insurrections

Desmoulins；　Camille

Dictatorship　follows　anarchy

Diderot

Directory；　the；　failure　of；　closes　clubs；　psychology　of　the；

government　of　the；　deportations　under

Discontent；　result　of　

Dreux…Breze　

Drinkmann；　Baron　

Dubourg；　Anne；　burned

Dumas；　President　of　the　Revolutionary　Tribunal

Dumouriez

Durel



Ego；　analysis　of　the

Elchingen；　General

Elizabeth；　Empress　of　Russia

Emigres；　banished

Empire；　the　Second

Encyclopaedists；　the

England；　coal　strike　in

English　Revolution；　Constitution

Enthusiasm

Envy

Equality

Evolution



Faguet；　E。

Fatalism；　historians　on

Faubourgs；　disarmed

Fear

Federation

Ferrer；　notes　on　anniversary　of　execution　of

Fersen

Five　Hundred；　the

Fontenelle

France；　kings　of；　artificial　unity　of　

Francis　I　

Franco…Prussian　war　

Fraternity　

Freethinkers；　intolerance　of　

French　Revolution；　the；　revision　of　ideas　concerning；　generally

misunderstood；　a　new　religious　movement；　origins　of；　religions

nature　of；　descends　to　lower　classes；　causes　of；　opinions　of

historians　concerning；　becomes　a　popular　government；　causes　of

democratisation；　causes　of　the　Revolution；　a　struggle　of　instinct

against　reason　

Fouche；　at　Lyons　

Fouquier…Tinville　

Freron　



Galileo　

German　Emperors　

‘‘Giants''　of　the　Convention；　mediocrity　of

Gilbert…Liendon

Girondists；　the；　late　of　the；　surrendered　by　the　Convention；　vote

for　Louis'　death　

Glosson；　Professor；　experiment　in　crowd　psychology

Governments；　feeble　resistance　of；　to　revolution；　best　tactics　to

pursue；　revolutions　effected　by

Greek　Revolution

Gregoire　

Gregory　XIII　

Guillotine；　regeneration　by　

Guiraud；　M。　

Guise；　Duke　of　

Guizot　



Hamel；　M。

Hamilton；　General　

Hanotaux；　G。　

Hanriot　

Hatred；　value　of　

Haxo；　General　

Hebert　

Hebertists　

Helvetius　

Henri　II　

Henri　III　

Henri　IV　

Henry　IV　of　Germany　

Henry　VIII　of　England　



Historians；　mistaken　views　of；　re　French　Revolution；　opinions　of；　

concerning

Hoche；　General

Holbach　

Holland；　invasion　of　

Hugo；　Victor　

Huguenots；　massacre　of　

Humboldt　

Hunter's　ancestral　instinct　of　carnage　



Iena；　explosion　on　board　of　

Impartiality；　impossibility　of　

Incendiarism；　of　Commune　of　1871　

Inequality；　craving　for　

Inquisition；　the　

Islam　

Italy；　revolution　in　



Jacobinism；　failure　of；　modern；　its　craze　for　reforms

Jacobins；　the；　real　protagonists　of　the　Revolution；　claim　to

reorganise　France　in　name　of　pure　reason；　they　rule　France；

results　of　their　triumph；　theories　of；　small　numbers　of；　the

clubs　closed；；　downfall　of

Jourdan；　General



La　Bruyere

La　Fayette

Lanessan；　M。

Langlois；　General

Latin　mind；　the

Lavisse

Lavoisier

Leaders；　popular；　psychology　of

Lebon

Lebrun；　Mme。　Vigee

Legendary　history

Legislation；　faith　in

Legislative　Assembly；　the　psychology　of；　character　of；　timidity

of

Lettres　de　cachet

Levy；　General　

Liberte；　the；　explosion　on　board

‘‘Liberty；　Equality；　Fraternity''

Lippomano

Logics；　different　species　of　

Louis　XIII　

Louis　XIV；　poverty　under

Louis　XVI；　flight　and　capture；　his　chance；　powers　restored；；　a

prisoner；regarded　as　traitor；　suspended；　trial　of；execution　of；　a

blunder　

Louis　XVII

Louis　XVIII　

Louis…Philippe　

Luther　



MacMahon；　Marshal　

Madelin　

Mohammed　

Maistre；　de　

Malesherbes　

Marat　

Marie　Antoinette；　influence　of

Marie　Louise

Massacres；　during　wars　of　religion；　during　the　French　Revolution；　

see　September；　Commissaries；　&c。

Mentalities　prevalent　in　time　of　revolution

Merlin　

Michelet　

Midi；　revolt　in　the　

Mirabeau　

Monarch；　position　of；　under　the　Reformation　

Monarchical　feeling　

Montagnards　

Montesquieu　

Montluc　

Moors　in　Spain　

Mountain；　the