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Upon¡¡one¡¡occasion£»¡¡as¡¡my¡¡men¡¡were¡¡sowing¡¡and¡¡clearing¡¡the¡¡land¡¡for
planting£»¡¡he¡¡employed¡¡natives¡¡to¡¡work¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡cultivation¡¡in
front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡troops£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡claim¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡soil¡£¡¡On¡¡this
occasion¡¡he¡¡came¡¡himself£»¡¡prepared¡¡with¡¡a¡¡cup¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡a¡¡small
gourd¡shell¡¡slung¡¡by¡¡a¡¡string¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡neck¡£¡¡He¡¡explained¡¡that¡¡this¡¡was
his¡¡cup¡¡for¡¡drinking¡¡araki£»¡¡with¡¡which¡¡he¡¡requested¡¡to¡¡be¡¡supplied¡£
¡¨How¡¡long¡¡are¡¡you¡¡going¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡here£¿¡¨¡¡he¡¡asked¡£¡¡He¡¡continued£»¡¡¡¨You
had¡¡better¡¡go¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Khartoum£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡will¡¡eat¡¡the¡¡corn¡¡you¡¡have¡¡planted
when¡¡it¡¡becomes¡¡ripe¡£¡¨
I¡¡explained¡¡that¡¡Gondokoro¡¡would¡¡be¡¡head¡quarters£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡troops¡¡would
always¡¡remain¡¡there£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡should¡¡cultivate¡¡a¡¡large¡¡extent¡¡for¡¡corn¡£¡¡He
replied£º¡¡¡¨Then¡¡who¡¡does¡¡this¡¡land¡¡belong¡¡to£¿to¡¡you¡¡or¡¡to¡¡me£¿¡¨¡¡I
explained¡¡that¡¡his¡¡people¡¡had¡¡been¡¡driven¡¡out¡¡by¡¡a¡¡superior¡¡force£»¡¡and
that¡¡we¡¡had¡¡found¡¡it¡¡abandoned£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time£»¡¡neither¡¡he¡¡nor¡¡his
people¡¡dare¡¡remain¡¡here¡¡without¡¡my¡¡protection£»¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡land
belonged¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Khedive¡¡of¡¡Egypt£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡re¡settle
I¡¡would¡¡give¡¡them¡¡their¡¡original¡¡property¡£
He¡¡simply¡¡replied£»¡¡¡¨Who¡¡does¡¡this¡¡tree¡¡belong¡¡to£¿¡¨¡¡£¨we¡¡were¡¡standing
beneath¡¡its¡¡shade£©¡£¡¡¡¨It¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Khedive¡¡of¡¡Egypt£»¡¨¡¡I¡¡replied£»
¡¨who¡¡is¡¡now¡¡protector¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡am¡¡his¡¡representative
to¡¡establish¡¡his¡¡government¡£¡¨
He¡¡replied£º¡¡¡¨Then¡¡you¡¡had¡¡better¡¡be¡¡off¡¡to¡¡Khartoum£»¡¡for¡¡we¡¡don't¡¡want
any¡¡government¡¡here¡£¡¨
There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡abstract¡¡of¡¡people's¡¡rights£»¡¡any
annexation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡of¡¡another¡¡is¡¡an¡¡infringement¡£¡¡Had¡¡this
principle¡¡been¡¡adhered¡¡to¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡there
would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡no¡¡progress¡£¡¡Savages¡¡of¡¡all¡¡countries¡¡are¡¡prone¡¡to
strife£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡chronic¡¡warfare¡¡with¡¡neighbouring¡¡tribes¡¡is¡¡the
example¡¡of¡¡African¡¡politics¡£¡¡A¡¡strong¡¡government¡¡is¡¡a¡¡necessity¡£
I¡¡had¡¡always¡¡expected¡¡trouble¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Baris£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡had¡¡known¡¡them¡¡during
my¡¡former¡¡journey¡¡as¡¡a¡¡tribe¡¡of¡¡intractable¡¡savages¡£¡¡The¡¡Austrian
missionaries¡¡had¡¡abandoned¡¡them¡¡as¡¡hopeless£»¡¡after¡¡many¡¡efforts¡¡and¡¡a
great¡¡expenditure¡¡of¡¡money¡¡and¡¡energy¡£
The¡¡natives¡¡had¡¡pulled¡¡down¡¡the¡¡neat¡¡mission¡¡house£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡had¡¡pounded
and¡¡ground¡¡the¡¡bright¡¡red¡¡bricks¡¡into¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡powder£»¡¡which¡¡mixed
with¡¡grease¡¡formed¡¡a¡¡paint¡¡to¡¡smear¡¡their¡¡naked¡¡bodies¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡only
results¡¡of¡¡many¡¡years'¡¡teaching¡¡were¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡many¡¡noble¡¡men£»¡¡the
loss¡¡of¡¡money£»¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡attempt£»¡¡and¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enterprise
leaving¡¡a¡¡legacy¡¡of¡¡inward¡¡spiritual¡¡grace¡¡to¡¡these¡¡¡¨men¡¡and¡¡brethren£»¡¨
the¡¡missionary¡¡establishment¡¡itself¡¡was¡¡converted¡¡into¡¡an¡¡external
application¡¡for¡¡the¡¡skin£º¡¡the¡¡house¡¡of¡¡God¡¡was¡¡turned¡¡into¡¡¡¨pomade
divine¡£¡¨¡¡This¡¡was¡¡a¡¡result¡¡that¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡expected¡¡by¡¡any¡¡person
who¡¡had¡¡practical¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Baris¡£
The¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡country¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡this¡¡tribe¡¡was¡¡about¡¡ninety¡¡miles¡¡in
length¡¡from¡¡north¡¡to¡¡south£»¡¡and¡¡seventy¡¡in¡¡width¡£¡¡Although¡¡the¡¡people
who¡¡inhabited¡¡this¡¡district¡¡were¡¡all¡¡Baris£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡cohesion¡¡among
them¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡numerous¡¡small¡¡chiefdoms£»¡¡each¡¡governed¡¡by
its¡¡sheik¡¡or¡¡head¡¡man¡£¡¡Thus¡¡Allorron¡¡represented¡¡Gondokoro£»¡¡while¡¡every
petty¡¡district¡¡was¡¡directed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡sheik¡£¡¡The¡¡Bari¡¡country¡¡was
thickly¡¡inhabited¡£¡¡The¡¡general¡¡features¡¡of¡¡the¡¡landscape¡¡were¡¡rolling
park¡like¡¡grass¡¡lands£»very¡¡little¡¡actual¡¡flat£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of
undulations£»¡¡ornamented¡¡with¡¡exceedingly¡¡fine¡¡timber¡forests¡¡of
considerable¡¡extent£»¡¡and¡¡mountains¡¡rising¡¡to¡¡about¡¡2£»500¡¡or¡¡3£»000¡¡feet
above¡¡their¡¡base¡£¡¡From¡¡these¡¡mountains¡¡numerous¡¡streams¡¡drained¡¡to¡¡the
Nile£º¡¡these¡¡were¡¡generally¡¡dry¡¡in¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡season¡£¡¡The¡¡soil¡¡was¡¡poor
in¡¡the¡¡neighbourhood¡¡of¡¡Gondokoro£»¡¡but¡¡at¡¡a¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡river£»¡¡the
country¡¡was¡¡fertile£»¡¡the¡¡rocks¡¡were¡¡throughout¡¡granitic£»¡¡the¡¡mountains
yielded¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡iron¡¡ore£»¡¡especially¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Belinian£»¡¡twelve¡¡miles
from¡¡Gondokoro£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡were¡¡expert¡¡black¡¡smiths¡£¡¡Cultivation
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generally¡¡used¡¡was¡¡the¡¡common¡¡dhurra¡¡£¨Sorghum¡¡vulgare£©¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡usually
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throughout¡¡all¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡Central¡¡Africa£»¡¡and¡¡throve¡¡well¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡poor
and¡¡light¡¡soil¡¡of¡¡Gondokoro¡£
The¡¡Baris¡¡were¡¡exceedingly¡¡neat¡¡in¡¡their¡¡dwellings£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡villages
were¡¡innumerable¡£¡¡Each¡¡hut¡¡was¡¡surrounded¡¡by¡¡a¡¡small¡¡court¡¡composed¡¡of
cement¡¡made¡¡from¡¡the¡¡clay¡¡of¡¡the¡¡white¡ant¡¡hills¡¡mixed¡¡with¡¡cow¡dung¡¡and
smeared¡¡with¡¡ashes£º¡¡these¡¡courts¡¡were¡¡always¡¡kept¡¡scrupulously¡¡clean¡£
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are¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡wattles¡¡and¡¡clay¡¡neatly¡¡smeared¡¡or¡¡plastered¡¡with¡¡cement¡£
They¡¡are¡¡quickly¡¡attacked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡white¡¡ants£»¡¡which¡¡destroy¡¡the¡¡wattles£»
but¡¡the¡¡clay¡¡is¡¡sufficiently¡¡tenacious¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡wall¡¡when¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡or
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The¡¡granaries¡¡are¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡wicker¡work¡¡supported¡¡upon¡¡upright¡¡pedestals
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The¡¡Baris¡¡are¡¡a¡¡great¡¡pastoral¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡possess¡¡immense¡¡herds¡¡of
cattle¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡generally¡¡small¡¡active¡¡animals¡¡with¡¡humps£»¡¡white¡¡is
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Like¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tribes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡White¡¡Nile£»¡¡the¡¡Baris¡¡have¡¡a¡¡strong
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but¡¡you¡¡may¡¡starve¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst¡¡of¡¡beef¡£
Their¡¡large¡¡herds¡¡are¡¡confined¡¡at¡¡night¡¡within¡¡zareebas¡¡or¡¡kraals¡£¡¡These
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admit¡¡one¡¡animal¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time£»¡¡thus¡¡the¡¡herd¡¡can¡¡be¡¡easily¡¡counted¡£¡¡Within
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sheds¡¡for¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡young¡¡calves¡£¡¡The¡¡sheep¡¡and¡¡goats¡¡are¡¡kept
in¡¡a¡¡separate¡¡zareeba¡£
All¡¡the¡¡operations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Baris¡¡are¡¡conducted¡¡by¡¡signals¡¡given¡¡by¡¡the
drum£»¡¡precisely¡¡as¡¡our¡¡military¡¡movements¡¡are¡¡directed¡¡by¡¡bugle¡calls¡£
The¡¡great¡¡drum¡¡that¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡headman¡¡or¡¡sheik£»¡¡is¡¡suspended
beneath¡¡an¡¡open¡¡shed£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡always¡¡protected¡¡from¡¡weather£»¡¡and
at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡the¡¡sound¡¡could¡¡travel¡¡unchecked¡£¡¡These¡¡drums¡¡are¡¡cut
and¡¡scooped¡¡with¡¡great¡¡labour¡¡from¡¡a¡¡peculiar¡¡wood£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡exceedingly
tough¡¡and¡¡will¡¡not¡¡easily¡¡split¡£¡¡The¡¡Bari¡¡drum¡¡is¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡of
an¡¡egg¡¡with¡¡a¡¡slice¡¡taken¡¡off¡¡the¡¡thicker¡¡end¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡instruments
are¡¡very¡¡large£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡two¡¡men¡¡could¡¡carry¡¡on¡¡a¡¡pole¡£¡¡Both¡¡ends
are¡¡hollowed¡¡through¡¡and¡¡secured¡¡with¡¡hide£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡forms¡¡the
actual¡¡drum¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡beaten¡¡with¡¡two¡¡short¡¡sticks¡¡of¡¡hard¡¡wood¡£¡¡In¡¡the
early¡¡morning£»¡¡shortly¡¡before¡¡sunrise£»¡¡the¡¡hollow¡¡sound¡¡of¡¡the¡¡big¡¡drum
is¡¡always¡¡heard¡¡giving¡¡the¡¡signal¡¡by¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡number¡¡of¡¡beat's¡¡for¡¡the
milking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cows¡£¡¡The¡¡women¡¡and¡¡young¡¡men¡¡then¡¡commence£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡the
operation¡¡is¡¡completed£»¡¡the¡¡drum¡¡beats¡¡again£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡large¡¡herds¡¡are
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In¡¡a¡¡few¡¡seconds¡¡this¡¡loud¡¡alarm¡¡will¡¡be¡¡re¡echoed¡¡by¡¡every¡¡drum
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sheik's¡¡big¡¡drum¡¡is¡¡the¡¡call¡¡for¡¡a¡¡general¡¡assembly£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡case£»
should¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡appear£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡district¡¡can¡¡be
concentrated¡¡in¡¡one¡¡point¡£
The¡¡weapons¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Baris¡¡are¡¡finely¡wrought¡¡lances£»¡¡and¡¡bows¡¡with
horribly¡¡barbed¡¡arrows¡£¡¡They¡¡seldom¡¡carry¡¡shields£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡difficult
to¡¡manage¡¡together¡¡with¡¡the¡¡bow£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡impede¡¡the¡¡rapid¡¡movements'
which¡¡are¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡feature¡¡in¡¡Bari¡¡tactics¡£
The¡¡men¡¡are¡¡generally¡¡tall¡¡and¡¡powerful£»¡¡always¡¡naked¡¡and¡¡smeared¡¡with
ashes£»¡¡or¡¡on¡¡great¡¡occasions¡¡with¡¡red¡¡ochre¡¡and¡¡grease¡£¡¡The¡¡women¡¡are
not¡¡absolutely¡¡bad¡looking£»¡¡but¡¡real¡¡beauties¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡rare¡£¡¡They
wear¡¡an¡¡apron¡¡before¡¡and¡¡behind¡¡of¡¡tanned¡¡leather£»¡¡extending¡¡nearly¡¡to
the¡¡knees£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡only¡¡the¡¡outer¡¡garment£»¡¡beneath¡¡which¡¡they¡¡wear¡¡a
neatly¡made¡¡fringe¡¡of¡¡innumerable¡¡strings£»¡¡formed¡¡of¡¡finely¡spin¡¡cotton
thread£»¡¡suspended¡¡from¡¡a¡¡leather¡¡belt¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wealthy¡¡possess
fringe¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡iron¡¡rings£»¡¡neatly¡¡worked£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of
shirt¡¡of¡¡mail¡£
Every¡¡man¡¡is¡¡a¡¡warrior¡¡from¡¡his¡¡childhood£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Baris¡¡are¡¡always¡¡at
war¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡clever¡¡in¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lance£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡can
throw¡¡with¡¡great¡¡accuracy¡¡for¡¡a¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡thirty¡¡yards£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡can
pitch¡¡it¡¡into¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡men¡¡at¡¡upwards¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡yards¡£¡¡From¡¡early
childhood¡¡the¡¡boys¡¡are¡¡in¡¡constant¡¡practice£»¡¡both¡¡with¡¡the¡¡lance¡¡and¡¡the
bow¡¡and¡¡arrow£»¡¡thus£»¡¡although¡¡their¡¡weapons¡¡are¡¡inferior¡¡to¡¡fire¡arms
properly¡¡used£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡dangerous¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡proficients¡¡against
men¡¡who£»¡¡like¡¡my¡¡troops£»¡¡were¡¡utterly¡¡ignorant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡shooting¡£
Fortunately¡¡for¡¡my¡¡expedition£»¡¡the¡¡warlike¡¡Baris¡¡were¡¡not¡¡united
throughout¡¡their¡¡territory¡£¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡I¡¡discovered¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Baris¡¡of
Gondokoro¡¡had¡¡made¡¡an¡¡alliance¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Belinian£»¡¡twelve¡¡miles¡¡from
head¡quarters¡£¡¡I¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡women¡¡were¡¡constantly¡¡passing¡¡to¡¡and¡¡fro
with¡¡baskets¡¡on¡¡their¡¡heads£»¡¡carrying¡¡salt¡¡from¡¡Gondokoro£»¡¡and¡¡each
returning¡¡with¡¡a¡¡goat£»¡¡led¡¡by¡¡a¡¡string¡£¡¡Excellent¡¡salt¡¡is¡¡found¡¡at
Gondokoro£»¡¡real¡¡chloride¡¡of¡¡sodium£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡article¡¡enables¡¡the¡¡natives
of¡¡that¡¡district¡¡to¡¡trade¡¡with¡¡the¡¡interior£»¡¡where¡¡salt¡¡is¡¡extremely
rare¡¡and¡¡of¡¡great¡¡value¡£¡¡I¡¡had¡¡remarked¡¡that¡¡women£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡men£»
were¡¡met¡¡in¡¡my¡¡rambles¡¡through¡¡the¡¡forest£»¡¡on¡¡their¡¡way¡¡to¡¡Belinian¡¡by
this¡¡concealed¡¡route£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡open¡¡path£»¡¡this¡¡aroused¡¡my
suspicion£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡chief£»¡¡Allorron£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡people¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡they
were¡¡enemies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Belinian¡¡natives¡£
The¡¡position¡¡had¡¡become¡¡intolerable¡£¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡could¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡be
concealed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Baris¡¡were¡¡hostile¡£¡¡No¡¡positive¡¡outbreak¡¡had
occurred£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡natives¡¡were¡¡sullen¡¡in¡¡their¡¡demeanour£»¡¡and¡¡generally
avoided¡¡the¡¡new¡¡settlement¡£¡¡Butchers'¡¡meat¡¡was¡¡exceedingly¡¡scarce£»¡¡as¡¡we
had¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡cows¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡given¡¡during¡¡the¡¡voyage