essays on life, art and science-第33章

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note　besides　the　fact　that　neither　can　exist　without　that　kind　of
physical　continuity　which　we　call　personal　identity？　　First；　the
development　of　the　embryo　proceeds　in　an　established　order；　so　must
all　habitual　actions　based　on　memory。　　Disturb　the　normal　order　and
the　performance　is　arrested。　　The　better　we　know　〃God　save　the
Queen；〃　the　less　easily　can　we　play　or　sing　it　backwards。　　The
return　of　memory　again　depends　on　the　return　of　ideas　associated
with　the　particular　thing　that　is　rememberedwe　remember　nothing
but　for　the　presence　of　these；　and　when　enough　of　these　are
presented　to　us　we　remember　everything。　　So；　if　the　development　of
an　embryo　is　due　to　memory；　we　should　suppose　the　memory　of　the
impregnate　ovum　to　revert　not　to　yesterday；　when　it　was　in　the
persons　of　its　parents；　but　to　the　last　occasion　on　which　it　was　an
impregnate　ovum。　　The　return　of　the　old　environment　and　the　presence
of　old　associations　would　at　once　involve　recollection　of　the　course
that　should　be　next　taken；　and　the　same　should　happen　throughout　the
whole　course　of　development。　　The　actual　course　of　development
presents　precisely　the　phenomena　agreeable　with　this。　　For　fuller
treatment　of　this　point　I　must　refer　the　reader　to　the　chapter　on
the　abeyance　of　memory　in　my　book　〃Life　and　Habit；〃　already　referred
to。

Secondly；　we　remember　best　our　last　few　performances　of　any　given
kind；　so　our　present　performance　will　probably　resemble　some　one　or
other　of　these；　we　remember　our　earlier　performances　by　way　of
residuum　only；　but　every　now　and　then　we　revert　to　an　earlier　habit。
This　feature　of　memory　is　manifested　in　heredity　by　the　way　in　which
offspring　commonly　resembles　most　its　nearer　ancestors；　but
sometimes　reverts　to　earlier　ones。　　Brothers　and　sisters；　each　as　it
were　giving　their　own　version　of　the　same　story；　but　in　different
words；　should　generally　resemble　each　other　more　closely　than　more
distant　relations。　　And　this　is　what　actually　we　find。

Thirdly；　the　introduction　of　slightly　new　elements　into　a　method
already　established　varies　it　beneficially；　the　new　is　soon　fused
with　the　old；　and　the　monotony　ceases　to　be　oppressive。　　But　if　the
new　be　too　foreign；　we　cannot　fuse　the　old　and　the　newnature
seeming　to　hate　equally　too　wide　a　deviation　from　ordinary　practice
and　none　at　all。　　This　fact　reappears　in　heredity　as　the　beneficial
effects　of　occasional　crossing　on　the　one　hand；　and　on　the　other；　in
the　generally　observed　sterility　of　hybrids。　　If　heredity　be　an
affair　of　memory；　how　can　an　embryo；　say　of　a　mule；　be　expected　to
build　up　a　mule　on　the　strength　of　but　two　mule…memories？　　Hybridism
causes　a　fault　in　the　chain　of　memory；　and　it　is　to　this　cause　that
the　usual　sterility　of　hybrids　must　be　referred。

Fourthly；　it　requires　many　repeated　impressions　to　fix　a　method
firmly；　but　when　it　has　been　engrained　into　us　we　cease　to　have　much
recollection　of　the　manner　in　which　it　came　to　be　so；　or　indeed　of
any　individual　repetition；　but　sometimes　a　single　impression；　if
prolonged　as　well　as　profound；　produces　a　lasting　impression　and　is
liable　to　return　with　sudden　force；　and　then　to　go　on　returning　to
us　at　intervals。　　As　a　general　rule；　however；　abnormal　impressions
cannot　long　hold　their　own　against　the　overwhelming　preponderance　of
normal　authority。　　This　appears　in　heredity　as　the　normal　non…
inheritance　of　mutilations　on　the　one　hand；　and　on　the　other　as
their　occasional　inheritance　in　the　case　of　injuries　followed　by
disease。

Fifthly；　if　heredity　and　memory　are　essentially　the　same；　we　should
expect　that　no　animal　would　develop　new　structures　of　importance
after　the　age　at　which　its　species　begins　ordinarily　to　continue　its
race；　for　we　cannot　suppose　offspring　to　remember　anything　that
happens　to　the　parent　subsequently　to　the　parent's　ceasing　to
contain　the　offspring　within　itself。　　From　the　average　age；
therefore；　of　reproduction；　offspring　should　cease　to　have　any
farther　steady；　continuous　memory　to　fall　back　upon；　what　memory
there　is　should　be　full　of　faults；　and　as　such　unreliable。　　An
organism　ought　to　develop　as　long　as　it　is　backed　by　memorythat　is
to　say；　until　the　average　age　at　which　reproduction　begins；　it
should　then　continue　to　go　for　a　time　on　the　impetus　already
received；　and　should　eventually　decay　through　failure　of　any　memory
to　support　it；　and　tell　it　what　to　do。　　This　corresponds　absolutely
with　what　we　observe　in　organisms　generally；　and　explains；　on　the
one　hand；　why　the　age　of　puberty　marks　the　beginning　of　completed
developmenta　riddle　hitherto　not　only　unexplained　but；　so　far　as　I
have　seen；　unasked；　it　explains；　on　the　other　hand；　the　phenomena　of
old　agehitherto　without　even　attempt　at　explanation。

Sixthly；　those　organisms　that　are　the　longest　in　reaching　maturity
should　on　the　average　be　the　longest…lived；　for　they　will　have
received　the　most　momentous　impulse　from　the　weight　of　memory　behind
them。　　This　harmonises　with　the　latest　opinion　as　to　the　facts。　　In
his　article　on　Weismann　in　the　Contemporary　Review　for　May　1890；　Mr。
Romanes　writes：　　〃Professor　Weismann　has　shown　that　there　is
throughout　the　metazoa　a　general　correlation　between　the　natural
lifetime　of　individuals　composing　any　given　species；　and　the　age　at
which　they　reach　maturity　or　first　become　capable　of　procreation。〃
This；　I　believe；　has　been　the　conclusion　generally　arrived　at　by
biologists　for　some　years　past。

Lateness；　then；　in　the　average　age　of　reproduction　appears　to　be　the
principle　underlying　longevity。　　There　does　not　appear　at　first
sight　to　be　much　connection　between　such　distinct　and　apparently
disconnected　phenomena　as　1；　the　orderly　normal　progress　of
development；　2；　atavism　and　the　resumption　of　feral　characteristics；
3；　the　more　ordinary　resemblance　inter　se　of　nearer　relatives；　4；
the　benefit　of　an　occasional　cross；　and　the　usual　sterility　of
hybrids；　5；　the　unconsciousness　with　which　alike　bodily　development
and　ordinary　physiological　functions　proceed；　so　long　as　they　are
normal；　6；　the　ordinary　non…inheritance；　but　occasional　inheritance
of　mutilations；　7；　the　fact　that　puberty　indicates　the　approach　of
maturity；　8；　the　phenomena　of　middle　life　and　old　age；　9；　the
principle　underlying　longevity。　　These　phenomena　have　no　conceivable
bearing　on　one　another　until　heredity　and　memory　are　regarded　as
part　of　the　same　story。　　Identify　these　two　things；　and　I　know　no
phenomenon　of　heredity　that　does　not　immediately　become　infinitely
more　intelligible。　　Is　it　conceivable　that　a　theory　which　harmonises
so　many　facts　hitherto　regarded　as　without　either　connection　or
explanation　should　not　deserve　at　any　rate　consideration　from　those
who　profess　to　take　an　interest　in　biology？

It　is　not　as　though　the　theory　were　unknown；　or　had　been　condemned
by　our　leading　men　of　science。　　Professor　Ray　Lankester　introduced
it　to　English　readers　in　an　appreciative　notice　of　Professor
Hering's　address；　which　appeared　in　Nature；　July　18；　1876。　　He　wrote
to　the　Athenaeum；　March　24；　1884；　and　claimed　credit　for　having　done
so；　but　I　do　not　believe　he　has　ever　said　more　in　public　about　it
than　what　I　have　here　referred　to。　　Mr。　Romanes　did　indeed　try　to
crush　it　in　Nature；　January　27；　1881；　but　in　1883；　in　his　〃Mental
Evolution　in　Animals；〃　he　adopted　its　main　conclusion　without
acknowledgment。　　The　Athenaeum；　to　my　unbounded　surprise；　called　him
to　task　for　this　（March　1；　1884）；　and　since　that　time　he　has　given
the　Heringian　theory　a　sufficiently　wide　berth。　　Mr。　Wallace　showed
himself　favourably　enough　disposed　towards　the　view　that　heredity
and　memory　are　part　of　the　same　story　when　he　reviewed　my　book　〃Life
and　Habit〃　in　Nature；　March　27；　1879；　but　he　has　never　since
betrayed　any　sign　of　being　aware　that　such　a　theory　existed。　　Mr。
Herbert　Spencer　wrote　to　the　Athenaeum　（April　5；　1884）；　and　claimed
the　theory　for　himself；　but；　in　spite　of　his　doing　this；　he　has
never；　that　I　have　seen；　referred　to　the　matter　again。　　I　have　dealt
sufficiently　with　his　claim　in　my　book；　〃Luck　or　Cunning。〃　｛43｝
Lastly；　Professor　Hering　himself　has　never　that　I　know　of　touched
his　own　theory　since　the　single　short　address　read　in　1870；　and
translated　by　me　in　1881。　　Every　one；　even　its　originator；　except
myself；　seems　afraid　to　open　his　mouth　about　it。　　Of　course　the
inference　suggests　itself　that　other　people　have　more　sense　than　I
have。　　I　readily　admit　it；　but　why　have　so　many　of　our　leaders　shown
such　a　strong　hankering　after　the　theory；　if　there　is　nothing　in　it？

The　deadlock　that　I　have　pointed　out　as　existing　in　Darwinism　will；
I　doubt　not；　lead　ere　long　to　a　consideration　of　Professor　Hering's
theory。　　English　biologists　are　little　likely　to　find　Weismann
satisfactory　for　long；　and　if　he　breaks　down　there　is　nothing　left
for　them　but　Lamarck；　supplemented　by　the　important　and　elucidatory
corollary　on　his　theory　proposed　by　Professor　Hering。　　When　the　time
arrives　for　this　to　obtain　a　hearing　it　will　be　confirmed；
doubtless；　by　arguments　clearer　and　more　forcible　than　any　I　have
been　able　to　adduce；　I　shall　then　be　delighted　to　resign　the
championship　which　till　then　I　shall　continue；　as　for　some　years
past；　to　have　much　pleasure　in　sustaining。　　Heretofore　my
satisfaction　has　mainly　lain　in　the　fact　that　more　of　our　prominent
men　of　science　have　seemed　anxious　to　claim　the　theory　than　to
refute　it；　in　the　confidence　thus　engendered　I　leave　it　to　any
fuller　consideration　which　the　outline　I　have　above　given　may
incline　the　reader　to　bestow　upon　it。







Footnotes：

｛1｝　　Published　in　the　Universal　Review；　July　1888。

｛2｝　　Published　in　the　Universal　Review；　December　1890。

｛3｝　　Published　in　the　Universal　Review；　May　1889。　　As　I　have　several
times　been　asked　if　the　letters　here　reprinted　were　not　fabricated
by　Butler　himself；　I　take　this　opportunity　of　stating　that　they　are
authentic　in　every　particular；　and　that　the　originals　are　now　in　my
possession。R。　A。　S。

｛4｝　　An　address　delivered　at　the　Somerville　Club；　February　27；　1895。

｛5｝　　〃The　Foundations　of　Belief；〃　by　the　Right　Hon。　A。　J。　Balfour。
Longmans；　1895；　p。　48。

｛6｝　　Published　in　the　Universal　Review；　November　1888。

｛7｝　　Since　this　essay　was　written　it　has　been　ascertained　by
Cavaliere　Francesco　Negri；　of　Casale　Monferrato；　that　Tabachetti
died　in　1615。　　If；　therefore；　the　Sanctuary　of　Montrigone　was　not
founded　until　1631；　it　is　plain　that　Tabachetti　cannot　have　worked
there。　　All　the　latest　discoveries　about　Tabachetti's　career　will　be
found　in　Cavaliere　Negri's　pamphlet　〃Il　Santuario　di　Crea〃
（Alessandria；　1902）。　　See　also　note　on　p。　154。R。　A。　S。

｛8｝　　Published　in　the　Universal　Review；　December　1889。

｛9｝　　Longmans　&　Co。；　1890。

｛10｝　　Longmans　&　Co。；　1890。

｛11｝　　Published　in　the　Universal　Review；　November　1890。

｛12｝　　Longmans　&　Co。；　1890。

｛13｝　　M。　Ruppen's　words　run：　　〃1687　wurde　die　Kapelle　zur　hohen
Stiege　gebaut；　1747　durch　Zusatz　vergrossert　und　1755　mit　Orgeln
ausgestattet。　　Anton　Ruppen；　ein　geschickter　Steinhauer　mid
Maurermeister　leitete　den　Kapellebau；　und　machte　darin　das　kleinere
Altarlein。　　Bei　der　hohen　Stiege　war　fruher　kein　Gebetshauslein；　nur
ein　wunderthatiges　Bildlein　der　Mutter　Go