shorter logic-µÚ12ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
from¡¡the¡¡natural£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡from¡¡the¡¡animal£»¡¡life£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡circumstance¡¡that¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not
continue¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡stream¡¡of¡¡tendency£»¡¡but¡¡sunders¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡self¡realisation¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡position¡¡of
severed¡¡life¡¡has¡¡in¡¡its¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡be¡¡suppressed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡has¡¡by¡¡its¡¡own¡¡act¡¡to¡¡win¡¡its¡¡way¡¡to
concord¡¡again¡£¡¡The¡¡final¡¡concord¡¡then¡¡is¡¡spiritual£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡restoration¡¡is¡¡found¡¡in
thought£»¡¡and¡¡thought¡¡only¡£¡¡The¡¡hand¡¡that¡¡inflicts¡¡the¡¡wound¡¡is¡¡also¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡which¡¡heals¡¡it¡£
We¡¡are¡¡told¡¡in¡¡our¡¡story¡¡that¡¡Adam¡¡and¡¡Eve£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡human¡¡beings£»¡¡the¡¡types¡¡of¡¡humanity£»¡¡were
placed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡garden£»¡¡where¡¡grew¡¡a¡¡tree¡¡of¡¡life¡¡and¡¡a¡¡tree¡¡of¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil¡£¡¡God£»¡¡it
is¡¡said£»¡¡had¡¡forbidden¡¡them¡¡to¡¡eat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fruit¡¡of¡¡this¡¡latter¡¡tree£º¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡of¡¡life¡¡for¡¡the¡¡present
nothing¡¡further¡¡is¡¡said¡£¡¡These¡¡words¡¡evidently¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡man¡¡is¡¡not¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡knowledge£»
and¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡innocence¡£¡¡Other¡¡meditative¡¡races£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡remarked£»¡¡have
held¡¡the¡¡same¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡primitive¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mankind¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡innocence¡¡and¡¡harmony¡£¡¡Now
all¡¡this¡¡is¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡extent¡¡correct¡£¡¡The¡¡disunion¡¡that¡¡appears¡¡throughout¡¡humanity¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a
condition¡¡to¡¡rest¡¡in¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mistake¡¡to¡¡regard¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡and¡¡immediate¡¡harmony¡¡as¡¡the¡¡right
state¡£¡¡The¡¡mind¡¡is¡¡not¡¡mere¡¡instinct£º¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡it¡¡essentially¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡tendency¡¡to
reasoning¡¡and¡¡meditation¡£¡¡Childlike¡¡innocence¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡has¡¡in¡¡it¡¡something¡¡fascinating¡¡and
attractive£º¡¡but¡¡only¡¡because¡¡it¡¡reminds¡¡us¡¡of¡¡what¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡must¡¡win¡¡for¡¡itself¡£¡¡The¡¡harmoniousness
of¡¡childhood¡¡is¡¡a¡¡gift¡¡from¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡of¡¡nature£º¡¡the¡¡second¡¡harmony¡¡must¡¡spring¡¡from¡¡the¡¡labour¡¡and
culture¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spirit¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡the¡¡words¡¡of¡¡Christ£»¡¡'Except¡¡ye¡¡become¡¡as¡¡little¡¡children'£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡are
very¡¡far¡¡from¡¡telling¡¡us¡¡that¡¡we¡¡must¡¡always¡¡remain¡¡children¡£
Again£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡in¡¡the¡¡narrative¡¡of¡¡Moses¡¡that¡¡the¡¡occasion¡¡which¡¡led¡¡man¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡his¡¡natural¡¡unity
is¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡solicitation¡¡from¡¡without¡£¡¡The¡¡serpent¡¡was¡¡the¡¡tempter¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡step
into¡¡opposition£»¡¡the¡¡awakening¡¡of¡¡consciousness£»¡¡follows¡¡from¡¡the¡¡very¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡man£»¡¡and¡¡the
same¡¡history¡¡repeats¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡every¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Adam¡£¡¡The¡¡serpent¡¡represents¡¡likeness¡¡to¡¡God¡¡as
consisting¡¡in¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil£º¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡just¡¡this¡¡knowledge¡¡in¡¡which¡¡man
participates¡¡when¡¡he¡¡breaks¡¡with¡¡the¡¡unity¡¡of¡¡his¡¡instinctive¡¡being¡¡and¡¡eats¡¡of¡¡the¡¡forbidden¡¡fruit¡£
The¡¡first¡¡reflection¡¡of¡¡awakened¡¡consciousness¡¡in¡¡men¡¡told¡¡them¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡naked¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡a
naive¡¡and¡¡profound¡¡trait¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡shame¡¡bears¡¡evidence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡separation¡¡of¡¡man¡¡from¡¡his
natural¡¡and¡¡sensuous¡¡life¡£¡¡The¡¡beasts¡¡never¡¡get¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡this¡¡separation£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡feel¡¡no¡¡shame¡£
And¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡human¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡shame¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡the¡¡spiritual¡¡and¡¡moral¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡dress£»
compared¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡merely¡¡physical¡¡need¡¡is¡¡a¡¡secondary¡¡matter¡£
Next¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡Curse£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡called£»¡¡which¡¡God¡¡pronounced¡¡upon¡¡man¡£¡¡The¡¡prominent¡¡point¡¡in
that¡¡curse¡¡turns¡¡chiefly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrast¡¡between¡¡man¡¡and¡¡nature¡£¡¡Man¡¡must¡¡work¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sweat¡¡of
his¡¡brow£º¡¡and¡¡woman¡¡bring¡¡forth¡¡in¡¡sorrow¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡disunion£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡also
the¡¡victory¡¡over¡¡it¡£¡¡The¡¡beasts¡¡have¡¡nothing¡¡more¡¡to¡¡do¡¡but¡¡to¡¡pick¡¡up¡¡the¡¡materials¡¡required¡¡to
satisfy¡¡their¡¡wants£º¡¡man¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary¡¡can¡¡only¡¡satisfy¡¡his¡¡wants¡¡by¡¡himself¡¡producing¡¡and
transforming¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡means¡£¡¡Thus¡¡even¡¡in¡¡these¡¡outside¡¡things¡¡man¡¡is¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡himself¡£
The¡¡story¡¡does¡¡not¡¡close¡¡with¡¡the¡¡expulsion¡¡from¡¡Paradise¡£¡¡We¡¡are¡¡further¡¡told£»¡¡God¡¡said£»¡¡'Behold
Adam¡¡is¡¡become¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡us£»¡¡to¡¡know¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil¡£'¡¡Knowledge¡¡is¡¡now¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡as¡¡divine£»
and¡¡not£»¡¡as¡¡before£»¡¡as¡¡something¡¡wrong¡¡and¡¡forbidden¡£¡¡Such¡¡words¡¡contain¡¡a¡¡confutation¡¡of¡¡the
idle¡¡talk¡¡that¡¡philosophy¡¡pertains¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡finitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡£¡¡Philosophy¡¡is¡¡knowledge£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is
through¡¡knowledge¡¡that¡¡man¡¡first¡¡realises¡¡his¡¡original¡¡vocation£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡image¡¡of¡¡God¡£¡¡When¡¡the
record¡¡adds¡¡that¡¡God¡¡drove¡¡men¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡garden¡¡of¡¡Eden¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡their¡¡eating¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡of
life£»¡¡it¡¡only¡¡means¡¡that¡¡on¡¡his¡¡natural¡¡side¡¡certainly¡¡man¡¡is¡¡finite¡¡and¡¡mortal£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡knowledge
infinite¡£
We¡¡all¡¡know¡¡the¡¡theological¡¡dogma¡¡that¡¡man's¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡evil£»¡¡tainted¡¡with¡¡what¡¡is¡¡called¡¡Original
Sin¡£¡¡Now¡¡while¡¡we¡¡accept¡¡the¡¡dogma£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡give¡¡up¡¡the¡¡setting¡¡of¡¡incident¡¡which¡¡represents
original¡¡sin¡¡as¡¡consequent¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡accidental¡¡act¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡man¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡very¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡spirit¡¡is
enough¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡man¡¡is¡¡evil¡¡by¡¡nature£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡an¡¡error¡¡to¡¡imagine¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡ever¡¡be
otherwise¡£¡¡To¡¡such¡¡extent¡¡as¡¡man¡¡is¡¡and¡¡acts¡¡like¡¡a¡¡creature¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡behaviour¡¡is¡¡what
it¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡be¡¡free£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡realise¡¡itself¡¡by¡¡its¡¡own¡¡act¡£¡¡Nature¡¡is
for¡¡man¡¡only¡¡the¡¡starting¡point¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡to¡¡transform¡£¡¡The¡¡theological¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡original¡¡sin¡¡is
a¡¡profound¡¡truth£»¡¡but¡¡modem¡¡enlightenment¡¡prefers¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡man¡¡is¡¡naturally¡¡good£»¡¡and¡¡that
he¡¡acts¡¡right¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he¡¡continues¡¡true¡¡to¡¡nature¡£
The¡¡hour¡¡when¡¡man¡¡leaves¡¡the¡¡path¡¡of¡¡mere¡¡natural¡¡being¡¡marks¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡him£»¡¡a
self¡conscious¡¡agent£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡world¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡schism£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡forms¡¡a¡¡necessary¡¡element¡¡in
the¡¡very¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡spirit£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡final¡¡goal¡¡of¡¡man¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡this¡¡state¡¡of¡¡inward¡¡breach¡¡that¡¡the
whole¡¡finite¡¡action¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡and¡¡will¡¡belongs¡£¡¡In¡¡that¡¡finite¡¡sphere¡¡man¡¡pursues¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own
and¡¡draws¡¡from¡¡himself¡¡the¡¡material¡¡of¡¡his¡¡conduct¡£¡¡While¡¡he¡¡pursues¡¡these¡¡aims¡¡to¡¡the¡¡uttermost£»
while¡¡his¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡his¡¡will¡¡seek¡¡himself£»¡¡his¡¡own¡¡narrow¡¡self¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡the¡¡universal£»¡¡he¡¡is
evil£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡evil¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡subjective¡£
We¡¡seem¡¡at¡¡first¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡double¡¡evil¡¡here£º¡¡but¡¡both¡¡are¡¡really¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡Man¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡he¡¡is
spirit¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡creature¡¡of¡¡nature£º¡¡and¡¡when¡¡he¡¡behaves¡¡as¡¡such£»¡¡and¡¡follows¡¡the¡¡cravings¡¡of
appetite£»¡¡he¡¡wills¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so¡£¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡wickedness¡¡of¡¡man¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡unlike¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡life¡¡of
animals¡£¡¡A¡¡mere¡¡natural¡¡life¡¡may¡¡be¡¡more¡¡exactly¡¡defined¡¡by¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡man¡¡as¡¡such¡¡is
an¡¡individual£º¡¡for¡¡nature¡¡in¡¡every¡¡part¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bonds¡¡of¡¡individualism¡£¡¡Thus¡¡when¡¡man¡¡wills¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a
creature¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡he¡¡wills¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡degree¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡simply¡£¡¡Yet¡¡against¡¡such
impulsive¡¡and¡¡appetitive¡¡action£»¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡individualism¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡there¡¡also¡¡steps¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡or
general¡¡principle¡£¡¡This¡¡law¡¡may¡¡either¡¡be¡¡an¡¡external¡¡force£»¡¡or¡¡have¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡divine¡¡authority¡£¡¡So
long¡¡as¡¡he¡¡continues¡¡in¡¡his¡¡natural¡¡state£»¡¡man¡¡is¡¡in¡¡bondage¡¡to¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡true¡¡that¡¡among¡¡the
instincts¡¡and¡¡affections¡¡of¡¡man£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡social¡¡or¡¡benevolent¡¡inclinations£»¡¡love£»¡¡sympathy£»¡¡and
others£»¡¡reaching¡¡beyond¡¡his¡¡selfish¡¡isolation¡£¡¡But¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡these¡¡tendencies¡¡are¡¡instinctive£»¡¡their
virtual¡¡universality¡¡of¡¡scope¡¡and¡¡purport¡¡is¡¡vitiated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡subjective¡¡form¡¡which¡¡always¡¡allows¡¡free
play¡¡to¡¡self¡seeking¡¡and¡¡random¡¡action¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡concrete¡¡formations¡¡of¡¡consciousness
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡25
The¡¡term¡¡'Objective¡¡Thoughts'¡¡indicates¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡which¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the
absolute¡¡object¡¡of¡¡philosophy£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡the¡¡goal¡¡at¡¡which¡¡it¡¡aims¡£¡¡But¡¡the
very¡¡expression¡¡cannot¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡suggest¡¡an¡¡opposition£»¡¡to¡¡characterise¡¡and
appreciate¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡main¡¡motive¡¡of¡¡the¡¡philosophical¡¡attitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present
time£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡forms¡¡the¡¡real¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡the¡¡question¡¡about¡¡truth¡¡and¡¡our
means¡¡of¡¡ascertaining¡¡it¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡thought¡forms¡¡are¡¡vitiated¡¡by¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡antithesis£»¡¡i¡£e¡£
if¡¡they¡¡are¡¡only¡¡of¡¡a¡¡finite¡¡character£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡unsuitable¡¡for¡¡the¡¡self¡centred
universe¡¡of¡¡truth£»¡¡and¡¡truth¡¡can¡¡find¡¡no¡¡adequate¡¡receptacle¡¡in¡¡thought¡£¡¡Such
thought£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡produce¡¡only¡¡limited¡¡and¡¡partial¡¡categories¡¡and¡¡proceed¡¡by
their¡¡means£»¡¡is¡¡what¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stricter¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡word¡¡is¡¡termed¡¡Understanding¡£
The¡¡finitude£»¡¡further£»¡¡of¡¡these¡¡categories¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡two¡¡points¡£¡¡Firstly£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡only
subjective£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡antithesis¡¡of¡¡an¡¡objective¡¡permanently¡¡clings¡¡to¡¡them¡£
Secondly£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡always¡¡of¡¡restricted¡¡content£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡persist¡¡in¡¡antithesis¡¡to¡¡one
another¡¡and¡¡still¡¡more¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Absolute¡£¡¡In¡¡order¡¡more¡¡fully¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡the¡¡position
and¡¡import¡¡here¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡logic£»¡¡the¡¡attitudes¡¡in¡¡which¡¡thought¡¡is¡¡supposed¡¡to
stand¡¡to¡¡objectivity¡¡will¡¡next¡¡be¡¡examined¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡further¡¡introduction¡£
In¡¡my¡¡Phenomenology¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Spirit£»¡¡which¡¡on¡¡that¡¡account¡¡was¡¡at¡¡its¡¡publication
described¡¡as¡¡the¡¡first¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡System¡¡of¡¡Philosophy£»¡¡the¡¡method¡¡adopted¡¡was
to¡¡begin¡¡with¡¡the¡¡first¡¡and¡¡simplest¡¡phase¡¡of¡¡mind£»¡¡immediate¡¡consciousness£»¡¡and
to¡¡show¡¡how¡¡that¡¡stage¡¡gradually¡¡of¡¡necessity¡¡worked¡¡onward¡¡to¡¡the¡¡philosophical
point¡¡of¡¡view£»¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡that¡¡view¡¡being¡¡proved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡process¡£¡¡But¡¡in
these¡¡circumstances¡¡it¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡restrict¡¡the¡¡quest¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡form¡¡of
consciousness¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡philosophical¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡the¡¡richest¡¡in¡¡material
and¡¡organisation£»¡¡and¡¡therefore£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡came¡¡before¡¡us¡¡in¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡of¡¡a¡¡result£»¡¡it
presupposed¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡concrete¡¡formations¡¡of¡¡consciousness£»¡¡such¡¡as
individual¡¡and¡¡social¡¡morality£»¡¡art¡¡and¡¡religion¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of
consciousness£»¡¡which¡¡at¡¡first¡¡sight¡¡appears¡¡limited¡¡to¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡form¡¡merely£»
there¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡included¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the
objects¡¡discussed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡special¡¡branches¡¡of¡¡philosophy¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡process
must£»¡¡so¡¡to¡¡speak£»¡¡go¡¡on¡¡behind¡¡consciousness£»¡¡since¡¡those¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡the¡¡essential
nucleus¡¡which¡¡is¡¡raised¡¡into¡¡consciousness¡£¡¡The¡¡exposition¡¡accordingly¡¡is¡¡rendered
more¡¡intricate£»¡¡because¡¡so¡¡much¡¡that¡¡properly¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡concrete¡¡branches¡¡is
prematurely¡¡dragged¡¡into¡¡the¡¡introduction¡£¡¡The¡¡survey¡¡which¡¡follows¡¡in¡¡the
present¡¡work¡¡has¡¡even¡¡more¡¡the¡¡inconvenience¡¡of¡¡being¡¡only¡¡historical¡¡and
inferential¡¡in¡¡its¡¡method¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡tries¡¡especially¡¡to¡¡show¡¡how¡¡the¡¡questions¡¡men
have¡¡proposed£»¡¡outside¡¡the¡¡school£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡Knowledge£»¡¡Faith£»¡¡and¡¡the
like¡questions¡¡which¡¡they¡¡imagine¡¡to¡¡have¡¡no¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡abstract¡¡thoughts¡¡¡
are¡¡really¡¡reducible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡categories£»¡¡which¡¡first¡¡get¡¡cleared¡¡up¡¡in¡¡Logic¡£¡¡
III¡£¡¡First¡¡Attitude¡¡of¡¡Thought¡¡to¡¡Objectivity
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì26
The¡¡first¡¡of¡¡these¡¡attitudes¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡is¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡method¡¡which¡¡has¡¡no¡¡doubts
and¡¡no¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡contradiction¡¡in¡¡thought£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hostility¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡against
itself¡£¡¡It¡¡entertains¡¡an¡¡unquestioning¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡reflection¡¡is¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of
ascertaining¡¡the¡¡truth£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡bringing¡¡the¡¡objects¡¡before¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡as¡¡they¡¡really
are¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡this¡¡belief¡¡it¡¡advances¡¡straight¡¡upon¡¡its¡¡objects£»¡¡takes¡¡the¡¡materials
furnished¡¡by¡¡sense¡¡and¡¡perception£»¡¡and¡¡reproduces¡¡them¡¡from¡¡itself¡¡as¡¡facts¡¡of
thought£»¡¡and¡¡then£»¡¡believing¡¡this¡¡result¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡truth£»¡¡the¡¡method¡¡is¡¡content¡£
Philosophy¡¡in¡¡its¡¡earliest¡¡stages£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡sciences£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡the¡¡daily¡¡action¡¡and
movement¡¡of¡¡consciousness£»¡¡live¡¡in¡¡this¡¡faith¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì27
This¡¡method¡¡of¡¡thought¡¡has¡¡never¡¡become¡¡aware¡¡of¡¡the¡¡antithesis¡¡of¡¡subjective
and¡¡objective£º¡¡and¡¡to¡¡that¡¡extent¡¡there¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡its¡¡statements¡¡from
possessing¡¡a¡¡genuinely¡¡philosophical¡¡and¡¡speculative¡¡character£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡is¡¡just¡¡as
possible¡¡that¡¡they¡¡may¡¡never¡¡get¡¡beyond¡¡finite¡¡categories£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡stage¡¡where¡¡the
antithesis¡¡is¡¡still¡¡unresolved¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡pres