shorter logic-第2章
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a bare form
§ 129。 Matter and Form
§ 130。 The totality of Form and Matter is a contradiction
B。 APPEARANCE
§ 131。 Appearance
…n。 Existence stated explicitly in its contradiction is Appearance
（a） The World of Appearance
§ 132。 The Appearance is thrown into abeyance
（b） Content and Form
§ 133。 Law of the Phenomenon
…n。 Both form and content are equally essential
§ 134。 Immediate existence is external to the content
（c） Relation or Correlation
§ 135。 ＇a＇ Whole and Parts
…n。 Essential correlation is the universal phase in which things appear
§ 136。 ＇b＇ Expression
（1） The relation of Force
（2） It is the very essence of force to manifest itself
§ 137。 Force
§ 138。 ＇c＇ Inward and Outward
§ 139。 The Exterior has the same content as Interior
§ 140。 Inward and Outward are reciprocally opposed
…n。 The relation of Outward and Inward unites and sets in abeyance mere relativity and
phenomenality
§ 141。 The empty abstraction suspend themselves in the immediate transition
C。 ACTUALITY
§ 142。 Actuality is the unity become immediate of Essence with Existence
…n。 Actuality and thought are often absurdly opposed
§ 143。 ＇a＇ Possibility
…n。 Everything； it is said； is possible； but everything which is possible is not on that account
actual
§ 144。 ＇b＇ Contingent or Chance
§ 145。 Possibility and Contingency are the two factors of Actuality
…n。 The contingent is what has the ground of its being not in itself but in somewhat other
§ 146。 Condition
…n。 The Contingent； as the immediate actuality； is at the same time the possibility of somewhat
else
§ 147。 ＇c＇ Real Possibility
…n。 Anything necessary comes before us as the result of certain antecedents
§ 148。 Three elements in necessity … Condition； Fact and Activity
§ 149。 Necessity mediated and unmediated
（a） Relationship of Substantiality
§ 150。 The necessary is an absolute correlation of elements
§ 151。 Substance is the totality of Accidents
…n。 Substance was the principle of Spinoza's system
§ 152。 Substance is self…relating power； an inner possibility
（b） Relationship of Causality
§ 153。 Substance is Cause and Effect
…n。 Understanding bristles against Substance； but is ready to use the relation of Cause and
Effect
§ 154。 The effect is different from the cause
（c） Reciprocity or Action and Reaction
§ 155。 ＇a＇ Characteristics in Reciprocal Action potentially the same。
§ 156。 ＇b＇ This unity is also Actual
…n。 Reciprocal action realises the causal relation in its complete development
§ 157。 Pure reciprocation is Necessity
§ 158。 The truth of necessity is Freedom
…n。 Necessity is often called hard； and rightly so； if we keep to necessity as such
§ 159。 The truth of Being and Essence is the Notion
…n。 If the Notion is the truth of Being and Essence； why do we not begin with the notion？
IX： The Doctrine of the Notion
§ 160。 The Notion is the principle of Freedom
…n。 The position taken up by the Notion is that of Absolute Idealism
§ 161。 Development
…n。 The movement of the notion is development； rather than transition or reflection
§ 162。 The doctrine of the Notion is divided into three parts
A。 THE SUBJECTIVE NOTION
（a） The Notion as Notion
§ 163。 Universality； Particularity and Individuality
（1） The notion is generally associated with abstract generality
（2） It is not we who frame notions
§ 164。 Universality； Particularity and Individuality are the same as Identity； Difference and
Ground
§ 165。 Individuality first explicitly differentiates the elements
（b） The Judgment
§ 166。 Judgment
…n。 Judgments are generally looked upon as combinations of notions
§ 167。 The Subjective Judgment
§ 168。 The Judgment is an expression of finitude
§ 169。 The abstract terms of the Judgment
…n。 The subject is the individual； the predicate the universal
§ 170。 Subject and Predicate
§ 171。 Subject and Predicate still put as different
…n。 On Kant's table of categories
§ 172。 ＇a＇ Qualitative Judgment
…n。 Truth lies in the coincidence of an object with itself； with its notion
§ 173。 First negation： The connection of the Subject and Predicate subsisting
…n。 Crime is an objective instance of the negatively infinite judgment
§ 174。 ＇b＇ Judgment of Reflection
…n。 its predicate is not an immediate quality
§ 175。 Singular； Particular and Allness
…n。 the subject is carried beyond its mere individual self
§ 176。 The Judgment Form
…n。 Whatever pertains of all is therefore necessary
§ 177。 ＇c＇ Judgment of Necessity
…n。 The Categorical judgment is the unmediated judgment of necessity
§ 178。 ＇d＇ Judgment of the Notion
§ 179。 Problematical and Apodeictic judgments
§ 180。 Subject and Predicate are each the whole Judgment
（c） The Syllogism
§ 181。 Syllogism
…n。 The Syllogism is usually described as a form merely of our subjective thinking
§ 182。 The Syllogism of Understanding
…n。 Parallelism of Understanding with the Notion and Reason with the Syllogism
§ 183。 ＇a＇ Qualitative Syllogism
…n。 In this syllogism the notion is at the height of its self…estrangement
§ 184。 （i） Syllogism is completely contingent in point of terms
…n。 The Syllogisms never ceases to play its part in the daily business of life
§ 185。 （ii） Syllogism is completely contingent in the form of relation
§ 186。 A defect in the Syllogism
§ 187。 The Figures
…n。 The three figures of the Syllogism each takes in turn the place of the extremes； as is the
case with Idea； Nature & Mind
§ 188。 The Round of the Figures
…n。 These mathematical axioms are nothing but logical propositions
§ 189。 Developed unity of Individuality and Particularity
§ 190。 ＇b＇ Syllogism of Reflection： Allness； Induction； Analogy
…n。 The syllogism of Induction
§ 191。 ＇c＇ Syllogism of Necessity： Categorical； Hypothetical； Disjunctive syllogisms
§ 192。 These difference work out their own abolition
…n。 The subjective notion is the dialectical result of the first two main stages of the Idea； Being
and Essence
§ 193。 The Realisation of the Notion is the Object
B。 THE OBJECT
§ 194。 The Object is Immediate Being suspended in itself
（1） The theory which regards the Object as Absolute expresses the point of view of
superstition and slavish fear
（2） Mechanism； Chemism and Teleology
（a） Mechanism
§ 195。 Formal Mechanism
…n。 Mechanism is the category which offers itself to reflection as it examines the objective
world
§ 196。 Mechanism with Affinity
§ 197。 Absolute Mechanism
§ 198。 A triad of Syllogisms
§ 199。 Affinity
（b） Chemism
§ 200。 The biased Object
…n。 The Chemical object is seen to be completely in reference to something else
§ 201。 The Neutral Object
§ 202。 Immediate Independence
…n。 The chemical process
§ 203。 Each process goes its own way
…n。 The passage from chemism to teleology
（c） Teleology
§ 204。 The End
§ 205。 External Design
…n。 Final cause is taken to mean external Design； the point of view taken by Utility
§ 206。 The Subjective End coalesces with the Objectivity external to it
…n。 The development from End to Idea
§ 207。 （1） Subjective End
§ 208。 （2） Means
…n。 The execution of the End is the mediated mode of realising the End
§ 209。 Means and Ends must be mediated
…n。 Reason is as cunning as it is powerful
§ 210。 Realised End is overt unity of Subjective and Objective
§ 211。 Finite Design
§ 212。 The Realising of the End
…n。 The finitude of the End consists in that the material which is employed is only externally
made conformable to it。
C。 THE IDEA
§ 213。 The Idea is truth in and for itself
…n。 Truth consists in the identity between objectivity and the notion
§ 214。 The Idea may be called Reason
§ 215。 The Idea is a Process
…n。 The idea runs through three stages in its development： Life； Knowledge and the Absolute
Idea。
（a） Life
§ 216。 The Immediate Idea is Life
…n。 The single members of the body are what they are only by and in relation to their unity
§ 217。 A Living Being is a Syllogism
§ 218。 （1） The Process of the Living Being
…n。 The process of the vital subject has in Nature the forms： Sensibility； Irritability and
Reproduction
§ 219。 （2） The Judgment of the Notion discharges the bodily nature
…n。 The living beings stands face to face with an inorganic nature which it assimilates to itself
§ 220。 （3） The Living Individual
§ 221。 The Process of Kind。
…n。 The living being dies； because it is a contradiction
§ 222。 The Idea of Life has thrown off this Immediacy
（b） Cognition in general
§ 223。 The Idea as its own Subject
§ 224。 These two Ideas correlate
§ 225。 Cognition： Theoretical and Practical Action
§ 226。 ＇a＇ Cognition proper
…n。 The view of the knowing subject as a tabula rasa
§ 227。 The Analytical Method
…n。 It depends on the object of our investigation which of the two Methods is applied；
Analytical or Synthetic
§ 228。 The Synthetic Method
…n。 The movement of the Synthetic method is the reverse of the Analytic method
§ 229。 a： Definition
…n。 Definition involves the three organic elements of the notion
§ 230。 b： Division
…n。 In Division； the principle must be borrowed from the nature of the object
§ 231。 c： Theorem； Construction； Demonstration
§ 232。 The Idea of Will
…n。 The necessity which cognition reaches is the reverse of what formed its starting…point
§ 233。 ＇b＇ Volition
§ 234。 The Action of the Will is finite
…n。 Intelligence takes the world as it is； Will takes steps to make it what it ought to be
§ 235。 The Unity of the Practical and Theoretical Idea
（c） The Absolute Idea
§ 236。 The Unity of Subjective and Objective Idea
…n。 The Absolute Idea is the unity of the theoretical and practical idea
§ 237。 There is no transition； no presupposition
…n。 The absolute is like the old man who utters the same creed as the child； but pregnant with
significance of a lifetime
§ 238。 ＇a＇ The Beginning of the Speculative Method
…n。 Philosophical method is analytical as well as synthetic
§ 239。 ＇b＇ The Judgment implicit in the Idea
…n。 In the advance of the idea； the beginning exhibits itself as what it is implicitly
§ 240。 The distinction of Individual and Universal is an identity
§ 241。 The Development becomes a regress into the first
§ 242。 The contradiction in its own nature
§ 243。 The method is the notion of the content
§ 244。 The Idea is Nature
…n。 This Idea which has Being is Nature
I。 Introduction
§1
Philosophy misses an advantage enjoyed by the other sciences。 It cannot like
them rest the existence of its objects on the natural admissions of consciousness；
nor can it assume that its method of cognition； either for starting or for
continuing； is one already accepted。 The objects of philosophy； it is true； are upon
the whole the same as those of religion。 In both the object is Truth； in that
supreme sense in which God and God only is the Truth。 Both in like manner go
on to treat of the finite worlds of Nature and the human Mind； with their relation
to each other and to their truth in God。 Some acquaintance with its objects；
therefore； philosophy may and even must presume； that and a certain interest in
them to boot； were
