pericles-第3章

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banished　by　ostracism　as　a　favourer　of　the　Lacedaemonians　and　a
hater　of　the　people；　though　in　wealth　and　noble　birth　he　was　among　the
first；　and　had　won　several　most　glorious　victories　over　the
barbarians；　and　had　filled　the　city　with　money　and　spoils　of　war；　as
is　recorded　in　the　history　of　his　life。　So　vast　an　authority　had
Pericles　obtained　among　the　people。
　　The　ostracism　was　limited　by　law　to　ten　years；　but　the
Lacedaemonians；　in　the　meantime；　entering　with　a　great　army　into　the
territory　of　Tanagra；　and　the　Athenians　going　out　against　them；　Cimon；
coming　from　his　banishment　before　his　time　was　out；　put　himself　in
arms　and　array　with　those　of　his　fellow…citizens　that　were　of　his
own　tribe；　and　desired　by　his　deeds　to　wipe　off　the　suspicion　of　his
favouring　the　Lacedaemonians；　by　venturing　his　own　person　along　with
his　countrymen。　But　Pericles's　friends；　gathering　in　a　body；　forced
him　to　retire　as　a　banished　man。　For　which　cause　also　Pericles　seems
to　have　exerted　himself　more　in　that　than　in　any　battle；　and　to　have
been　conspicuous　above　all　for　his　exposure　of　himself　to　danger。
All　Cimon's　friends；　also；　to　a　man；　fell　together　side　by　side；
whom　Pericles　had　accused　with　him　of　taking　part　with　the
Lacedaemonians。　Defeated　in　this　battle　on　their　own　frontiers；　and
expecting　a　new　and　perilous　attack　with　return　of　spring；　the
Athenians　now　felt　regret　and　sorrow　for　the　loss　of　Cimon；　and
repentance　for　their　expulsion　of　him。　Pericles；　being　sensible　of
their　feelings；　did　not　hesitate　or　delay　to　gratify　it；　and　himself
made　the　motion　for　recalling　him　home。　He；　upon　his　return；　concluded
a　peace　betwixt　the　two　cities；　for　the　Lacedaemonians　entertained
as　kindly　feelings　towards　him　as　they　did　the　reverse　towards
Pericles　and　the　other　popular　leaders。
　　Yet　some　there　are　who　say　that　Pericles　did　not　propose　the　order
for　Cimon's　return　till　some　private　articles　of　agreement　had　been
made　between　them；　and　this　by　means　of　Elpinice；　Cimon's　sister；　that
Cimon；　namely；　should　go　out　to　sea　with　a　fleet　of　two　hundred　ships；
and　be　commander…in…chief　abroad；　with　a　design　to　reduce　the　King
of　Persia's　territories；　and　that　Pericles　should　have　the　power　at
home。
　　This　Elpinice；　it　was　thought；　had　before　this　time　procured　some
favour　for　her　brother　Cimon　at　Pericles's　hands；　and　induced　him　to
be　more　remiss　and　gentle　in　urging　the　charge　when　Cimon　was　tried
for　his　life；　for　Pericles　was　one　of　the　committee　appointed　by　the
commons　to　plead　against　him。　And　when　Elpinice　came　and　besought
him　in　her　brother's　behalf；　he　answered；　with　a　smile；　〃O　Elpinice；
you　are　too　old　a　woman　to　undertake　such　business　as　this。〃　But；　when
he　appeared　to　impeach　him；　he　stood　up　but　once　to　speak；　merely　to
acquit　himself　of　his　commission；　and　went　out　of　court；　having　done
Cimon　the　least　prejudice　of　any　of　his　accusers。
　　How；　then；　can　one　believe　Idomeneus；　who　charges　Pericles　as　if
he　had　by　treachery　procured　the　murder　of　Ephialtes；　the　popular
statesman；　one　who　was　his　friend；　and　of　his　own　party　in　all　his
political　course；　out　of　jealousy；　forsooth；　and　envy　of　his　great
reputation？　This　historian；　it　seems；　having　raked　up　these　stories；　I
know　not　whence；　has　befouled　with　them　a　man　who；　perchance；　was
not　altogether　free　from　fault　or　blame；　but　yet　had　a　noble　spirit；
and　a　soul　that　was　bent　on　honour；　and　where　such　qualities　are；
there　can　no　such　cruel　and　brutal　passion　find　harbour　or　gain
admittance。　As　to　Ephialtes；　the　truth　of　the　story；　as　Aristotle
has　told　it；　is　this：　that　having　made　himself　formidable　to　the
oligarchical　party；　by　being　an　uncompromising　asserter　of　the
people's　rights　in　calling　to　account　and　prosecuting　those　who　any
way　wronged　them；　his　enemies；　lying　in　wait　for　him；　by　the　means
of　Aristodicus　the　Tanagraean；　privately　despatched　him。
　　Cimon；　while　he　was　admiral；　ended　his　days　in　the　Isle　of　Cyprus。
And　the　aristocratical　party；　seeing　that　Pericles　was　already
before　this　grown　to　be　the　greatest　and　foremost　man　of　all　the　city；
but　nevertheless　wishing　there　should　be　somebody　set　up　against
him；　to　blunt　and　turn　the　edge　of　his　power；　that　it　might　not
altogether　prove　a　monarchy；　put　forward　Thucydides　of　Alopece；　a
discreet　person；　and　a　near　kinsman　of　Cimon's；　to　conduct　the
opposition　against　him；　who；　indeed；　though　less　skilled　in　warlike
affairs　than　Cimon　was；　yet　was　better　versed　in　speaking　and
political　business　and　keeping　close　guard　in　the　city；　and；
engaging　with　Pericles　on　the　hustings；　in　a　short　time　brought　the
government　to　an　equality　of　parties。　For　he　would　not　suffer　those
who　were　called　the　honest　and　good　（persons　of　worth　and　distinction）
to　be　scattered　up　and　down　and　mix　themselves　and　be　lost　among　the
populace；　as　formerly；　diminishing　and　obscuring　their　superiority
amongst　the　masses；　but　taking　them　apart　by　themselves　and　uniting
them　in　one　body；　by　their　combined　weight　he　was　able；　as　it　were
upon　the　balance；　to　make　a　counterpoise　to　the　other　party。
　　For；　indeed；　there　was　from　the　beginning　a　sort　of　concealed　split；
or　seam；　as　it　might　be　in　a　piece　of　iron；　marking　the　different
popular　and　aristocratical　tendencies；　but　the　open　rivalry　and
contention　of　these　two　opponents　made　the　gash　deep；　and　severed
the　city　into　the　two　parties　of　the　people　and　the　few。　And　so
Pericles；　at　that　time；　more　than　at　any　other；　let　loose　the　reins　to
the　people；　and　made　his　policy　subservient　to　their　pleasure；
contriving　continually　to　have　some　great　public　show　or　solemnity；
some　banquet；　or　some　procession　or　other　in　the　town　to　please
them；　coaxing　his　countrymen　like　children　with　such　delights　and
pleasures　as　were　not；　however；　unedifying。　Besides　that　every　year　he
sent　out　threescore　galleys；　on　board　of　which　there　were　numbers　of
the　citizens；　who　were　in　pay　eight　months；　learning　at　the　same
time　and　practising　the　art　of　seamanship。
　　He　sent；　moreover；　a　thousand　of　them　into　the　Chersonese　as
planters；　to　share　the　land　among　them　by　lot；　and　five　hundred　more
into　the　isle　of　Naxos；　and　half　that　number　to　Andros；　a　thousand
into　Thrace　to　dwell　among　the　Bisaltae；　and　others　into　Italy；　when
the　city　Sybaris；　which　now　was　called　Thurii；　was　to　be　repeopled。
And　this　he　did　to　ease　and　discharge　the　city　of　an　idle；　and；　by
reason　of　their　idleness；　a　busy　meddling　crowd　of　people；　and　at
the　same　time　to　meet　the　necessities　and　restore　the　fortunes　of
the　poor　townsmen；　and　to　intimidate；　also；　and　check　their　allies
from　attempting　any　change；　by　posting　such　garrisons；　as　it　were；
in　the　midst　of　them。
　　That　which　gave　most　pleasure　and　ornament　to　the　city　of　Athens；
and　the　greatest　admiration　and　even　astonishment　to　all　strangers；
and　that　which　now　is　Greece's　only　evidence　that　the　power　she　boasts
of　and　her　ancient　wealth　are　no　romance　or　idle　story；　was　his
construction　of　the　public　and　sacred　buildings。　Yet　this　was　that
of　all　his　actions　in　the　government　which　his　enemies　most　looked
askance　upon　and　cavilled　at　in　the　popular　assemblies；　crying　out　how
that　the　commonwealth　of　Athens　had　lost　its　reputation　and　was
ill…spoken　of　abroad　for　removing　the　common　treasure　of　the　Greeks
from　the　isle　of　Delos　into　their　own　custody；　and　how　that　their
fairest　excuse　for　so　doing；　namely；　that　they　took　it　away　for　fear
the　barbarians　should　seize　it；　and　on　purpose　to　secure　it　in　a
safe　place；　this　Pericles　had　made　unavailable；　and　how　that　〃Greece
cannot　but　resent　it　as　an　insufferable　affront；　and　consider
herself　to　be　tyrannized　over　openly；　when　she　sees　the　treasure；
which　was　contributed　by　her　upon　a　necessity　for　the　war；　wantonly
lavished　out　by　us　upon　our　city；　to　gild　her　all　over；　and　to　adorn
and　set　her　forth；　as　it　were　some　vain　woman；　hung　round　with
precious　stones　and　figures　and　temples；　which　cost　a　world　of　money。〃
　　Pericles；　on　the　other　hand；　informed　the　people；　that　they　were
in　no　way　obliged　to　give　any　account　of　those　moneys　to　their　allies；
so　long　as　they　maintained　their　defence；　and　kept　off　the
barbarians　from　attacking　them；　while　in　the　meantime　they　did　not
so　much　as　supply　one　horse　or　man　or　ship；　but　only　found　money　for
the　service；　〃which　money；〃　said　he；　〃is　not　theirs　that　give　it；
but　theirs　that　receive　it；　if　so　be　they　perform　the　conditions
upon　which　they　receive　it。〃　And　that　it　was　good　reason；　that；　now
the　city　was　sufficiently　provided　and　stored　with　all　things
necessary　for　the　war；　they　should　convert　the　overplus　of　its
wealth　to　such　undertakings　as　would　hereafter；　when　completed；　give
them　eternal　honour；　and；　for　the　present；　while　in　process；　freely
supply　all　the　inhabitants　with　plenty。　With　their　variety　of
workmanship　and　of　occasions　for　service；　which　summon　all　arts　and
trades　and　require　all　hands　to　be　employed　about　them；　they　do
actually　put　the　whole　city；　in　a　manner；　into　state…pay；　while　at　the
same　time　she　is　both　beautiful　and　maintained　by　herself。　For　as
those　who　are　of　age　and　strength　for　war　are　provided　for　and
maintained　in　the　armaments　abroad　by　their　pay　out　of　the　public
stock；　so；　it　being　his　desire　and　design　that　the　undisciplined
mechanic　multitude　that　stayed　at　home　should　not　go　without　their
share　of　public　salaries；　and　yet　should　not　have　them　given　them
for　sitting　still　and　doing　nothing；　to　that　end　he　thought　fit　to
bring　in　among　them；　with　the　approbation　of　the　people；　these　vast
projects　of　buildings　and　designs　of　work；　that　would　be　of　some
continuance　before　they　were　finished；　and　would　give　employment　to
numerous　arts；　so　that　the　part　of　the　people　that　stayed　at　home
might；　no　less　than　those　that　were　at　sea　or　in　garrisons　or　on
expeditions；　have　a　fair　and　just　occasion　of　receiving　the　benefit
and　having　their　share　of　the　public　moneys。
　　The　materials　were　stone；　brass；　ivory；　gold；　ebony；　cypresswood；
and　the　arts　or　trades　that　wrought　and　fashioned　them　were　smiths　and
carpenters；　moulders；　founders　and　braziers；　stone…cutters；　dyers；
goldsmiths；　ivory…workers；　painters；　embroiderers；　turners；　those
again　that　conveyed　them　to　the　town　for　use；　merchants　and　mariners
and　ship…masters　by　sea；　and　by　land；　cartwrights；　cattle…breeders；
wagoners；　rope…makers；　flax…workers；　shoemakers　and
leather…dressers；　road…makers；　miners。　And　every　trade　in　the　same
nature；　as　a　captain　in　an　army　has　his　particular　company　of　soldiers
under　him；　had　its　own　hired　company　of　journeymen　and　labourers
belonging　to　it　banded　together　as　in　array；　to　be　as　it　were　the
instrument　and　body　for　the　performance　of　the　service。　Thus；　to　say
all　in　a　word；　the　occasions　and　services　of　these　public　works
distributed　plenty　through　every　age　and　condition。
　　As　then　grew　the　works　up；　no　less　stately　in　size　than　exquisite　in
form；　the　workmen　striving　to　outvie　the　material　and　the　design
with　the　beauty　of　their　workmanship；　yet　the　most　wonderful　thing
of　all　was　the　rapidity　of　their　execution。
　　Undertakings；　any　one　of　which　singly　might　have　required；　they
thought；　for　their　completion；　several　successions　and