°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > prior analytics >

µÚ18ÕÂ

prior analytics-µÚ18ÕÂ

С˵£º prior analytics ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡






BC¡¡is¡¡false¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡negative¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is



possible¡¡that¡¡A¡¡should¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡while¡¡B



belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡a¡¡genus¡¡to¡¡the¡¡species¡¡of¡¡another¡¡genus¡¡and¡¡to



the¡¡accident¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡species£º¡¡for¡¡animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡number¡¡and



not¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡number¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡nothing¡¡white¡£¡¡If¡¡then



number¡¡is¡¡taken¡¡as¡¡middle£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B£»



and¡¡B¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡then¡¡A¡¡will¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡which¡¡ex



hypothesi¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡BC¡¡false¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨10£©¡¡Also¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡BC



is¡¡false¡¡too£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡may¡¡be¡¡true¡£¡¡For¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡A



belonging¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡if¡¡B



is¡¡the¡¡contrary¡¡of¡¡C£»¡¡and¡¡both¡¡are¡¡accidents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡genus£º¡¡for



animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡black¡¡things£»¡¡but



white¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡black¡¡thing¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A



belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡B¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡will¡¡be¡¡true¡£



Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡negative£º¡¡for¡¡the¡¡same¡¡terms¡¡arranged



in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡will¡¡serve¡¡for¡¡the¡¡proof¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨11£©¡¡Also¡¡though¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡false¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡may¡¡be



true¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡A¡¡may¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»



while¡¡B¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡a¡¡genus¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡species¡¡of



another¡¡genus£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡accident¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡species£º¡¡for¡¡animal



belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡number£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡number¡¡to



nothing¡¡white¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and¡¡B



to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡will¡¡be¡¡true£»¡¡though¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are



false¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡also¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡negative¡£¡¡For¡¡nothing



prevents¡¡A¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡while¡¡B



belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡every¡¡swan£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡some



black¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡swan¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡nothing¡¡black¡£¡¡Consequently¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is



assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡B¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡then¡¡A¡¡does¡¡not



belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C¡£¡¡The¡¡conclusion¡¡then¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡arc



false¡£







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3







¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡figure¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡in¡¡every¡¡way¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡a¡¡true



conclusion¡¡through¡¡false¡¡premisses£»¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡syllogisms¡¡are



universal¡¡or¡¡particular£»¡¡viz¡£¡¡when¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡wholly¡¡false£»



when¡¡each¡¡is¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡when¡¡one¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡wholly¡¡false



£¨it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡matter¡¡which¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡premisses¡¡is¡¡false£©£»¡¡if¡¡both



premisses¡¡are¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡if¡¡one¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡other



partially¡¡false£»¡¡if¡¡one¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡partially¡¡true¡£¡¡For



£¨1£©¡¡if¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡to¡¡no¡¡stone¡¡and



to¡¡every¡¡horse£»¡¡then¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡stated¡¡contrariwise¡¡and¡¡it



is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡premisses



are¡¡wholly¡¡false¡¡they¡¡will¡¡yield¡¡a¡¡true¡¡conclusion¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡A



belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£º¡¡for¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡the¡¡same¡¡syllogism¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨2£©¡¡Again¡¡if¡¡one¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡wholly¡¡true£º¡¡for



nothing¡¡prevents¡¡A¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡belongs



to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡a¡¡genus¡¡to¡¡its¡¡co¡­ordinate¡¡species¡£¡¡For¡¡animal¡¡belongs



to¡¡every¡¡horse¡¡and¡¡man£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡man¡¡is¡¡a¡¡horse¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed



that¡¡animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡of¡¡the¡¡one£»¡¡and¡¡none¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡the



one¡¡premiss¡¡will¡¡be¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡the



conclusion¡¡will¡¡be¡¡true¡¡whichever¡¡term¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡statement



concerns¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨3£©¡¡Also¡¡if¡¡one¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡wholly¡¡true¡£



For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡A¡¡should¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡though



B¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things¡¡and¡¡to¡¡every



raven£»¡¡though¡¡white¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡raven¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that



A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is



partially¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conclusion



true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡statement¡¡is¡¡transposed£º¡¡the¡¡proof¡¡can



be¡¡made¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡terms¡£¡¡Also¡¡if¡¡the¡¡affirmative¡¡premiss¡¡is



partially¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡negative¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡a¡¡true¡¡conclusion¡¡is



possible¡£¡¡For¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡A¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡to¡¡C



as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡while¡¡B¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white



things£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡no¡¡pitch£»¡¡and¡¡white¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡pitch¡£¡¡Consequently



if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡B£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡the



premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡and



the¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨4£©¡¡And¡¡if¡¡both¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion



may¡¡be¡¡true¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡A¡¡should¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B¡¡and



to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡and¡¡B¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some



black¡¡things£»¡¡though¡¡white¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡nothing¡¡black¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is



assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are



partially¡¡false£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡Similarly£»¡¡if¡¡the



negative¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡transposed£»¡¡the¡¡proof¡¡can¡¡be¡¡made¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of



the¡¡same¡¡terms¡£



¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡also¡¡that¡¡our¡¡thesis¡¡holds¡¡in¡¡particular¡¡syllogisms¡£¡¡For



£¨5£©¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡A¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡does



not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡to¡¡every¡¡man¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white



things£»¡¡though¡¡man¡¡will¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is



stated¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡premiss



is¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡is



true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡is¡¡affirmative£º¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible



that¡¡A¡¡should¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡does¡¡not



belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡nothing¡¡lifeless£»¡¡and¡¡does



not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡white¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡lifeless¡¡will¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to



some¡¡white¡¡things¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B¡¡and



not¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AB¡¡which¡¡is¡¡universal¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡false£»



the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡Also¡¡a¡¡true



conclusion¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡when¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡the



particular¡¡is¡¡false¡£¡¡For¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡A¡¡following¡¡neither¡¡B¡¡nor



C¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡while¡¡B¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no



number¡¡nor¡¡to¡¡anything¡¡lifeless£»¡¡and¡¡number¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡some



lifeless¡¡things¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to



some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡will¡¡be¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡premiss¡¡true£»



but¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡false¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡which¡¡is¡¡stated



universally¡¡is¡¡affirmative¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡should¡¡A¡¡belong



both¡¡to¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡C¡¡as¡¡wholes£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£



a¡¡genus¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡its¡¡species¡¡and¡¡difference£º¡¡for¡¡animal



follows¡¡every¡¡man¡¡and¡¡footed¡¡things¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡but¡¡man¡¡does¡¡not



follow¡¡every¡¡footed¡¡thing¡£¡¡Consequently¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A



belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡B£»¡¡but¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the



universal¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡false£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conclusion



true¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨6£©¡¡It¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡too¡¡that¡¡though¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡false¡¡they¡¡may



yield¡¡a¡¡true¡¡conclusion£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡A¡¡should¡¡belong



both¡¡to¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡C¡¡as¡¡wholes£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡some¡¡C¡£¡¡For



if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡B¡¡and¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡premisses



are¡¡both¡¡false£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡universal



premiss¡¡is¡¡affirmative¡¡and¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡negative¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible



that¡¡A¡¡should¡¡follow¡¡no¡¡B¡¡and¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡B¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to



some¡¡C£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡follows¡¡no¡¡science¡¡but¡¡every¡¡man£»¡¡though¡¡science



does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡every¡¡man¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡A¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡to¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole



of¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡follow¡¡some¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡false¡¡but¡¡the



conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£







¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4







¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡last¡¡figure¡¡a¡¡true¡¡conclusion¡¡may¡¡come¡¡through¡¡what¡¡is¡¡false£»



alike¡¡when¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡when¡¡each¡¡is¡¡partly¡¡false£»



when¡¡one¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡false£»¡¡when¡¡one¡¡premiss



is¡¡partly¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡and¡¡vice¡¡versa£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡every



other¡¡way¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡alter¡¡the¡¡premisses¡£¡¡For¡¡£¨1£©



nothing¡¡prevents¡¡neither¡¡A¡¡nor¡¡B¡¡from¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡any¡¡C£»¡¡while¡¡A



belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡neither¡¡man¡¡nor¡¡footed¡¡follows¡¡anything



lifeless£»¡¡though¡¡man¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡footed¡¡things¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is



assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡and¡¡B¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡will¡¡be¡¡wholly



false£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡one¡¡premiss¡¡is



negative£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡affirmative¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡B¡¡should



belong¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡but¡¡A¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡should¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some



B£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡black¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡swan£»¡¡animal¡¡to¡¡every¡¡swan£»¡¡and¡¡animal¡¡not



to¡¡everything¡¡black¡£¡¡Consequently¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡B¡¡belongs¡¡to



all¡¡C£»¡¡and¡¡A¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡A¡¡will¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B£º¡¡and¡¡the



conclusion¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡false¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨2£©¡¡Also¡¡if¡¡each¡¡premiss¡¡is¡¡partly¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡may¡¡be



true¡£¡¡For¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡both¡¡A¡¡and¡¡B¡¡from¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡some¡¡C¡¡while



A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡white¡¡and¡¡beautiful¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some



animals£»¡¡and¡¡white¡¡to¡¡some¡¡beautiful¡¡things¡£¡¡If¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡that



A¡¡and¡¡B¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡partially¡¡false£»¡¡but¡¡the



conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡as¡¡negative¡£



For¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡A¡¡from¡¡not¡¡belonging£»¡¡and¡¡B¡¡from¡¡belonging£»¡¡to



some¡¡C£»¡¡while¡¡A¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡all¡¡B£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡white¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong



to¡¡some¡¡animals£»¡¡beautiful¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡animals£»¡¡and¡¡white¡¡does¡¡not



belong¡¡to¡¡everything¡¡beautiful¡£¡¡Consequently¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A



belongs¡¡to¡¡no¡¡C£»¡¡and¡¡B¡¡to¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡both¡¡premisses¡¡are¡¡partly¡¡false£»



but¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£



¡¡¡¡£¨3£©¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡assumed¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡the



other¡¡wholly¡¡true¡£¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡both¡¡A¡¡and¡¡B¡¡should



follow¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡though¡¡A¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡and



white¡¡follow¡¡every¡¡swan£»¡¡though¡¡animal¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡everything



white¡£¡¡Taking¡¡these¡¡then¡¡as¡¡terms£»¡¡if¡¡one¡¡assumes¡¡that¡¡B¡¡belongs¡¡to



the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡C£»¡¡but¡¡A¡¡does¡¡not¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡C¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡BC¡¡will



be¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡conclusion



true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡BC¡¡is¡¡false£»¡¡the¡¡statement¡¡AC¡¡true£»



the¡¡conclusion¡¡may¡¡be¡¡true¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡terms¡¡will¡¡serve¡¡for¡¡the¡¡proof¡£



Also¡¡if¡¡both¡¡the¡¡premisses¡¡assumed¡¡are¡¡affirmative£»¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡may



be¡¡true¡£¡¡For¡¡nothing¡¡prevents¡¡B¡¡from¡¡following¡¡all¡¡C£»¡¡and¡¡A¡¡from¡¡not



belonging¡¡to¡¡C¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡though¡¡A¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡some¡¡B£»¡¡e¡£g¡£¡¡animal¡¡belongs



to¡¡every¡¡swan£»¡¡black¡¡to¡¡no¡¡swan£»¡¡and¡¡black¡¡to¡¡some¡¡animals¡£



Consequently¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡assumed¡¡that¡¡A¡¡and¡¡B¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡every¡¡C£»¡¡the



premiss¡¡BC¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡false£»¡¡and¡¡the



conclusion¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡Similarly¡¡if¡¡the¡¡premiss¡¡AC¡¡which¡¡is¡¡as

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨2£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ