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The¡¡Dutch¡¡naturalist¡¡Zollinger£»¡¡who¡¡resided¡¡a¡¡long¡¡time¡¡on¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Bali£»¡¡informs¡¡us¡¡that¡¡its¡¡productions¡¡completely¡¡assimilate¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Java£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡aware¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡animal¡¡found¡¡in¡¡it¡¡which¡¡does¡¡not¡¡inhabit¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡island¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡few¡¡days¡¡which¡¡I¡¡stayed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡north¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Bali¡¡on¡¡my¡¡way¡¡to¡¡Lombock£»¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡several¡¡birds¡¡highly¡¡characteristic¡¡of¡¡Javan¡¡ornithology¡£¡¡Among¡¡these¡¡were¡¡the¡¡yellow¡headed¡¡weaver¡¡£¨Ploceus¡¡hypoxantha£©£»¡¡the¡¡black¡¡grasshopper¡¡thrush¡¡£¨Copsychus¡¡amoenus£©£»¡¡the¡¡rosy¡¡barbet¡¡£¨Megalaema¡¡rosea£©£»¡¡the¡¡Malay¡¡oriole¡¡£¨Oriolus¡¡horsfieldi£©£»¡¡the¡¡Java¡¡ground¡¡starling¡¡£¨Sturnopastor¡¡jalla£©£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Javanese¡¡three¡toed¡¡woodpecker¡¡£¨Chrysonotus¡¡tiga£©¡£¡¡On¡¡crossing¡¡over¡¡to¡¡Lombock£»¡¡separated¡¡from¡¡Bali¡¡by¡¡a¡¡strait¡¡less¡¡than¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡wide£»¡¡I¡¡naturally¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡with¡¡some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡birds¡¡again£»¡¡but¡¡during¡¡a¡¡stay¡¡there¡¡of¡¡three¡¡months¡¡I¡¡never¡¡saw¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡but¡¡found¡¡a¡¡totally¡¡different¡¡set¡¡of¡¡species£»¡¡most¡¡of¡¡which¡¡were¡¡utterly¡¡unknown¡¡not¡¡only¡¡in¡¡Java£»¡¡but¡¡also¡¡in¡¡Borneo£»¡¡Sumatra£»¡¡and¡¡Malacca¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡among¡¡the¡¡commonest¡¡birds¡¡in¡¡Lombock¡¡were¡¡white¡¡cockatoos¡¡and¡¡three¡¡species¡¡of¡¡Meliphagidae¡¡or¡¡honeysuckers£»¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡family¡¡groups¡¡which¡¡are¡¡entirely¡¡absent¡¡from¡¡the¡¡western¡¡or¡¡Indo¡Malayan¡¡region¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Archipelago¡£¡¡On¡¡passing¡¡to¡¡Flores¡¡and¡¡Timor¡¡the¡¡distinctness¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Javanese¡¡productions¡¡increases£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡form¡¡a¡¡natural¡¡group£»¡¡whose¡¡birds¡¡are¡¡related¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia£»¡¡but¡¡are¡¡quite¡¡distinct¡¡from¡¡either¡£¡¡Besides¡¡my¡¡own¡¡collections¡¡in¡¡Lombock¡¡and¡¡Timor£»¡¡my¡¡assistant¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Allen¡¡made¡¡a¡¡good¡¡collection¡¡in¡¡Flores£»¡¡and¡¡these£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡few¡¡species¡¡obtained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Dutch¡¡naturalists£»¡¡enable¡¡us¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡very¡¡good¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡history¡¡of¡¡this¡¡group¡¡of¡¡islands£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡derive¡¡therefrom¡¡some¡¡very¡¡interesting¡¡results¡£
The¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡known¡¡from¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡up¡¡to¡¡this¡¡date¡¡is£º¡¡63¡¡from¡¡Lombock£»¡¡86¡¡from¡¡Flores£»¡¡and¡¡118¡¡from¡¡Timor£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡group£»¡¡188¡¡species¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡species¡¡which¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Moluccas£»¡¡all¡¡these¡¡birds¡¡can¡¡be¡¡traced£»¡¡either¡¡directly¡¡or¡¡by¡¡close¡¡allies£»¡¡to¡¡Java¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡side¡¡or¡¡to¡¡Australia¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡although¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡82¡¡of¡¡them¡¡are¡¡found¡¡nowhere¡¡out¡¡of¡¡this¡¡small¡¡group¡¡of¡¡islands¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡not£»¡¡however£»¡¡a¡¡single¡¡genus¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡group£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡one¡¡which¡¡is¡¡largely¡¡represented¡¡in¡¡it¡¡by¡¡peculiar¡¡species£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡which¡¡indicates¡¡that¡¡the¡¡fauna¡¡is¡¡strictly¡¡derivative£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡its¡¡origin¡¡does¡¡not¡¡go¡¡back¡¡beyond¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡recent¡¡geological¡¡epochs¡£¡¡Of¡¡course¡¡there¡¡are¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡species¡¡£¨such¡¡as¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡waders£»¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡raptorial¡¡birds£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kingfishers£»¡¡swallows£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡few¡¡others£©£»¡¡which¡¡range¡¡so¡¡widely¡¡over¡¡a¡¡large¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Archipelago¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡trace¡¡them¡¡as¡¡having¡¡come¡¡from¡¡any¡¡one¡¡part¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡from¡¡another¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡fifty¡seven¡¡such¡¡species¡¡in¡¡my¡¡list£»¡¡and¡¡besides¡¡these¡¡there¡¡are¡¡thirty¡five¡¡more¡¡which£»¡¡though¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Timor¡¡group£»¡¡are¡¡yet¡¡allied¡¡to¡¡wide¡¡¡ranging¡¡forms¡£¡¡Deducting¡¡these¡¡ninety¡two¡¡species£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡nearly¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡birds¡¡left¡¡whose¡¡relations¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡other¡¡countries¡¡we¡¡will¡¡now¡¡consider¡£
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Here¡¡we¡¡see¡¡plainly¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡migration¡¡which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡going¡¡on¡¡for¡¡hundreds¡¡or¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡still¡¡going¡¡on¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day¡£¡¡Birds¡¡entering¡¡from¡¡Java¡¡are¡¡most¡¡numerous¡¡in¡¡the¡¡island¡¡nearest¡¡Java£»¡¡each¡¡strait¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡to¡¡be¡¡crossed¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡another¡¡island¡¡offers¡¡an¡¡obstacle£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡number¡¡get¡¡over¡¡to¡¡the¡¡next¡¡island¡£¡¡£§The¡¡names¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡inhabiting¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨Proceedings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Zoological¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡London¡¨¡¡for¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1863¡££§¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡that¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡entered¡¡from¡¡Australia¡¡is¡¡much¡¡less¡¡than¡¡those¡¡which¡¡have¡¡come¡¡from¡¡Java£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡may¡¡at¡¡first¡¡sight¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡this¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wide¡¡sea¡¡that¡¡separates¡¡Australia¡¡from¡¡Timor¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡hasty¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡soon¡¡see£»¡¡an¡¡unwarranted¡¡supposition¡£¡¡Besides¡¡these¡¡birds¡¡identical¡¡with¡¡species¡¡inhabiting¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡number¡¡of¡¡others¡¡very¡¡closely¡¡allied¡¡to¡¡species¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡those¡¡countries£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡must¡¡take¡¡these¡¡also¡¡into¡¡account¡¡before¡¡we¡¡form¡¡any¡¡conclusion¡¡on¡¡the¡¡matter¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡as¡¡well¡¡to¡¡combine¡¡these¡¡with¡¡the¡¡former¡¡table¡¡thus£º
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We¡¡now¡¡see¡¡that¡¡the¡¡total¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡which¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia¡¡is¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡equal£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡this¡¡remarkable¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡series£º¡¡that¡¡whereas¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡proportion¡¡by¡¡far¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Java¡¡set¡¡are¡¡identical¡¡with¡¡those¡¡still¡¡inhabiting¡¡that¡¡country£»¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡equally¡¡large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡set¡¡are¡¡distinct£»¡¡though¡¡often¡¡very¡¡closely¡¡allied¡¡species¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡also£»¡¡that¡¡these¡¡representative¡¡or¡¡allied¡¡species¡¡diminish¡¡in¡¡number¡¡as¡¡they¡¡recede¡¡from¡¡Australia£»¡¡while¡¡they¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡number¡¡as¡¡they¡¡recede¡¡from¡¡Java¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡this£»¡¡one¡¡being¡¡that¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡decrease¡¡rapidly¡¡in¡¡size¡¡from¡¡Timor¡¡to¡¡Lombock£»¡¡and¡¡can¡¡therefore¡¡support¡¡a¡¡decreasing¡¡number¡¡of¡¡species£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡and¡¡the¡¡more¡¡important¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡Australia¡¡from¡¡Timor¡¡cuts¡¡off¡¡the¡¡supply¡¡of¡¡fresh¡¡immigrants£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡thus¡¡allowed¡¡variation¡¡to¡¡have¡¡full¡¡play£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡vicinity¡¡of¡¡Lombock¡¡to¡¡Bali¡¡and¡¡Java¡¡has¡¡allowed¡¡a¡¡continual¡¡influx¡¡of¡¡fresh¡¡individuals¡¡which£»¡¡by¡¡crossing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡immigrants£»¡¡has¡¡checked¡¡variation¡£
To¡¡simplify¡¡our¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡derivative¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡of¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡let¡¡us¡¡treat¡¡them¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡perhaps¡¡render¡¡more¡¡intelligible¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡relations¡¡to¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia¡£
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We¡¡have¡¡here¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡agreement¡¡in¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡Australian¡¡and¡¡Javanese¡¡groups£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡divided¡¡in¡¡exactly¡¡a¡¡reverse¡¡manner£»¡¡three¡fourths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Javan¡¡birds¡¡being¡¡identical¡¡species¡¡and¡¡one¡fourth¡¡representatives£»¡¡while¡¡only¡¡one¡fourth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡forms¡¡are¡¡identical¡¡and¡¡three¡fourths¡¡representatives¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡fact¡¡which¡¡we¡¡can¡¡elicit¡¡from¡¡a¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡of¡¡these¡¡islands£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡gives¡¡us¡¡a¡¡very¡¡complete¡¡clue¡¡to¡¡much¡¡of¡¡their¡¡past¡¡history¡£
Change¡¡of¡¡species¡¡is¡¡a¡¡slow¡¡processon¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡all¡¡agreed£»¡¡though¡¡we¡¡may¡¡differ¡¡about¡¡how¡¡it¡¡has¡¡taken¡¡place¡£¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡species¡¡in¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡have¡¡mostly¡¡changed£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡Javan¡¡species¡¡have¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡remained¡¡unchanged£»¡¡would¡¡therefore¡¡indicate¡¡that¡¡the¡¡district¡¡was¡¡first¡¡peopled¡¡from¡¡Australia¡£¡¡But£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡conditions¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡very¡¡different¡¡from¡¡what¡¡they¡¡are¡¡now¡£¡¡Nearly¡¡three¡¡hundred¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡open¡¡sea¡¡now¡¡separate¡¡Australia¡¡from¡¡Timor£»¡¡which¡¡island¡¡is¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡Java¡¡by¡¡a¡¡chain¡¡of¡¡broken¡¡land¡¡divided¡¡by¡¡straits¡¡which¡¡are¡¡nowhere¡¡more¡¡than¡¡about¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡wide¡£¡¡Evidently¡¡there¡¡are¡¡now¡¡great¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡productions¡¡of¡¡Java¡¡to¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡and¡¡occupy¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡these¡¡islands£»¡¡while¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Australia¡¡would¡¡find¡¡very¡¡great¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡across¡£¡¡To¡¡account¡¡for¡¡the¡¡present¡¡state¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡naturally¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡Australia¡¡was¡¡once¡¡much¡¡more¡¡closely¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡Timor¡¡than¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case¡¡is¡¡rendered¡¡highly¡¡probable¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡a¡¡submarine¡¡bank¡¡extending¡¡along¡¡all¡¡the¡¡north¡¡and¡¡west¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Australia£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡one¡¡place¡¡approaching¡¡within¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Timor¡£¡¡This¡¡indicates¡¡a¡¡recent¡¡subsidence¡¡of¡¡North¡¡Australia£»¡¡which¡¡probably¡¡once¡¡extended¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡the¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡this¡¡bank£»¡¡between¡¡which¡¡and¡¡Timor¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡unfathomed¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡ocean¡£
I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡that¡¡Timor¡¡was¡¡ever¡¡actually¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡Australia£»¡¡because¡¡such¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡very¡¡abundant¡¡and¡¡characteristic¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡Australian¡¡birds¡¡are¡¡quite¡¡absent£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡a¡¡single¡¡Australian¡¡mammal¡¡has¡¡entered¡¡Timor¡¡which¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡case¡¡had¡¡the¡¡lands¡¡been¡¡actually¡¡united¡£¡¡Such¡¡groups¡¡as¡¡the¡¡bower¡¡birds¡¡£¨Ptilonorhynchus£©£»¡¡the¡¡black¡¡and¡¡red¡¡cockatoos¡¡£¨Calyptorhynchus£©£»¡¡the¡¡blue¡¡wrens¡¡£¨Malurus£©£»¡¡the¡¡crowshrikes¡¡£¨Cracticus£©£»¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡shrikes¡¡£¨Falcunculus¡¡and¡¡Colluricincla£©£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡others£»¡¡which¡¡abound¡¡all¡¡over¡¡Australia£»¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡have¡¡spread¡¡into¡¡Timor¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡united¡¡to¡¡that¡¡country£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡if¡¡for¡¡any¡¡long¡¡time¡¡it¡¡had¡¡approached¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡it¡¡than¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡£¡¡Neither¡¡do¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡characteristic¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡Australian¡¡insects¡¡occur¡¡in¡¡Timor£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡ever