the malay archipelago-1-第53章

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cases　of　similar　remote　affinities　between　the　productions　of　distant　countries　no　doubt　exist；　but　in　no　spot　upon　the　globe　that　I　am　yet　acquainted　with；　do　so　many　of　them　occur　together；　or　do　they　form　so　decided　a　feature　in　the　natural　history　of　the　country。

The　Mammalia　of　Celebes　are　very　few　in　number；　consisting　of　fourteen　terrestrial　species　and　seven　bats。　Of　the　former　no　less　than　eleven　are　peculiar；　including　two　which　there　is　reason　to　believe　may　have　been　recently　carried　into　other　islands　by　man。　Three　species　which　have　a　tolerably　wide　range　in　the　Archipelago；　are：　（1）　The　curious　Lemur；　Tarsius　spectrum；　which　is　found　in　all　the　islands　as　far　westward　as　Malacca；　（2）　the　common　Malay　Civet；　Viverra　tangalunga；　which　has　a　still　wider　range；　and　（3）　a　Deer；　which　seems　to　be　the　same　as　the　Rusa　hippelaphus　of　Java；　and　was　probably　introduced　by　man　at　an　early　period。

The　more　characteristic　species　are　as　follow：

Cynopithecus　nigrescens；　a　curious　baboon…like　monkey　if　not　a　true　baboon；　which　abounds　all　over　Celebes；　and　is　found　nowhere　else　but　in　the　one　small　island　of　Batchian；　into　which　it　has　probably　been　introduced　accidentally。　An　allied　species　is　found　in　the　Philippines；　but　in　no　other　island　of　the　Archipelago　is　there　anything　resembling　them。　These　creatures　are　about　the　size　of　a　spaniel；　of　a　jet…black　colour；　and　have　the　projecting　dog…like　muzzle　and　overhanging　brows　of　the　baboons。　They　have　large　red　callosities　and　a　short　fleshy　tail；　scarcely　an　inch　long　and　hardly　visible。　They　go　in　large　bands；　living　chiefly　in　the　trees；　but　often　descending　on　the　ground　and　robbing　gardens　and　orchards。

Anoa　depressicornis；　the　Sapi…utan；　or　wild　cow　of　the　Malays；　is　an　animal　which　has　been　the　cause　of　much　controversy；　as　to　whether　it　should　be　classed　as　ox；　buffalo；　or　antelope。　It　is　smaller　than　any　other　wild　cattle；　and　in　many　respects　seems　to　approach　some　of　the　ox…like　antelopes　of　Africa。　It　is　found　only　in　the　mountains；　and　is　said　never　to　inhabit　places　where　there　are　deer。　It　is　somewhat　smaller　than　a　small　Highland　cow；　and　has　long　straight　horns；　which　are　ringed　at　the　base　and　slope　backwards　over　the　neck。

The　wild　pig　seems　to　be　of　a　species　peculiar　to　the　island；　but　a　much　more　curious　animal　of　this　family　is　the　Babirusa　or　Pig…　deer；　so　named　by　the　Malays　from　its　long　and　slender　legs；　and　curved　tusks　resembling　horns。　This　extraordinary　creature　resembles　a　pig　in　general　appearance；　but　it　does　not　dig　with　its　snout；　as　it　feeds　on　fallen　fruits。　The　tusks　of　the　lower　jaw　are　very　long　and　sharp；　but　the　upper　ones　instead　of　growing　downwards　in　the　usual　way　are　completely　reversed；　growing　upwards　out　of　bony　sockets　through　the　skin　on　each　side　of　the　snout；　curving　backwards　to　near　the　eyes；　and　in　old　animals　often　reaching　eight　or　ten　inches　in　length。　It　is　difficult　to　understand　what　can　be　the　use　of　these　extraordinary　horn…like　teeth。　Some　of　the　old　writers　supposed　that　they　served　as　hooks；　by　which　the　creature　could　rest　its　head　on　a　branch。　But　the　way　in　which　they　usually　diverge　just　over　and　in　front　of　the　eye　has　suggested　the　more　probable　idea；　that　they　serve　to　guard　these　organs　from　thorns　and　spines；　while　hunting　for　fallen　fruits　among　the　tangled　thickets　of　rattans　and　other　spiny　plants。　Even　this；　however；　is　not　satisfactory；　for　the　female；　who　must　seek　her　food　in　the　same　way；　does　not　possess　them。　I　should　be　inclined　to　believe　rather；　that　these　tusks　were　once　useful；　and　were　then　worn　down　as　fast　as　they　grew；　but　that　changed　conditions　of　life　have　rendered　them　unnecessary；　and　they　now　develop　into　a　monstrous　form；　just　as　the　incisors　of　the　Beaver　or　Rabbit　will　go　on　growing；　if　the　opposite　teeth　do　not　wear　them　away。　In　old　animals　they　reach　an　enormous　size；　and　are　generally　broken　off　as　if　by　fighting。

Here　again　we　have　a　resemblance　to　the　Wart…hogs　of　Africa；　whose　upper　canines　grow　outwards　and　curve　up　so　as　to　form　a　transition　from　the　usual　mode　of　growth　to　that　of　the　Babirusa。　In　other　respects　there　seems　no　affinity　between　these　animals；　and　the　Babirusa　stands　completely　isolated；　having　no　resemblance　to　the　pigs　of　any　other　part　of　the　world。　It　is　found　all　over　Celebes　and　in　the　Sula　islands；　and　also　in　Bourn；　the　only　spot　beyond　the　Celebes　group　to　which　it　extends；　and　which　island　also　shows　some　affinity　to　the　Sula　islands　in　its　birds；　indicating　perhaps；　a　closer　connection　between　them　at　some　former　period　than　now　exists。

The　other　terrestrial　mammals　of　Celebes　are　five　species　of　squirrels；　which　are　all　distinct　from　those　of　Java　and　Borneo；　and　mark　the　furthest　eastward　range　of　the　genus　in　the　tropics；　and　two　of　Eastern　opossums　（Cuscus）；　which　are　different　from　those　of　the　Moluccas；　and　mark　the　furthest　westward　extension　of　this　genus　and　of　the　Marsupial　order。　Thus　we　see　that　the　Mammalia　of　Celebes　are　no　less　individual　and　remarkable　than　the　birds；　since　three　of　the　largest　and　most　interesting　species　have　no　near　allies　in　surrounding　countries；　but　seem　vaguely　to　indicate　a　relation　to　the　African　continent。

Many　groups　of　insects　appear　to　be　especially　subject　to　local　influences；　their　forms　and　colours　changing　with　each　change　of　conditions；　or　even　with　a　change　of　locality　where　the　conditions　seem　almost　identical。　We　should　therefore　anticipate　that　the　individuality　manifested　in　the　higher　animals　would　be　still　more　prominent　in　these　creatures　with　less　stable　organisms。　On　the　other　hand；　however；　we　have　to　consider　that　the　dispersion　and　migration　of　insects　is　much　more　easily　effected　than　that　of　mammals　or　even　of　birds。　They　are　much　more　likely　to　be　carried　away　by　violent　winds；　their　eggs　may　be　carried　on　leaves　either　by　storms　of　wind　or　by　floating　trees；　and　their　larvae　and　pupae；　often　buried　in　trunks　of　trees　or　enclosed　in　waterproof　cocoons；　may　be　floated　for　days　or　weeks　uninjured　over　the　ocean。　These　facilities　of　distribution　tend　to　assimilate　the　productions　of　adjacent　lands　in　two　ways：　first；　by　direct　mutual　interchange　of　species；　and　secondly；　by　repeated　immigrations　of　fresh　individuals　of　a　species　common　to　other　islands；　which　by　intercrossing；　tend　to　obliterate　the　changes　of　form　and　colour；　which　differences　of　conditions　might　otherwise　produce。　Bearing　these　facts　in　mind；　we　shall　find　that　the　individuality　of　the　insects　of　Celebes　is　even　greater　than　we　have　any　reason　to　expect。

For　the　purpose　of　insuring　accuracy　in　comparisons　with　other　islands；　I　shall　confine　myself　to　those　groups　which　are　best　known；　or　which　I　have　myself　carefully　studied。　Beginning　with　the　Papilionidae　or　Swallow…tailed　butterflies；　Celebes　possesses　24　species；　of　which　the　large　number　of　18　are　not　found　in　any　other　island。　If　we　compare　this　with　Borneo；　which　out　of　29　species　has　only　two　not　found　elsewhere；　the　difference　is　as　striking　as　anything　can　be。　In　the　family　of　the　Pieridae；　or　white　butterflies；　the　difference　is　not　quite　so　great；　owing　perhaps　to　the　more　wandering　habits　of　the　group；　but　it　is　still　very　remarkable。　Out　of　30　species　inhabiting　Celebes；　19　are　peculiar；　while　Java　（from　which　more　species　are　known　than　from　Sumatra　or　Borneo）；　out　of　37　species；　has　only　13　peculiar。　The　Danaidae　are　large；　but　weak…flying　butterflies；　which　frequent　forests　and　gardens；　and　are　plainly　but　often　very　richly　coloured。　Of　these　my　own　collection　contains　16　species　from　Celebes　and　15　from　Borneo；　but　whereas　no　less　than　14　are　confined　to　the　former　island；　only　two　are　peculiar　to　the　latter。　The　Nymphalidae　are　a　very　extensive　group；　of　generally　strong…winged　and　very　bright…coloured　butterflies；　very　abundant　in　the　tropics；　and　represented　in　our　own　country　by　our　Fritillaries；　our　Vanessas；　and　our　Purple…emperor。　Some　months　ago　I　drew　up　a　list　of　the　Eastern　species　of　this　group；　including　all　the　new　ones　discovered　by　myself；　and　arrived　at　the　following　comparative　results：

　　　　　　　　　　　Species　of　　Species　peculiar　to　　　　　　Percentage　　　　　　　　　　　Nymphalidae。　　　　each　island。　　　　　of　peculiar　Species。

Java　。　。　。　。　。　70　。　。　。　。　。　。　23　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　33　Borneo　。　。　。　。　52　。　。　。　。　。　。　15　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　29　Celebes　　。　。　。　48　。　。　。　。　。　。　35　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　73

The　Coleoptera　are　so　extensive　that　few　of　the　groups　have　yet　been　carefully　worked　out。　I　will　therefore　refer　to　one　only；　which　I　have　myself　recently　studiedthe　Cetoniadae　or　Rose…　chafersa　group　of　beetles　which；　owing　to　their　extreme　beauty；　have　been　much　sought　after。　From　Java　37　species　of　these　insects　are　known；　and　from　Celebes　only　30；　yet　only　13；　or　35　percent；　are　peculiar　to　the　former　island；　and　19；　or　63　percent；　to　the　latter。

The　result　of　these　comparisons　is；　that　although　Celebes　is　a　single；　large　island　with　only　a　few　smaller　ones　closely　grouped　around　it；　we　must　really　consider　it　as　forming　one　of　the　great　divisions　of　the　Archipelago；　equal　in　rank　and　importance　to　the　whole　of　the　Moluccan　or　Philippine　groups；　to　the　Papuan　islands；　or　to　the　Indo…Malay　islands　（Java；　Sumatra；　Borneo；　and　the　Malay　peninsula）。　Taking　those　families　of　insects　and　birds　which　are　best　known；　the　following　table　shows　the　comparison　of　Celebes　with　the　other　groups　of　islands：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PAPILIONIDAE　AND　　　　HAWKS；　PARROTS；　AND　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PERIDAE　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PIGEONS。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Percent　of　peculiar　　　Percent　of　peculiar　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Species。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Species。　Indo…Malay　region　。　。　。　。　56　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　54　Philippine　group　　。　。　。　。　66　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　73　Celebes　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　69　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　60　Moluccan　group　　。　。　。　。　。　52　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　62　Timor　group　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　42　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　47　Papuan　group　　。　。　。　。　。　。　64　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　。　74

These　large　and　well…known　families　well　represent　the　general　character　of　the　zoology　of　Celebes；　and　they　show　that　this　island　is　really　one　of　the　most　isolated　portions　of　the　Archipelago；　although　situated　in　its　very　centre。

But　the　insects　of　Celebes　present　us　with　other　phenomena　more　curious　and　more　difficult　to　explain　than　their　striking　individuality。　The　butterflies　of　that　island　are　in　many　cases　characterised　by　a　peculiarity　of　outline；　which　distinguishes　them　at　a　glance　from　those　of　any　other　part　of　the　world。　It　is　most　strongly　manifested　in　the　Papilios　and　the　Pieridae；　and　consists　in　the　forewings　being　either　strongly　curved　or　abruptly　bent　near　the　base；　or　in　the　extremity　being　elongated　and　often　somewhat　hooked。　Out　of　the　14　species　of　Papilio　in　Celebes；　13　exhibit　this　peculiarity　in　a　greater　or　less　degree；　when　compared　with　the　most　nearly　allied　species　of　the　surrounding　islands。　Ten　species　of　Pieridae　have　the　same　character；　and　in　four　or　five　of　the　Nymphalidae　it　is　also　very　distinctly　marked。　In　almost　every　case；　the　species　found　in　Celebes　are　much　larger　than　thane　of　the　islands　westward；　and　at　least　equal　to　those　of　the　Moluccas；　or　even　larger。　The　difference　of　form　is；　however；　the　most　remarkable　feature；　as　it　is　altogether　a　ne