early kings of norway(古挪威的国王)-第24章
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and bothered on the business； decided on giving a refusal that could not be
mistaken。 Decided； namely； to go with a big expedition； and look
thoroughly into that wing of his Dominions； where no doubt much has
fallen awry since Magnus Barefoot's grand visit thither； and seems to be
inviting the cupidity of bad neighbors！ 〃All this we will put right again；〃
thinks Hakon； 〃and gird it up into a safe and defensive posture。〃 Hakon
sailed accordingly； with a strong fleet； adjusting and rectifying among his
Hebrides as he went long； and landing withal on the Scotch coast to
plunder and punish as he thought fit。 The Scots say he had claimed of
them Arran； Bute； and the Two Cumbraes （〃given my ancestors by Donald
Bain；〃 said Hakon； to the amazement of the Scots） 〃as part of the Sudoer〃
（Southern Isles）： so far from selling that fine kingdom！and that it was
after taking both Arran and Bute that he made his descent at Largs。
Of Largs there is no mention whatever in Norse books。 But beyond
any doubt； such is the other evidence； Hakon did land there； land and fight；
not conquering； probably rather beaten； and very certainly 〃retiring to his
ships；〃 as in either case he behooved to do！ It is further certain he was
dreadfully maltreated by the weather on those wild coasts； and altogether
credible； as the Scotch records bear； that he was so at Largs very specially。
The Norse Records or Sagas say merely； he lost many of his ships by the
tempests； and many of his men by land fighting in various parts；tacitly
including Largs； no doubt； which was the last of these misfortunes to him。
〃In the battle here he lost 15；000 men； say the Scots； we 5；000〃！ Divide
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these numbers by ten； and the excellently brief and lucid Scottish
summary by Buchanan may be taken as the approximately true and
exact。＇19＇ Date of the battle is A。D。 1263。
To this day； on a little plain to the south of the village； now town； of
Largs； in Ayrshire； there are seen stone cairns and monumental heaps； and；
until within a century ago； one huge； solitary； upright stone； still mutely
testifying to a battle there；altogether clearly； to this battle of King
Hakon's； who by the Norse records； too； was in these neighborhoods at
that same date； and evidently in an aggressive； high kind of humor。 For
〃while his ships and army were doubling the Mull of Cantire； he had his
own boat set on wheels； and therein； splendidly enough； had himself
drawn across the Promontory at a flatter part；〃 no doubt with horns
sounding； banners waving。 〃All to the left of me is mine and Norway's；〃
exclaimed Hakon in his triumphant boat progress； which such disasters
soon followed。
Hakon gathered his wrecks together； and sorrowfully made for Orkney。
It is possible enough； as our Guide Books now say； he may have gone by
Iona； Mull； and the narrow seas inside of Skye； and that the _Kyle…Akin_；
favorably known to sea…bathers in that region； may actually mean the Kyle
（narrow strait） of Hakon； where Hakon may have dropped anchor； and
rested for a little while in smooth water and beautiful environment； safe
from equinoctial storms。 But poor Hakon's heart was now broken。 He went
to Orkney； died there in the winter； never beholding Norway more。
He it was who got Iceland； which had been a Republic for four
centuries； united to his kingdom of Norway： a long and intricate
operation；much presided over by our Snorro Sturleson； so often quoted
here； who indeed lost his life （by assassination from his sons…in…law） and
out of great wealth sank at once into poverty of zero；one midnight in his
own cellar； in the course of that bad business。 Hakon was a great Politician
in his time； and succeeded in many things before he lost Largs。 Snorro's
death by murder had happened about twenty years before Hakon's by
broken heart。 He is called Hakon the Old； though one finds his age was but
fifty…nine； probably a longish life for a Norway King。 Snorro's narrative
ceases when Snorro himself was born； that is to say； at the threshold of
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King Sverrir； of whose exploits and doubtful birth it is guessed by some
that Snorro willingly forbore to speak in the hearing of such a Hakon。
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CHAPTER XVI。
EPILOGUE。
Haarfagr's kindred lasted some three centuries in Norway； Sverrir's
lasted into its third century there； how long after this； among the
neighboring kinships； I did not inquire。 For； by regal affinities；
consanguinities； and unexpected chances and changes； the three
Scandinavian kingdoms fell all peaceably together under Queen Margaret；
of the Calmar Union （A。D。 1397）； and Norway； incorporated now with
Denmark； needed no more kings。
The History of these Haarfagrs has awakened in me many thoughts： Of
Despotism and Democracy； arbitrary government by one and self…
government （which means no government； or anarchy） by all； of
Dictatorship with many faults； and Universal Suffrage with little
possibility of any virtue。 For the contrast between Olaf Tryggveson； and a
Universal…Suffrage Parliament or an 〃Imperial〃 Copper Captain has； in
these nine centuries； grown to be very great。 And the eternal Providence
that guides all this； and produces alike these entities with their epochs； is
not its course still through the great deep？ Does not it still speak to us； if
we have ears？ Here； clothed in stormy enough passions and instincts；
unconscious of any aim but their own satisfaction； is the blessed beginning
of Human Order； Regulation； and real Government； there； clothed in a
highly different； but again suitable garniture of passions； instincts； and
equally unconscious as to real aim； is the accursed…looking ending
（temporary ending） of Order； Regulation； and Government；very dismal
to the sane onlooker for the time being； not dismal to him otherwise； his
hope； too； being steadfast！ But here； at any rate； in this poor Norse theatre；
one looks with interest on the first transformation； so mysterious and
abstruse； of human Chaos into something of articulate Cosmos； witnesses
the wild and strange birth…pangs of Human Society； and reflects that
without something similar （little as men expect such now）； no Cosmos of
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human society ever was got into existence； nor can ever again be。
The violences； fightings； crimesah yes； these seldom fail； and they
are very lamentable。 But always； too； among those old populations； there
was one saving element； the now want of which； especially the
unlamented want； transcends all lamentation。 Here is one of those strange；
piercing； winged…words of Ruskin； which has in it a terrible truth for us in
these epochs now come：
〃My friends； the follies of modern Liberalism； many and great though
they be； are practically summed in this denial or neglect of the quality and
intrinsic value of things。 Its rectangular beatitudes； and spherical
benevolences；theology of universal indulgence； and jurisprudence which
will hang no rogues； mean； one and all of them； in the root； incapacity of
discerning； or refusal to discern； worth and unworth in anything； and least
of all in man； whereas Nature and Heaven command you； at your peril； to
discern worth from unworth in everything； and most of all in man。 Your
main problem is that ancient and trite one； 'Who is best man？' and the
Fates forgive much；forgive the wildest； fiercest； cruelest experiments；if
fairly made for the determination of that。
Theft and blood…guiltiness are not pleasing in their sight； yet the
favoring powers of the spiritual and material world will confirm to you
your stolen goods； and their noblest voices applaud the lifting of Your
spear； and rehearse the sculpture of your shield； if only your robbing and
slaying have been in fair arbitrament of that question； 'Who is best man？'
But if you refuse such inquiry； and maintain every man for his neighbor's
match；if you give vote to the simple and liberty to the vile； the powers of
those spiritual and material worlds in due time present you inevitably with
the same problem； soluble now only wrong side upwards； and your
robbing and slaying must be done then to find out； 'Who is worst man？'
Which； in so wide an order of merit； is； indeed； not easy； but a complete
Tammany Ring； and lowest circle in the Inferno of Worst； you are sure to
find； and to be governed by。〃＇20＇
All readers will admit that there was something naturally royal in these
Haarfagr Kings。 A wildly great kind of kindred； counts in it two Heroes of
a high； or almost highest； type： the first two Olafs； Tryggveson and the
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Saint。 And the view of them； withal； as we chance to have it； I have often
thought； how essentially Homeric it was：indeed what is 〃Homer〃 himself
but the _Rhapsody_ of five centuries of Greek Skalds and wandering
Ballad…singers； done （i。e。 〃stitched together〃） by somebody more musical
than Snorro was？ Olaf Tryggveson and Olaf Saint please me quite as well
in their prosaic form； offering me the truth of them as if seen in their real
lineaments by some marvellous opening （through the art of Snorro） across
the black strata of the ages。 Two
