philosophy of right-第40章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


depositions　of　that　kind；　attestations　and　other　details；　&c。　The　objective　truth　which　emerges
from　material　of　this　kind　and　the　method　appropriate　to　it　leads；　when　attempts　are　made　to
determine　it　rigidly　and　objectively；　to　half…proofs　and　then；　by　further　sincere　deductions　from
these　—　deductions　which　at　the　same　time　involve　formal　illogicality　—　to　extraordinary
punishments。〃　But　such　objective　truth　means　something　quite　different　from　the　truth　of　a　rational
category　or　a　proposition　whose　content　the　Understanding　has　determined　for　itself　abstractly　in
advance。　To　show　that；　since　the　strictly　legal　character　of　a　court　covers　competence　to　ascertain
this　sort　of　truth　about　empirical　events；　it　thereby　properly　qualifies　a　court　for　this　task　and　so
gives　it　an　inherent　exclusive　right　to　perform　it　and　lays　on　it　the　necessity　of　performing　it　—　that
is　the　best　approach　to　settling　the　question　of　how　far　decisions　on　points　of　fact；　as　well　as　on
points　of　law；　should　be　ascribed　to　courts　as　strictly　juristic　bodies。　

Addition：　No　grounds　can　be　adduced　for　supposing　that　the　judge；　i。e。　the　legal　expert；　should
be　the　only　person　to　establish　how　the　facts　lie；　for　ability　to　do　so　depends　on　general；　not　on
purely　legal；　education。　Determination　of　the　facts　of　the　case　depends　on　empirical　details；　on
depositions　about　what　happened；　and　on　similar　perceptual　data；　or　again　on　facts　from　which
inferences　can　be　drawn　about　the　deed　in　question　and　which　make　it　probable　or　improbable。
Here　then；　it　is　an　assurance　which　should　be　required；　not　truth　in　the　higher　sense　in　which　it　is
always　something　eternal。　Here　such　assurance　is　subjective　conviction；　or　conscience；　and　the
problem　is：　What　form　should　this　assurance　take　in　a　court　of　law？　The　demand；　commonly　made
in　German　law；　that　a　criminal　should　confess　his　guilt；　has　this　to　be　said　for　it；　that　the　right　of
self…consciousness　thereby　attains　a　measure　of　satisfaction；　consciousness　must　chime　in　with　the
judge’s　sentence；　and　it　is　only　when　the　criminal　has　confessed　that　the　judgment　loses　its　alien
character　so　far　as　he　is　concerned。　But　a　difficulty　arises　here；　because　the　criminal　may　lie；　and
the　interest　of　justice　may　be　jeopardised。　If；　on　the　other　hand；　the　subjective　conviction　of　the
judge　is　to　hold　good；　some　hardship　is　once　more　involved；　because　the　accused　is　no　longer
being　treated　as　a　free　man。　Now　the　middle　term　between　these　extremes　is　trial　by　jury；　which
meets　the　demand　that　the　declaration　of　guilt　or　innocence　shall　spring　from　the　soul　of　the
accused。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　228。

When　judgment　is　pronounced　—　so　far　as　the　function　of　judgment　is　the
subsumption　under　the　law　of　the　case　whose　nature　has　been　settled　—　the　right
due　to　the　parties　on　the　score　of　their　self…consciousness　is　preserved　in　relation
to　the　law　because　the　law　is　known　and　so　is　the　law　of　the　parties　themselves；
and　in　relation　to　the　subsumption；　because　the　trial　is　public。　But　when　a　verdict
is　given　on　the　particular；　subjective；　and　external　facts　of　the　case　（knowledge　of
which　falls　under　the　first　of　the　aspects　described　in　§　225）；　this　right　is　satisfied
by　the　confidence　which　the　parties　feel　in　the　subjectivity　of　those　who　give　the
verdict。　This　confidence　is　based　primarily　on　the　similarity　between　them　and　the
parties　in　respect　of　their　particularity；　i。e。　their　social　position；　&c。　

Remark：　The　right　of　self…consciousness；　the　moment　of　subjective　freedom；　may　be　regarded
as　the　fundamental　thing　to　keep　before　us　in　considering　the　necessity　for　publicity　in　legal
proceedings　and　for　the　so…called　jury…courts；　and　this　in　the　last　resort　is　the　essence　of　whatever
may　be　advanced　in　favour　of　these　institutions　on　the　score　of　their　utility。　Other　points　of　view
and　reasoning　about　their　several　advantages　and　disadvantages　may　give　rise　to　an　argumentative
exchange；　but　reasoning　of　this　kind；　like　all　deductive　reasoning；　is　either　secondary　and
inconclusive；　or　else　drawn　from　other　and　perhaps　higher　spheres　than　that　of　advantage。　It　may
be　the　case　that　if　the　administration　of　justice　were　entirely　in　the　hands　of　professional　lawyers；
and　there　were　no　lay　institutions　like　juries；　it　would　in　theory　be　managed　just　as　well；　if　not
better。　It　may　be　so；　but　even　if　this　possibility　rises　by　general　consent　to　probability；　or　even
certainty；　it　still　does　not　matter；　for　on　the　other　side　there　is　always　the　right　of
self…consciousness；　insisting　on　its　claims　and　dissatisfied　if　laymen　play　no　part。　

Owing　to　the　character　of　the　entire　body　of　the　laws；　knowledge　both　of　what　is　right　and　also　of
the　course　of　legal　proceedings　may　become；　together　with　the　capacity　to　prosecute　an　action　at
law；　the　property　of　a　class　which　makes　itself　an　exclusive　clique　by　the　use　of　a　terminology　like
a　foreign　tongue　to　those　whose　rights　are　at　issue。　If　this　happens；　the　members　of　civil　society；
who　depend　for　their　livelihood　on　their　industry；　on　their　own　knowledge　and　will；　are　kept
strangers　to　the　law；　not　only　to　those　parts　of　it　affecting　their　most　personal　and　intimate　affairs；
but　also　to　its　substantive　and　rational　basis；　the　rig　itself；　and　the　result　is　that　they　become　the
wards；　or　even　in　a　sense　the　bondsmen；　of　the　legal　profession。　They　may　indeed　have　the　right　to
appear　in　court　in　person　and　to　‘stand’　there　（in　judicio　stare）；　but　their　bodily　presence　is　a
trifle　if　their　minds　are　not　to　be　there　also；　if　they　are　not　to　follow　the　proceedings　with　their　own
knowledge；　and　if　the　justice　they　receive　remains　in　their　eyes　a　doom　pronounced　ab　extra。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　229。

In　civil　society；　the　Idea　is　lost　in　particularity　and　has　fallen　asunder　with　the
separation　of　inward　and　outward。　In　the　administration　of　justice；　however；　civil
society　returns　to　its　concept；　to　the　unity　of　the　implicit　universal　with　the
subjective　particular；　although　here　the　latter　is　only　that　present　in　single　cases
and　the　universality　in　question　is　that　of　abstract　right。　The　actualisation　of　this
unity　through　its　extension　to　the　whole　ambit　of　particularity　is　（i）　the　specific
function　of　the　Police；　though　the　unification　which　it　effects　is　only　relative；　（ii）　it
is　the　Corporation　which　actualises　the　unity　completely；　though　only　in　a　whole
which；　while　concrete；　is　restricted。　

Addition：　In　civil　society；　universality　is　necessity　only。　When　we　are　dealing　with　human　needs；
it　is　only　right　as　such　which　is　steadfast。　But　this　right　—　only　a　restricted　sphere　—　has　a　bearing
simply　on　the　protection　of　property；　welfare　is　something　external　to　right　as　such。　This　welfare；
however；　is　an　essential　end　in　the　system　of　needs。　Hence　the　universal；　which　in　the　first　instance
is　the　right　only；　has　to　be　extended　over　the　whole　field　of　particularity。　Justice　is　a　big　thing　in
civil　society。　Given　good　laws；　a　state　can　flourish；　and　freedom　of　property　is　a　fundamental
condition　of　its　prosperity。　Still；　since　I　am　inextricably　involved　in　particularity；　I　have　a　right　to
claim　that　in　this　association　with　other　particulars；　my　particular　welfare　too　shall　be　promoted。
Regard　should　he　paid　to　my　welfare；　to　my　particular　interest；　and　this　is　done　through　the　police
and　the　Corporation。　

　　　　　　　　C。　The　Public　Authorities

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　a：　Police　　　　　b：　Corporation　　


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　230。

In　the　system　of　needs；　the　livelihood　and　welfare　of　every　single　person　is　a
possibility　whose　actual　attainment　is　just　as　much　conditioned　by　his　caprices
and　particular　endowment　as　by　the　objective　system　of　needs。　Through　the
administration　of　justice；　offences　against　property　or　personality　are　annulled。
But　the　right　actually　present　in　the　particular　requires；　first；　that　accidental
hindrances　to　one　aim　or　another　be　removed；　and　undisturbed　safety　of　person
and　property　be　attained；　and　secondly；　that　the　securing　of　every　single　person’s
livelihood　and　welfare　be　treated　and　actualised　as　a　right；　i。e。　that　particular
welfare　as　such　be　so　treated。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（a）　Police　＇or　the　public　authority＇
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　231。

Inasmuch　as　it　is　still　the　particular　will　which　governs　the　choice　of　this　or　that
end；　the　universal　authority　by　which　security　is　ensured　remains　in　the　first
instance；　（a）　restricted　to　the　sphere　of　contingencies；　and　（b）　an　external
organisation。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　232。

Crime　is　contingency　as　subjective　willing　of　evil；　and　this　is　what　the　universal
authority　must　prevent　or　bring　to　justice。　But；　crime　apart；　the　subjective　willing
which　is　permissible　in　actions　lawful　per　se　and　in　the　private　use　of　property；
also　comes　into　external　relation　with　other　single　persons；　as　well　as　with　public
institutions；　other　than　law…courts；　established　for　realising　a　common　end。　This
universal　aspect　makes　private　actions　a　matter　of　contingency　which　escapes　the
agent’s　control　and　which　either　does　or　may　injure　others　and　wrong　them。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　233。

There　is　here　only　a　possibility　of　injury；　but　the　actual　non…occurrence　of　injury
is　at　this　stage　not　just　another　contingency。　The　point　is　that　the　actions　of
individuals　may　always　be　wrongful；　and　this　is　the　ultimate　reason　for　police
control　and　penal　justice。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　234。

The　relations　between　external　existents　fall　into　the　infinite　of　the　Understanding；
there　is；　therefore；　no　inherent　line　of　distinction　between　what　is　and　what　is　not
injurious；　even　where　crime　is　concerned；　or　between　what　is　and　what　is　not
suspicious；　or　between　what　is　to　be　forbidden　or　subjected　to　supervision　and
what　is　to　be　exempt　from　prohibition；　from　surveillance　and　suspicion；　from
inquiry　and　the　demand　to　render　an　account　of　itself。　These　details　are
determined　by　custom；　the　spirit　of　the　rest　of　the　constitution；　contemporary
conditions；　the　crisis　of　the　hour；　and　so　forth。　

Addition：　Here　nothing　hard　and　fast　can　be　laid　down　and　no　absolute　lines　can　be　drawn。
Everything　here　is　personal；　subjective　opinion　enters　in；　and　the　spirit　of　the　constitution　and　the
crisis　of　the　day　have　to　provide　precision　of　detail。　In　time　of　war；　for　instance；　many　a　thing；
harmless　at　other　times；　has　to　be　regarded　as　harmful。　As　a　result　of　this　presence　of　accident；　of
personal　arbitrariness；　the　public　authority　acquires　a　measure　of　odium。　When　reflective　thinking
is　very　highly　developed；　the　public　authority　may　tend　to　draw　into　its　orbit　everything　it　possibly
can；　for　in　everything　some　factor　may　be　found　which　might　make　it　dangerous　in　one　of　its
bearings。　In　such　circumstances；　the　public　authority　may　set　to　work　very　pedantically　and
embarrass　the　day…to…day　life　of　people。　But　however　great　this　annoyance；　no　objective　line　can
be　drawn　here　either。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§　235。

In　the　indefinite　multiplication　and　interconnection　of　day…to…day　needs；　（a）　the
acquisition　and　exchan