pagan and christian creeds-第35章
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m Babylonia the returning Captives brought it to Judaea； where it was acted； rather as an historical than a mythical piece； by players who； having to die in grim earnest on a cross or gallows； were naturally drawn from the gaol rather than the green…room。 A chain of causes； which because we cannot follow them mightin the loose language of common lifebe called an accident； determined that the part of the dying god in this annual play should be thrust upon Jesus of Nazareth； whom the enemies he had made in high places by his outspoken strictures were resolved to put out of the way。〃 See also vol。 iv； 〃The Dying God；〃 in the same book。
There are many other difficulties。 The raising of Lazarus； already dead three days； the turning of water into wine （a miracle attributed to Bacchus； of old）； the feeding of the five thousand； and others of the marvels are； to say the least； not easy of digestion。 The 〃Sermon on the Mount〃 which； with the 〃Lord's Prayer〃 embedded in it； forms the great and accepted repository of 'Christian' teaching and piety； is well known to be a collection of sayings from pre…christian writings； including the Psalms； Isaiah； Ecclesiasticus； the Secrets of Enoch； the Shemonehesreh （a book of Hebrew prayers）； and others； and the fact that this collection was really made AFTER the time of Jesus； and could not have originated from him； is clear from the stress which it lays on 〃persecutions〃 and 〃false prophets〃things which were certainly not a source of trouble at the time Jesus is supposed to be speaking； though they were at a later timeas well as from the occurrence of the word 〃Gentiles；〃 which being here used apparently in contra… distinction to 〃Christians〃 could not well be appropriate at a time when no recognized Christian bodies as yet existed。
But the most remarkable point in this connection is the absolute silence of the Gospel of Mark on the subject of the Resurrection and Ascensionthat is； of the ORIGINAL Gospel； for it is now allowed on all hands that the twelve verses Mark xvi。 9 to the end； are a later insertion。 Considering the nature of this event； astounding indeed； if physically true； and unique in the history of the world； it is strange that this Gospelthe earliest written of the four Gospels； and nearest in time to the actual evidence makes no mention of it。 The next Gospel in point of time that of Matthewmentions the matter rather briefly and timidly； and reports the story that the body had been STOLEN from the sepulchre。 Luke enlarges considerably and gives a whole long chapter to the resurrection and ascension； while the Fourth Gospel； written fully twenty years later stillsay about A。 D。 120gives two chapters and a GREAT VARIETY OF DETAILS！
This increase of detail； however； as one gets farther and farther from the actual event is just what one always finds； as I have said before； in legendary traditions。 A very interesting example of this has lately come to light in the case of the traditions concerning the life and death of the Persian Bab。 The Bab； as most of my readers will know； was the Founder of a great religious movement which now numbers （or numbered before the Great War） some millions of adherents； chiefly Mahommedans； Christians； Jews and Parsees。 The period of his missionary activity was from 1845 to 1850。 His Gospel was singularly like that of Jesusa gospel of love to mankindonly （as might be expected from the difference of date） with an even wider and more deliberate inclusion of all classes； creeds and races； sinners and saints； and the incidents and entourage of his ministry were also singularly similar。 He was born at Shiraz in 1820； and growing up a promising boy and youth； fell at the age Of 21 under the influence of a certain Seyyid Kazim； leader of a heterodox sect； and a kind of fore…runner or John the Baptist to the Bab。 The result was a period of mental trouble （like the 〃temptation in the wilderness〃）； after which the youth returned to Shiraz and at the age of twenty…five began his own mission。 His real name was Mirza Ali Muhammad； but he called himself thenceforth The Bab； i。e。 the Gate （〃I am the Way〃）； and gradually there gathered round him disciples； drawn by the fascination of his personality and the devotion of his character。 But with the rapid increase of his following great jealousy and hatred were excited among the Mullahs； the upholders of a fanatical and narrow… minded Mahommedanism and quite corresponding to the Scribes and Pharisees of the New Testament。 By them he was denounced to the Turkish Government。 He was arrested on a charge of causing political disturbance； and was condemned to death。 Among his disciples was one favorite；＇1＇ who was absolutely devoted to his Master and refused to leave him at the last。 So together they were suspended over the city wall （at Tabriz） and simultaneously shot。 This was on the 8th July； 1850。
＇1＇ Mirza Muhammad Ali； and one should note the similarity of the two names。
In November 1850or between that date and October 1851； a book appeared； written by one of the Bb's earliest and most enthusiastic disciplesa merchant of Kashan and giving in quite simple and unpretending form a record of the above events。 There is in it no account of miracles or of great pretensions to godhood and the like。 It is just a plain history of the life and death of a beloved teacher。 It was cordially received and circulated far and wide； and we have no reason for doubting its essential veracity。 And even if proved now to be inaccurate in one or two details； this would not invalidate the moral of the rest of the storywhich is as follows：
After the death of the Bab a great persecution took place （in 1852）； there were many Babi martyrs； and for some years the general followers were scattered。 But in time they gathered themselves together again； successors to the original prophet were appointedthough not without dissensionsand a Babi church； chiefly at Acca or Acre in Syria； began to be formed。 It was during this period that a great number of legends grew uplegends of miraculous babyhood and boyhood； legends of miracles performed by the mature Bab； and so forth； and when the newly… forming Church came to look into the matter it concluded （quite naturally！） that such a simple history as I have outlined above would never do for the foundation of its plans； now grown somewhat ambitious。 So a new Gospel was framed； called the Tarikh…i…Jadid （〃The new History〃 or 〃The new Way〃）； embodying and including a lot of legendary matter； and issued with the authority of 〃the Church。〃 This was in 1881…2； and comparing this with the original record （called The point of Kaf） we get a luminous view of the growth of fable in those thirty brief years which had elapsed since the Bab's death。 Meanwhile it became very necessary of course to withdraw from circulation as far as possible all copies of the original record； lest they should give the lie to the later 'Gospel'； and this apparently was done very effectivelyso effectively indeed that Professor Edward Browne （to whom the world owes so much on account of his labors in connection with Babism）； after arduous search； came at one time to the conclusion that the original was no longer extant。 Most fortunately； however； the well…known Comte de Gobineau had in the course of his studies on Eastern Religions acquired a copy of The point of Kaf； and this； after his death； was found among his literary treasures and identified （as was most fitting） by Professor Browne himself。
Such in brief is the history of the early Babi Church＇1＇ a Church which has grown up and expanded greatly within the memory of many yet living。 Much might be written about it； but the chief point at present is for us to note the well…verified and interesting example it gives of the rapid growth in Syria of a religious legend and the reasons which contributed to this growthand to be warned how much more rapidly similar legends probably grew up in the same land in the middle of the First Century； A。D。 The story of the Bab is also interesting to us because； while this mass of legend was formed around it； there is no possible doubt about the actual existence of a historical nucleus in the person of Mirza Ali Muhammad。
＇1＇ For literature； see Edward G。 Browne's Traveller's Narrative on the Episode of the Bab （1891）； and his New History of the Bab translated from the Persian of the Tarikh…i…Jadid （Cambridge； 1893）。 Also Sermons and Essays by Herbert Rix （Williams and Norgate； 1907）； pp。 295…325； 〃The Persian Bab。〃
On the whole； one is sometimes inclined to doubt whether any great movement ever makes itself felt in the world； without dating first from some powerful personality or group of personalities； ROUND which the idealizing and myth… making genius of mankind tends to crystallize。 But one must not even here be too certain。 Something of the Apostle Paul we know； and something of 'John' the Evangelist and writer of the Epistle I John； and that the 'Christian' doctrines dated largely from the preaching and teaching of these two we cannot doubt； but Paul never saw Jesus （except 〃in the Spirit〃）； nor does he ever mention the man personally； or any incident of his actual life （the 〃crucified Christ〃 being always an ideal figure）； and 'John' who wrote the Gospel was certainly not the same as the disciple who 〃lay in Jesus' bosom〃though an intercalated verse； the last but one in the Gospel； asserts the identity。＇1＇
＇1＇ It is obvious； in fact； that the WHOLE of the last chapter of St。 John is a later insertion； and again that the two last verses of that chapter are later than the chapter itself！
There may have been a historic Jesusand if so； to get a reliable outline of his life would indeed be a treasure； but at present it would seem there is no sign of that。 If the historicity of Jesus； in any degree； could be proved； it would give us reason for supposingwhat I have personally always been inclined to believethat there was also a historical nucleus for such personages as Osiris； Mithra； Krishna； Hercules； Apollo and the rest。 The question； in fact； narrows itself down to this； Have there been in the course of human evolution certain； so to speak； NODAL points or periods at which the psychologic currents ran together and condensed themselves for a new start； and has each such node or point of condensation been marked by the appearance of an actual and heroic man （or woman） who supplied a necessary impetus for the new departure； and gave his name to the resulting movement？ OR is it sufficient to suppose the automatic formation of such nodes or starting…points without the intervention of any special hero or genius； and to imagine that in each case the myth… making tendency of mankind CREATED a legendary and inspiring figure and worshiped the same for a long period afterwards as a god？
As I have said before； this is a question which； interesting as it is； is not really very important。 The main thing being that the prophetic and creative spirit of mankind HAS from time to time evolved those figures as idealizations of its 〃heart's desire〃 and placed a halo round their heads。 The long procession of them becomes a REAL piece of History the history of the evolution of the human heart； and of human consciousness。 But with the psychology of the wh
