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Make¡¡Your¡¡Flights¡¡Short¡£
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say¡£¡¡This¡¡simile¡¡is¡¡particularly¡¡appropriate¡¡as¡¡all¡¡aviators
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How¡¡It¡¡Works¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Air¡£
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intelligent¡¡action¡£
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may¡¡be¡¡overcome£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡craft¡¡immediately¡¡righted¡¡by
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to¡¡the¡¡counter¡balancing¡¡point¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡holds¡¡good¡¡as
to¡¡minor¡¡front¡¡or¡¡rear¡¡displacements¡£
When¡¡Planes¡¡Must¡¡Be¡¡Used¡£
There¡¡are¡¡other¡¡displacements£»¡¡however£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡are
the¡¡most¡¡frequent£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡only¡¡overcome¡¡by¡¡manipulation¡¡of
the¡¡stabilizing¡¡planes¡£¡¡The¡¡method¡¡of¡¡procedure
depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡machine¡¡in¡¡use¡£¡¡The
Wright¡¡machine£»¡¡as¡¡previously¡¡explained£»¡¡is¡¡equipped
with¡¡plane¡¡ends¡¡which¡¡are¡¡so¡¡contrived¡¡as¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡of
their¡¡being¡¡warped¡¡£¨position¡¡changed£©¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡the
lever¡¡control¡£¡¡These¡¡flexible¡¡tip¡¡planes¡¡move¡¡simultaneously£»
but¡¡in¡¡opposite¡¡directions¡£¡¡As¡¡those¡¡on¡¡one¡¡end
rise£»¡¡those¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡end¡¡fall¡¡below¡¡the¡¡level¡¡of¡¡the
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This¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡like¡¡a¡¡complicated¡¡system£»¡¡but¡¡its
workings¡¡are¡¡simple¡¡when¡¡once¡¡understood¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡by
the¡¡manipulation¡¡or¡¡warping¡¡of¡¡these¡¡flexible¡¡tips¡¡that
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displacement¡¡endways¡¡is¡¡overcome¡£¡¡Longitudinal¡¡stability
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necessary¡¡feature£»¡¡on¡¡all¡¡flying¡¡machines£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡methods
of¡¡application¡¡and¡¡manipulation¡¡vary¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the
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toward¡¡the¡¡same¡¡endthe¡¡keeping¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine
perfectly¡¡level¡¡when¡¡being¡¡navigated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£
When¡¡to¡¡Make¡¡a¡¡Flight¡£
A¡¡beginner¡¡should¡¡never¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡flight
when¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡wind¡¡is¡¡blowing¡£¡¡The¡¡fiercer¡¡the¡¡wind£»
the¡¡more¡¡likely¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡gusty¡¡and¡¡uncertain£»¡¡and¡¡the
more¡¡difficult¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡to¡¡control¡¡the¡¡machine¡£¡¡Even
the¡¡most¡¡experienced¡¡and¡¡daring¡¡of¡¡aviators¡¡find¡¡there
is¡¡a¡¡limit¡¡to¡¡wind¡¡speed¡¡against¡¡which¡¡they¡¡dare¡¡not
compete¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡not¡¡because¡¡they¡¡lack¡¡courage£»¡¡but
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The¡¡novice¡¡will¡¡find¡¡a¡¡comparatively¡¡still¡¡day£»¡¡or¡¡one
when¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡is¡¡blowing¡¡at¡¡not¡¡to¡¡exceed¡¡15¡¡miles¡¡an
hour£»¡¡the¡¡best¡¡for¡¡his¡¡experiments¡£¡¡The¡¡machine¡¡will¡¡be
more¡¡easily¡¡controlled£»¡¡the¡¡trip¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safer£»¡¡and¡¡also
cheaper¡¡as¡¡the¡¡consumption¡¡of¡¡fuel¡¡increases¡¡with¡¡the
speed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡against¡¡which¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡is¡¡forced¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XIII¡£
PECULIARITIES¡¡OF¡¡AIRSHIP¡¡POWER¡£
As¡¡a¡¡general¡¡proposition¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡much¡¡more¡¡power¡¡to
propel¡¡an¡¡airship¡¡a¡¡given¡¡number¡¡of¡¡miles¡¡in¡¡a¡¡certain
time¡¡than¡¡it¡¡does¡¡an¡¡automobile¡¡carrying¡¡a¡¡far¡¡heavier
load¡£¡¡Automobiles¡¡with¡¡a¡¡gross¡¡load¡¡of¡¡4£»000¡¡pounds£»
and¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡engines¡¡of¡¡30¡¡horsepower£»¡¡have¡¡travelled
considerable¡¡distances¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡50¡¡miles¡¡an
hour¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡an¡¡equivalent¡¡of¡¡about¡¡134¡¡pounds¡¡per
horsepower¡£¡¡For¡¡an¡¡average¡¡modern¡¡flying¡¡machine£»
with¡¡a¡¡total¡¡load£»¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡passengers£»¡¡of¡¡1£»200
pounds£»¡¡and¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡a¡¡50¡horsepower¡¡engine£»¡¡50
miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡is¡¡the¡¡maximum¡£¡¡Here¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡equivalent
of¡¡exactly¡¡24¡¡pounds¡¡per¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡Why¡¡this
great¡¡difference£¿
No¡¡less¡¡an¡¡authority¡¡than¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Octave¡¡Chanute¡¡answers
the¡¡question¡¡in¡¡a¡¡plain£»¡¡easily¡¡understood¡¡manner¡£¡¡He
says£º
¡¨In¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡an¡¡automobile¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡furnishes¡¡a
stable¡¡support£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡the¡¡engine
must¡¡furnish¡¡the¡¡support¡¡and¡¡also¡¡velocity¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the
apparatus¡¡is¡¡sustained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¨
Pressure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wind¡£
Air¡¡pressure¡¡is¡¡a¡¡big¡¡factor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡aeroplane
horsepower¡£¡¡Allowing¡¡that¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡calm¡¡exists£»¡¡a¡¡body
moving¡¡in¡¡the¡¡atmosphere¡¡creates¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡resistance¡£
The¡¡faster¡¡it¡¡moves£»¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡is¡¡this¡¡resistance¡£
Moving¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡60¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡the¡¡resistance£»
or¡¡wind¡¡pressure£»¡¡is¡¡approximately¡¡50¡¡pounds¡¡to¡¡the
square¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡presented¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡moving¡¡object
is¡¡advancing¡¡at¡¡a¡¡right¡¡angle¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡the¡¡following
table¡¡will¡¡give¡¡the¡¡horsepower¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡resistance
per¡¡square¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡at¡¡various¡¡speeds¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Horse¡¡Power
Miles¡¡per¡¡Hour¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡foot
10¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£013
15¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡¡044
20¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£105
25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£205
30¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£354
40¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£84
50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£64
60¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£83
80¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡£72
100¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡13¡£12
While¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡per¡¡square¡¡foot¡¡at¡¡60¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»
is¡¡only¡¡1¡£64¡¡horsepower£»¡¡at¡¡100¡¡miles£»¡¡less¡¡than¡¡double
the¡¡speed£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡increased¡¡to¡¡13¡£12¡¡horsepower£»¡¡or¡¡exactly
eight¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡words¡¡the¡¡pressure
of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡increases¡¡with¡¡the¡¡square¡¡of¡¡the¡¡velocity¡£
Wind¡¡at¡¡10¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡has¡¡four¡¡times¡¡more¡¡pressure
than¡¡wind¡¡at¡¡5¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£
How¡¡to¡¡Determine¡¡Upon¡¡Power¡£
This¡¡element¡¡of¡¡air¡¡resistance¡¡must¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡into¡¡consideration
in¡¡determining¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡horsepower¡¡required¡£
When¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡under¡¡headway¡¡sufficient
to¡¡raise¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡£¨about¡¡20¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£©£»
each¡¡square¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡resistance£»¡¡will¡¡require¡¡nearly
nine¡tenths¡¡of¡¡a¡¡horsepower¡¡to¡¡overcome¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡pressure£»
and¡¡propel¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡through¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡As
shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡table¡¡the¡¡ratio¡¡of¡¡power¡¡required¡¡increases
rapidly¡¡as¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡increases¡¡until¡¡at¡¡60¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour
approximately¡¡3¡¡horsepower¡¡is¡¡needed¡£
In¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡the¡¡area¡¡of¡¡wind¡exposed
surface¡¡is¡¡about¡¡15¡¡square¡¡feet¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡this
resistance¡¡moving¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡at¡¡40¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡would
require¡¡12¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡This¡¡computation¡¡covers¡¡only
the¡¡machine's¡¡power¡¡to¡¡overcome¡¡resistance¡£¡¡It¡¡does
not¡¡cover¡¡the¡¡power¡¡exerted¡¡in¡¡propelling¡¡the¡¡machine
forward¡¡after¡¡the¡¡air¡¡pressure¡¡is¡¡overcome¡£¡¡To¡¡meet
this¡¡important¡¡requirement¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Curtiss¡¡finds¡¡it¡¡necessary
to¡¡use¡¡a¡¡50¡horsepower¡¡engine¡£¡¡Of¡¡this¡¡power£»¡¡as
has¡¡been¡¡already¡¡stated£»¡¡12¡¡horsepower¡¡is¡¡consumed
in¡¡meeting¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡pressure£»¡¡leaving¡¡38¡¡horsepower
for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡maki