°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > flying machines >

µÚ14ÕÂ

flying machines-µÚ14ÕÂ

С˵£º flying machines ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




in¡¡meeting¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡pressure£»¡¡leaving¡¡38¡¡horsepower

for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡making¡¡progress¡£



The¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡must¡¡move¡¡faster¡¡than¡¡the¡¡air¡¡to

which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡opposed¡£¡¡Unless¡¡it¡¡does¡¡this¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no

direct¡¡progress¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡two¡¡forces¡¡are¡¡equal¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no

straight¡­ahead¡¡advancement¡£¡¡Take£»¡¡for¡¡sake¡¡of¡¡illustration£»

a¡¡case¡¡in¡¡which¡¡an¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡developed¡¡a

speed¡¡of¡¡30¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour£»¡¡meets¡¡a¡¡wind¡¡velocity¡¡of

equal¡¡force¡¡moving¡¡in¡¡an¡¡opposite¡¡direction¡£¡¡What¡¡is

the¡¡result£¿¡¡There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡advance¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a

contest¡¡between¡¡two¡¡evenly¡¡matched¡¡forces¡£¡¡The¡¡aeroplane

stands¡¡still¡£¡¡The¡¡only¡¡way¡¡to¡¡get¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡difficulty

is¡¡for¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡to¡¡wait¡¡for¡¡more¡¡favorable¡¡conditions£»

or¡¡bring¡¡his¡¡machine¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡in¡¡the¡¡usual

manner¡¡by¡¡manipulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡control¡¡system¡£



Take¡¡another¡¡case¡£¡¡An¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡making

50¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡in¡¡a¡¡calm£»¡¡is¡¡met¡¡by¡¡a¡¡head¡¡wind¡¡of¡¡25

miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£¡¡How¡¡much¡¡progress¡¡does¡¡the¡¡aeroplane

make£¿¡¡Obviously¡¡it¡¡is¡¡25¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡over¡¡the¡¡ground¡£



Put¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡in¡¡still¡¡another¡¡way¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡wind

is¡¡blowing¡¡harder¡¡than¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡for¡¡the¡¡engine¡¡power

to¡¡overcome£»¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡will¡¡be¡¡forced¡¡backward¡£



Wind¡¡Pressure¡¡a¡¡Necessity¡£



While¡¡all¡¡this¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡remains¡¡that¡¡wind

pressure£»¡¡up¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡stage£»¡¡is¡¡an¡¡absolute¡¡necessity

in¡¡aerial¡¡navigation¡£¡¡The¡¡atmosphere¡¡itself¡¡has¡¡very

little¡¡real¡¡supporting¡¡power£»¡¡especially¡¡if¡¡inactive¡£¡¡If

a¡¡body¡¡heavier¡¡than¡¡air¡¡is¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡afloat¡¡it¡¡must¡¡move

rapidly¡¡while¡¡in¡¡suspension¡£



One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡illustrations¡¡of¡¡this¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in

skating¡¡over¡¡thin¡¡ice¡£¡¡Every¡¡school¡¡boy¡¡knows¡¡that¡¡if

he¡¡moves¡¡with¡¡speed¡¡he¡¡may¡¡skate¡¡or¡¡glide¡¡in¡¡safety

across¡¡a¡¡thin¡¡sheet¡¡of¡¡ice¡¡that¡¡would¡¡not¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡bear

his¡¡weight¡¡if¡¡he¡¡were¡¡standing¡¡still¡£¡¡Exactly¡¡the¡¡same

proposition¡¡obtains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£



The¡¡non¡­technical¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡the¡¡support¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine

becomes¡¡easier¡¡as¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡increases¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the

sustaining¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡atmosphere¡¡increases¡¡with¡¡the

resistance£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡object¡¡is¡¡moving

increases¡¡this¡¡resistance¡£¡¡With¡¡a¡¡velocity¡¡of¡¡12¡¡miles

an¡¡hour¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡practically¡¡reduced

by¡¡230¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡if¡¡under¡¡a¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡absolute

calm¡¡it¡¡were¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡770¡¡pounds£»

the¡¡same¡¡atmosphere¡¡would¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡1£»000

pounds¡¡moving¡¡at¡¡a¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡12¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£¡¡This

sustaining¡¡power¡¡increases¡¡rapidly¡¡as¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡increases¡£

While¡¡at¡¡12¡¡miles¡¡the¡¡sustaining¡¡power¡¡is¡¡figured¡¡at

230¡¡pounds£»¡¡at¡¡24¡¡miles¡¡it¡¡is¡¡four¡¡times¡¡as¡¡great£»¡¡or¡¡920

pounds¡£



Supporting¡¡Area¡¡of¡¡Birds¡£



One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡things¡¡which¡¡all¡¡producing¡¡aviators¡¡seek

to¡¡copy¡¡is¡¡the¡¡motive¡¡power¡¡of¡¡birds£»¡¡particularly¡¡in¡¡their

relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡area¡¡of¡¡support¡£¡¡Close¡¡investigation¡¡has

established¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡the¡¡less¡¡is

the¡¡relative¡¡area¡¡of¡¡support¡¡required¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡a¡¡given

result¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡table£º



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Supporting

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Surface¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Horse¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡area

Bird¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡sq¡£¡¡feet¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡lb¡£

Pigeon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£7¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£012¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£7

Wild¡¡Goose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡£65¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£026¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£2833

Buzzard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡£03¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£015¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡£06

Condor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡17¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9¡£85¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£043¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£57



So¡¡far¡¡as¡¡known¡¡the¡¡condor¡¡is¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡of¡¡modern

birds¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡a¡¡wing¡¡stretch¡¡of¡¡10¡¡feet¡¡from¡¡tip¡¡to¡¡tip£»¡¡a

supporting¡¡area¡¡of¡¡about¡¡10¡¡square¡¡feet£»¡¡and¡¡weighs¡¡17

pounds¡£¡¡It¡£¡¡is¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡exerting¡¡perhaps¡¡1¡­30¡¡horsepower¡£

£¨These¡¡figures¡¡are£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡approximate¡££©

Comparing¡¡the¡¡condor¡¡with¡¡the¡¡buzzard¡¡with¡¡a¡¡wing

stretch¡¡of¡¡6¡¡feet£»¡¡supporting¡¡area¡¡of¡¡5¡¡square¡¡feet£»¡¡and¡¡a

little¡¡over¡¡1¡­100¡¡horsepower£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that£»¡¡broadly

speaking£»¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡the¡¡less¡¡surface¡¡area¡¡£¨relatively£©

is¡¡needed¡¡for¡¡its¡¡support¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£



Comparison¡¡With¡¡Aeroplanes¡£



If¡¡we¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡figures¡¡with¡¡those¡¡made¡¡possible

by¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be

readily¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡man¡¡has¡¡made¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡advance¡¡in

imitating¡¡the¡¡results¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡nature¡£¡¡Here¡¡are¡¡the

figures£º



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Supporting

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Surface¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Horse¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡area

Machine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡sq¡£¡¡feet¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡lb¡£

Santos¡­Dumont¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡350¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡110¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£314

Bleriot¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡700¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡150¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£214

Antoinette¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡538¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£448

Curtiss¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡700¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡258¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡60¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£368

Wright¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡££§4£§1£»100¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡538¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£489

Farman¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡430¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£358

Voisin¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡538¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£448



£§4£§¡¡The¡¡Wrights'¡¡new¡¡machine¡¡weighs¡¡only¡¡900¡¡pounds¡£



While¡¡the¡¡average¡¡supporting¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of

the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡more¡¡than¡¡overbalanced¡¡by¡¡the

greater¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡horsepower¡¡required¡¡for¡¡the¡¡weight

lifted¡£¡¡The¡¡average¡¡supporting¡¡surface¡¡in¡¡birds¡¡is¡¡about

three¡­quarters¡¡of¡¡a¡¡square¡¡foot¡¡per¡¡pound¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡average

aeroplane¡¡it¡¡is¡¡about¡¡one¡­half¡¡square¡¡foot¡¡per¡¡pound¡£

On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡¡the¡¡average¡¡aeroplane¡¡has¡¡a¡¡lifting

capacity¡¡of¡¡24¡¡pounds¡¡per¡¡horsepower£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡buzzard£»

for¡¡instance£»¡¡lifts¡¡5¡¡pounds¡¡with¡¡15¡­100¡¡of¡¡a¡¡horsepower¡£

If¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machinewhich¡¡has¡¡a¡¡lifting¡¡power¡¡of¡¡50

pounds¡¡per¡¡horsepowershould¡¡be¡¡alone¡¡considered¡¡the

showing¡¡would¡¡be¡¡much¡¡more¡¡favorable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»

but¡¡it¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡a¡¡fair¡¡comparison¡£



More¡¡Surface£»¡¡Less¡¡Power¡£



Broadly¡¡speaking£»¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡supporting¡¡area¡¡the

less¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡power¡¡required¡£¡¡Wright£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of

538¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡supporting¡¡surface£»¡¡gets¡¡along¡¡with¡¡an

engine¡¡of¡¡25¡¡horsepower¡£¡¡Curtiss£»¡¡who¡¡uses¡¡only¡¡258

square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface£»¡¡finds¡¡an¡¡engine¡¡of¡¡50¡¡horsepower

is¡¡needed¡£¡¡Other¡¡things£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡frame£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡being¡¡equal£»

it¡¡stands¡¡to¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡a¡¡reduction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡area¡¡of

supporting¡¡surface¡¡will¡¡correspondingly¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡weight

of¡¡the¡¡machine¡£¡¡Thus¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡machine¡¡with

its¡¡258¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface£»¡¡weighing¡¡only¡¡600¡¡pounds

£¨without¡¡operator£©£»¡¡but¡¡requiring¡¡double¡¡the¡¡horsepower

of¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡538¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface

and¡¡weighing¡¡1£»100¡¡pounds¡£¡¡This¡¡demonstrates¡¡in¡¡a

forceful¡¡way¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡that¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡surface

the¡¡less¡¡power¡¡will¡¡be¡¡needed¡£



But¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡limit£»¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡its¡¡bulk¡¡and

awkwardness¡¡in¡¡handling£»¡¡beyond¡¡which¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡area

cannot¡¡be¡¡enlarged¡£¡¡Otherwise¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡to

equip¡¡and¡¡operate¡¡aeroplanes¡¡satisfactorily¡¡with¡¡engines

of¡¡15¡¡horsepower£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡less¡£



The¡¡Fuel¡¡Consumption¡¡Problem¡£



Fuel¡¡consumption¡¡is¡¡a¡¡prime¡¡factor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡production

of¡¡engine¡¡power¡£¡¡The¡¡veriest¡¡mechanical¡¡tyro¡¡knows¡¡in

a¡¡general¡¡way¡¡that¡¡the¡¡more¡¡power¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡the¡¡more

fuel¡¡must¡¡be¡¡consumed£»¡¡allowing¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡difference

in¡¡the¡¡power¡­producing¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡material

used¡£¡¡But¡¡few¡¡of¡¡us¡¡understand¡¡just¡¡what¡¡the¡¡ratio¡¡of

increase¡¡is£»¡¡or¡¡how¡¡it¡¡is¡¡caused¡£¡¡This¡¡proposition¡¡is¡¡one

of¡¡keen¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡aviation¡£



Let¡¡us¡¡cite¡¡a¡¡problem¡¡which¡¡will¡¡illustrate¡¡the¡¡point

quoted£º¡¡Allowing¡¡that¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡a¡¡given¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡gasolene

to¡¡propel¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡a¡¡given¡¡distance£»¡¡half¡¡the

way¡¡with¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡and¡¡half¡¡against¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡blowing

at¡¡one¡­half¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine£»¡¡what¡¡will¡¡be

the¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡fuel¡¡consumption£¿



Increase¡¡of¡¡Thirty¡¡Per¡¡Cent¡£



On¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡it¡¡there¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡call¡¡for

an¡¡increase¡¡as¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡met¡¡when¡¡going¡¡against¡¡the

wind¡¡is¡¡apparently¡¡offset¡¡by¡¡the¡¡propulsive¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the

wind¡¡when¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡travelling¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡This£»¡¡however£»

is¡¡called¡¡faulty¡¡reasoning¡£¡¡The¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡fuel

consumption£»¡¡as¡¡figured¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡F¡£¡¡W¡£¡¡Lanchester£»¡¡of¡¡the

Royal¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡Arts£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡fully¡¡30¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡over

the¡¡amount¡¡required¡¡for¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine

in¡¡still¡¡air¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡journey¡¡should¡¡be¡¡made¡¡at¡¡right

angles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡under¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conditions¡¡the¡¡increase

would¡¡be¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£



In¡¡other¡¡words¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lanchester¡¡maintains¡¡that¡¡the¡¡work

done¡¡by¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡in¡¡making¡¡headway¡¡against¡¡the¡¡wind

for¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡distance¡¡calls¡¡for¡¡more¡¡engine¡¡energy£»¡¡and

consequently¡¡more¡¡fuel¡¡by¡¡30¡¡per¡¡cent£»¡¡than¡¡is¡¡saved¡¡by

the¡¡helping¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡on¡¡the¡¡return¡¡journey¡£







CHAPTER¡¡XIV¡£



ABOUT¡¡WIND¡¡CURRENTS£»¡¡ETC¡£



One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡difficulties¡¡which¡¡the¡¡novice¡¡will

encounter¡¡is¡¡the¡¡uncertainty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡currents¡£¡¡With¡¡a

low¡¡velocity¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡some¡¡distance¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the

ground£»¡¡is¡¡ordinarily¡¡steady¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡velocity¡¡increases£»

however£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡generally¡¡becomes¡¡gusty¡¡and¡¡fitful

in¡¡its¡¡action¡£¡¡This£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡remembered£»¡¡does¡¡not

refer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡velocity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the

air¡¡itself¡£



In¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Arthur¡¡T¡£¡¡Atherholt£»¡¡president

of¡¡the¡¡Aero¡¡Club¡¡of¡¡Pennsylvania£»¡¡in¡¡addressing¡¡the

Boston¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡Scientific¡¡Research£»¡¡said£º



¡¨Probably¡¡the¡¡whirlpools¡¡of¡¡Niagara¡¡contain¡¡no¡¡more

erratic¡¡currents¡¡than¡¡the¡¡strata¡¡of¡¡air¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡immediately

above¡¡us£»¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡realize¡¡on¡¡account

of¡¡its¡¡invisibility¡£¡¨



Changes¡¡In¡¡Wind¡¡Currents¡£



While¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Atherholt's¡¡experience¡¡has¡¡been¡¡mainly

with¡¡balloons¡¡it¡¡is¡¡all¡¡the¡¡more¡¡valuable¡¡on¡¡this¡¡account£»

as¡¡the¡¡balloons¡¡were¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡and¡¡their

varying¡¡directions¡¡afforded¡¡an¡¡indisputable¡¡guide¡¡as¡¡to

the¡¡changing¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air¡¡currents¡£¡¡In¡¡speaking¡¡of

this¡¡he¡¡said£º



¡¨In¡¡the¡¡many¡¡trips¡¡taken£»¡¡varying¡¡in¡¡distance¡¡traversed

from¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡to¡¡900¡¡miles£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡never¡¡possible

except¡¡in¡¡one¡¡instance¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡a¡¡straight¡¡course¡£

These¡¡uncertain¡¡currents¡¡were¡¡most¡¡noticeable¡¡in¡¡the

Gordon¡­Bennett¡¡race¡¡from¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis¡¡in¡¡1907¡£¡¡Of¡¡the

nine¡¡aerostats¡¡competing¡¡in¡¡that¡¡event£»¡¡eight¡¡covered¡¡a

more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡direct¡¡course¡¡due¡¡east¡¡and¡¡southeast£»¡¡whereas

the¡¡writer£»¡¡with¡¡Major¡¡Henry¡¡B¡£¡¡Hersey£»¡¡first¡¡started

northwest£»¡¡then¡¡north£»¡¡northeast£»¡¡east£»¡¡east¡¡by¡¡south£»¡¡and

when¡¡over¡¡the¡¡center¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Erie¡¡were¡¡again¡¡blown

northwest¡¡notwithstanding¡¡that¡¡more¡¡favorable¡¡winds

were¡¡sought¡¡for¡¡at¡¡altitudes¡¡varying¡¡from¡¡100¡¡to¡¡3£»000

meters£»¡¡necessitating¡¡a¡¡finish¡¡in¡¡Canada¡¡nearly¡¡northeast

of¡¡the¡¡starting¡¡point¡£



¡¨These¡¡nine¡¡balloons£»¡¡making¡¡landings¡¡extending¡¡from

Lake¡¡Ontario£»¡¡Canada£»¡¡to¡¡Virginia£»¡¡all¡¡started¡¡from¡¡one

point¡¡within¡¡the¡¡same¡¡hour¡£



¡¨The¡¡single¡¡exception¡¡to¡¡these¡¡roving¡¡currents¡¡occurred

on¡¡October¡¡21st£»¡¡of¡¡last¡¡year¡¡£¨1909£©¡¡when£»¡¡starting

from¡¡Philadelphia£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡shifted¡¡more¡¡than¡¡eight

degrees£»¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡variation¡¡being¡¡at¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡altitudes£»

yet¡¡at¡¡no¡¡time¡¡was¡¡a¡¡height¡¡of¡¡over¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡reached¡£



¡¨Throughout¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡day¡¡the¡¡sky¡¡was¡¡overcast£»¡¡with

a¡¡thermometer¡¡varying¡¡from¡¡fifty¡­seven¡¡degrees¡¡at¡¡300

feet¡¡to¡¡forty¡­four¡¡degrees£»¡¡Fahrenheit¡¡at¡¡5£»000¡¡feet£»¡¡at

which¡¡altitude¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡had¡¡a¡¡velocity¡¡of¡¡43¡¡miles¡¡an


·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ