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Wind¡¡Pressure¡¡a¡¡Necessity¡£
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calm¡¡it¡¡were¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡770¡¡pounds£»
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Supporting¡¡Area¡¡of¡¡Birds¡£
One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡things¡¡which¡¡all¡¡producing¡¡aviators¡¡seek
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relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡area¡¡of¡¡support¡£¡¡Close¡¡investigation¡¡has
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the¡¡relative¡¡area¡¡of¡¡support¡¡required¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡a¡¡given
result¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡table£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Supporting
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Bird¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡sq¡£¡¡feet¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡lb¡£
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supporting¡¡area¡¡of¡¡about¡¡10¡¡square¡¡feet£»¡¡and¡¡weighs¡¡17
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£¨These¡¡figures¡¡are£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡approximate¡££©
Comparing¡¡the¡¡condor¡¡with¡¡the¡¡buzzard¡¡with¡¡a¡¡wing
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Comparison¡¡With¡¡Aeroplanes¡£
If¡¡we¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡figures¡¡with¡¡those¡¡made¡¡possible
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imitating¡¡the¡¡results¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡nature¡£¡¡Here¡¡are¡¡the
figures£º
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Machine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡sq¡£¡¡feet¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡lb¡£
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Antoinette¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡538¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£448
Curtiss¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡700¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡258¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡60¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£368
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Farman¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡430¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£358
Voisin¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡1£»200¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡538¡£00¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0¡£448
£§4£§¡¡The¡¡Wrights'¡¡new¡¡machine¡¡weighs¡¡only¡¡900¡¡pounds¡£
While¡¡the¡¡average¡¡supporting¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of
the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡more¡¡than¡¡overbalanced¡¡by¡¡the
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three¡quarters¡¡of¡¡a¡¡square¡¡foot¡¡per¡¡pound¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡average
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If¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machinewhich¡¡has¡¡a¡¡lifting¡¡power¡¡of¡¡50
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but¡¡it¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡a¡¡fair¡¡comparison¡£
More¡¡Surface£»¡¡Less¡¡Power¡£
Broadly¡¡speaking£»¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡supporting¡¡area¡¡the
less¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡power¡¡required¡£¡¡Wright£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of
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it¡¡stands¡¡to¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡a¡¡reduction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡area¡¡of
supporting¡¡surface¡¡will¡¡correspondingly¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡weight
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its¡¡258¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface£»¡¡weighing¡¡only¡¡600¡¡pounds
£¨without¡¡operator£©£»¡¡but¡¡requiring¡¡double¡¡the¡¡horsepower
of¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡538¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of¡¡surface
and¡¡weighing¡¡1£»100¡¡pounds¡£¡¡This¡¡demonstrates¡¡in¡¡a
forceful¡¡way¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡that¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡the¡¡surface
the¡¡less¡¡power¡¡will¡¡be¡¡needed¡£
But¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡limit£»¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡its¡¡bulk¡¡and
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cannot¡¡be¡¡enlarged¡£¡¡Otherwise¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡to
equip¡¡and¡¡operate¡¡aeroplanes¡¡satisfactorily¡¡with¡¡engines
of¡¡15¡¡horsepower£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡less¡£
The¡¡Fuel¡¡Consumption¡¡Problem¡£
Fuel¡¡consumption¡¡is¡¡a¡¡prime¡¡factor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡production
of¡¡engine¡¡power¡£¡¡The¡¡veriest¡¡mechanical¡¡tyro¡¡knows¡¡in
a¡¡general¡¡way¡¡that¡¡the¡¡more¡¡power¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡the¡¡more
fuel¡¡must¡¡be¡¡consumed£»¡¡allowing¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡difference
in¡¡the¡¡power¡producing¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡material
used¡£¡¡But¡¡few¡¡of¡¡us¡¡understand¡¡just¡¡what¡¡the¡¡ratio¡¡of
increase¡¡is£»¡¡or¡¡how¡¡it¡¡is¡¡caused¡£¡¡This¡¡proposition¡¡is¡¡one
of¡¡keen¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡aviation¡£
Let¡¡us¡¡cite¡¡a¡¡problem¡¡which¡¡will¡¡illustrate¡¡the¡¡point
quoted£º¡¡Allowing¡¡that¡¡it¡¡takes¡¡a¡¡given¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡gasolene
to¡¡propel¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡a¡¡given¡¡distance£»¡¡half¡¡the
way¡¡with¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡and¡¡half¡¡against¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡blowing
at¡¡one¡half¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine£»¡¡what¡¡will¡¡be
the¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡fuel¡¡consumption£¿
Increase¡¡of¡¡Thirty¡¡Per¡¡Cent¡£
On¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡it¡¡there¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡call¡¡for
an¡¡increase¡¡as¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡met¡¡when¡¡going¡¡against¡¡the
wind¡¡is¡¡apparently¡¡offset¡¡by¡¡the¡¡propulsive¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the
wind¡¡when¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡travelling¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¡This£»¡¡however£»
is¡¡called¡¡faulty¡¡reasoning¡£¡¡The¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡fuel
consumption£»¡¡as¡¡figured¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡F¡£¡¡W¡£¡¡Lanchester£»¡¡of¡¡the
Royal¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡Arts£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡fully¡¡30¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡over
the¡¡amount¡¡required¡¡for¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine
in¡¡still¡¡air¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡journey¡¡should¡¡be¡¡made¡¡at¡¡right
angles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡under¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conditions¡¡the¡¡increase
would¡¡be¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£
In¡¡other¡¡words¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Lanchester¡¡maintains¡¡that¡¡the¡¡work
done¡¡by¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡in¡¡making¡¡headway¡¡against¡¡the¡¡wind
for¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡distance¡¡calls¡¡for¡¡more¡¡engine¡¡energy£»¡¡and
consequently¡¡more¡¡fuel¡¡by¡¡30¡¡per¡¡cent£»¡¡than¡¡is¡¡saved¡¡by
the¡¡helping¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡on¡¡the¡¡return¡¡journey¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XIV¡£
ABOUT¡¡WIND¡¡CURRENTS£»¡¡ETC¡£
One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡difficulties¡¡which¡¡the¡¡novice¡¡will
encounter¡¡is¡¡the¡¡uncertainty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡currents¡£¡¡With¡¡a
low¡¡velocity¡¡the¡¡wind£»¡¡some¡¡distance¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the
ground£»¡¡is¡¡ordinarily¡¡steady¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡velocity¡¡increases£»
however£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡generally¡¡becomes¡¡gusty¡¡and¡¡fitful
in¡¡its¡¡action¡£¡¡This£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡remembered£»¡¡does¡¡not
refer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡velocity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the
air¡¡itself¡£
In¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Arthur¡¡T¡£¡¡Atherholt£»¡¡president
of¡¡the¡¡Aero¡¡Club¡¡of¡¡Pennsylvania£»¡¡in¡¡addressing¡¡the
Boston¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡Scientific¡¡Research£»¡¡said£º
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erratic¡¡currents¡¡than¡¡the¡¡strata¡¡of¡¡air¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡immediately
above¡¡us£»¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡realize¡¡on¡¡account
of¡¡its¡¡invisibility¡£¡¨
Changes¡¡In¡¡Wind¡¡Currents¡£
While¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Atherholt's¡¡experience¡¡has¡¡been¡¡mainly
with¡¡balloons¡¡it¡¡is¡¡all¡¡the¡¡more¡¡valuable¡¡on¡¡this¡¡account£»
as¡¡the¡¡balloons¡¡were¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡and¡¡their
varying¡¡directions¡¡afforded¡¡an¡¡indisputable¡¡guide¡¡as¡¡to
the¡¡changing¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air¡¡currents¡£¡¡In¡¡speaking¡¡of
this¡¡he¡¡said£º
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Gordon¡Bennett¡¡race¡¡from¡¡St¡£¡¡Louis¡¡in¡¡1907¡£¡¡Of¡¡the
nine¡¡aerostats¡¡competing¡¡in¡¡that¡¡event£»¡¡eight¡¡covered¡¡a
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the¡¡writer£»¡¡with¡¡Major¡¡Henry¡¡B¡£¡¡Hersey£»¡¡first¡¡started
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yet¡¡at¡¡no¡¡time¡¡was¡¡a¡¡height¡¡of¡¡over¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡reached¡£
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