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22¡¡1¡5s¡£¡¡Winner's¡¡prize£»¡¡10£»000¡£
AEROPLANES¡¡AND¡¡DIRIGIBLE¡¡BALLOONS¡¡IN¡¡WARFARE¡£
Wonderful¡¡progress¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of
the¡¡aeroplane¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡¡and¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡since¡¡1903£»¡¡and
within¡¡the¡¡last¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡years¡¡the¡¡leading¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡the
world¡¡have¡¡entered¡¡upon¡¡extensive¡¡tests¡¡and¡¡experiments¡¡to
determine¡¡its¡¡availability¡¡and¡¡usefulness¡¡in¡¡land¡¡and¡¡naval
warfare¡£
At¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time¡¡all¡¡the¡¡great¡¡powers¡¡are¡¡building¡¡or
purchasing¡¡aeroplanes¡¡on¡¡an¡¡extensive¡¡scale¡£¡¡They¡¡have
established¡¡government¡¡schools¡¡for¡¡the¡¡instruction¡¡of¡¡their
army¡¡and¡¡navy¡¡officers¡¡and¡¡for¡¡experimental¡¡work¡£¡¡So¡called
¡¨Airship¡¡Fleets¡¨¡¡have¡¡been¡¡constructed¡¡and¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡commission
as¡¡auxiliaries¡¡to¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡and¡¡navies¡£¡¡The¡¡fleets
of¡¡France¡¡and¡¡Germany¡¡are¡¡about¡¡equal¡¡and¡¡are¡¡larger¡¡by
far¡¡than¡¡those¡¡of¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡powers¡£¡¡The¡¡length¡¡of¡¡the
dirigibles¡¡composing¡¡these¡¡fleets¡¡runs¡¡from¡¡150¡¡to¡¡500¡¡feet£»
they¡¡are¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡engines¡¡of¡¡from¡¡50¡¡to¡¡500¡¡horse¡power£»
with¡¡a¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡speed¡¡ranging¡¡from¡¡20¡¡to¡¡30¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡£
Their¡¡approximate¡¡range¡¡is¡¡from¡¡200¡¡to¡¡900¡¡miles£»¡¡the¡¡longest
actual¡¡run¡¡£¨made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Zeppelin¡¡II£»¡¡Germany£©¡¡is¡¡800¡¡miles¡£
A¡¡British¡¡naval¡¡airship£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡yet¡¡built£»¡¡was
completed¡¡last¡¡summer¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡cost¡¡over¡¡200£»000£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was
in¡¡course¡¡of¡¡designing¡¡and¡¡construction¡¡two¡¡years¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡510
feet¡¡long£»¡¡can¡¡carry¡¡22¡¡persons£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡a¡¡lift¡¡of¡¡21¡¡tons¡£
The¡¡relative¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dirigible¡¡balloon¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aeroplane
in¡¡actual¡¡war¡¡is¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡be¡¡determined¡£¡¡The¡¡dirigible
is¡¡considered¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡safer£»¡¡yet¡¡several¡¡large¡¡balloons¡¡of¡¡this
class¡¡in¡¡Germany¡¡and¡¡France¡¡have¡¡met¡¡with¡¡disaster£»¡¡involving
loss¡¡of¡¡lives¡£¡¡The¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dirigible¡¡for¡¡longer
flights¡¡and¡¡its¡¡superior¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡carrying¡¡apparatus¡¡and
operators¡¡for¡¡wireless¡¡telegraphy¡¡are¡¡distinct¡¡advantages¡£
There¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡been¡¡much¡¡opportunity¡¡to¡¡test¡¡the¡¡airship
in¡¡actual¡¡warfare¡£¡¡The¡¡aeroplane¡¡has¡¡been¡¡used¡¡by¡¡the
Italians¡¡in¡¡Tripoli¡¡for¡¡scouting¡¡and¡¡reconnoitering¡¡and¡¡is¡¡said
to¡¡have¡¡justified¡¡expectations¡£¡¡On¡¡several¡¡occasions¡¡the¡¡Italian
military¡¡aviators¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemy£»¡¡in
one¡¡instance¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡forty¡¡miles¡¡inland¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the
attack¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Turks¡¡a¡¡skillful¡¡aeroplane¡¡reconnaissance¡¡revealed
the¡¡approach¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡Turkish¡¡force£»¡¡believed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡at
the¡¡time¡¡sixty¡¡miles¡¡away¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mountains¡£
Aeroplanes¡¡and¡¡airships£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡exist¡¡today£»¡¡would¡¡doubtless
render¡¡very¡¡valuable¡¡service¡¡in¡¡a¡¡time¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡both¡¡over
land¡¡and¡¡water£»¡¡in¡¡scouting£»¡¡reconnoitering£»¡¡carrying¡¡dispatches£»
and¡¡as¡¡some¡¡experts¡¡believe£»¡¡in¡¡locating¡¡submarines
and¡¡mines¡¡placed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡in¡¡channels¡¡of¡¡exits¡¡from¡¡ports¡£
A¡¡¡¨coast¡¡aeroplane¡¨¡¡could¡¡fly¡¡out¡¡30¡¡or¡¡40¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡land¡£
and¡¡rising¡¡to¡¡a¡¡great¡¡height£»¡¡descry¡¡any¡¡hostile¡¡ships¡¡on¡¡the
distant¡¡horizon£»¡¡observe¡¡their¡¡number£»¡¡strength£»¡¡formation¡¡and
direction£»¡¡and¡¡return¡¡within¡¡two¡¡hours¡¡with¡¡a¡¡report¡¡to¡¡obtain
which¡¡would¡¡require¡¡several¡¡swift¡¡torpedo¡boat¡¡destroyers
and¡¡a¡¡much¡¡greater¡¡time¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡as¡¡to¡¡whether¡¡it
would¡¡be¡¡practicable¡¡to¡¡bombard¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡on¡¡land¡¡or¡¡sea
with¡¡explosive¡¡bombs¡¡dropped¡¡or¡¡discharged¡¡from¡¡flying¡¡machines
or¡¡airships£»¡¡is¡¡one¡¡which¡¡is¡¡much¡¡discussed¡¡but¡¡hardly
yet¡¡determined¡£
Aeroplanes¡¡have¡¡been¡¡constructed¡¡with¡¡floats¡¡in¡¡the¡¡place
of¡¡runners¡¡and¡¡several¡¡attempts¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made£»¡¡in¡¡some
cases¡¡successfully£»¡¡to¡¡light¡¡with¡¡them¡¡on¡¡and¡¡to¡¡rise¡¡from¡¡the
water¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Curtiss¡¡did¡¡this¡¡at¡¡San¡¡Francisco£»¡¡in¡¡January£»
1911¡£¡¡Attempts¡¡have¡¡also¡¡been¡¡made¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡to
alight¡¡on¡¡and¡¡to¡¡take¡¡flight¡¡from¡¡the¡¡deck¡¡of¡¡a¡¡warship¡£¡¡Toward
the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡1910¡¡Aviator¡¡Ely¡¡flew¡¡to¡¡land¡¡from¡¡the
cruiser¡¡Birmingham£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡January£»¡¡1911£»¡¡he¡¡flew¡¡from¡¡land
and¡¡alighted¡¡on¡¡the¡¡cruiser¡¡Pennsylvania¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡these¡¡cases
special¡¡arrangements¡¡were¡¡made¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡hardly¡¡practicable
in¡¡a¡¡time¡¡of¡¡actual¡¡war¡£
In¡¡November£»¡¡1911£»¡¡a¡¡test¡¡was¡¡made¡¡at¡¡Newport£»¡¡R¡£¡¡I¡££»¡¡by
Lieut¡£¡¡Rodgers£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡navy£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¨hydro¡areoplane¡¨¡¡as¡¡an
auxiliary¡¡to¡¡a¡¡battleship¡£¡¡The¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡test¡¡was¡¡to¡¡alight
alongside¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ship£»¡¡hoist¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡aboard£»¡¡put¡¡out¡¡to¡¡sea
and¡¡launch¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡again¡¡with¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡a¡¡crane¡£¡¡Lieut¡£
Rodgers¡¡came¡¡down¡¡smoothly¡¡alongside¡¡the¡¡Ohio£»¡¡his¡¡machine
was¡¡easily¡¡drawn¡¡aboard¡¡with¡¡a¡¡crane£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Ohio¡¡steamed
down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡open¡¡sea£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡was¡¡blowing¡¡half¡¡a¡¡gale¡£¡¡But£»
owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡misjudgment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ship's¡¡headway£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the
wings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡when¡¡it¡¡struck¡¡the¡¡water¡¡after¡¡being
released¡¡from¡¡the¡¡crane£»¡¡went¡¡under¡¡the¡¡water¡¡and¡¡was
snapped¡¡off¡£¡¡Lieut¡£¡¡Rodgers¡¡was¡¡convinced¡¡that¡¡this¡¡method
was¡¡too¡¡risky¡¡and¡¡that¡¡some¡¡other¡¡must¡¡be¡¡devised¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XXVIII¡£
GLOSSARY¡¡OF¡¡AERONAUTICAL¡¡TERMS¡£
Aerodrome¡£Literally¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡that¡¡runs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£
Aerofoil¡£The¡¡advancing¡¡transverse¡¡section¡¡of¡¡an¡¡aeroplane¡£
Aeroplane¡£A¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡¡pattern£»
used¡¡in¡¡contra¡distinction¡¡to¡¡a¡¡dirigible¡¡balloon¡£
Aeronaut¡£A¡¡person¡¡who¡¡travels¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£
Aerostat¡£A¡¡machine¡¡sustaining¡¡weight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡A
balloon¡¡is¡¡an¡¡aerostat¡£
Aerostatic¡£Pertaining¡¡to¡¡suspension¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡the
art¡¡of¡¡aerial¡¡navigation¡£
Ailerons¡£Small¡¡stabilizing¡¡planes¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡main
planes¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡in¡¡preserving¡¡equilibrium¡£
Angle¡¡of¡¡Incidence¡£Angle¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡making¡¡comparison
with¡¡a¡¡perpendicular¡¡line¡¡or¡¡body¡£
Angle¡¡of¡¡Inclination¡£Angle¡¡at¡¡which¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine
rises¡£¡¡This¡¡angle£»¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡incidence£»¡¡is¡¡obtained
by¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡an¡¡upright£»¡¡or¡¡perpendicular¡¡line¡£
Auxiliary¡¡Planes¡£Minor¡¡plane¡¡surfaces£»¡¡used¡¡in¡¡conjunction
with¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡for¡¡stabilizing¡¡purposes¡£
Biplane¡£A¡¡flying¡machine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡¡type¡¡with¡¡two
surface¡¡planes¡£
Blade¡¡Twist¡£The¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡twist¡¡or¡¡curvature¡¡on¡¡a
propeller¡¡blade¡£
Cambered¡£Curve¡¡or¡¡arch¡¡in¡¡plane£»¡¡or¡¡wing¡¡from¡¡port
to¡¡starboard¡£
Chassis¡£The¡¡under¡¡framework¡¡of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine£»¡¡the
framework¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£
Control¡£System¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡rudders¡¡and¡¡stabilizing
planes¡¡are¡¡manipulated¡£
Dihedral¡£Having¡¡two¡¡sides¡¡and¡¡set¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle£»¡¡like
dihedral¡¡planes£»¡¡or¡¡dihedral¡¡propeller¡¡blades¡£
Dirigible¡£Obedient¡¡to¡¡a¡¡rudder£»¡¡something¡¡that¡¡may
be¡¡steered¡¡or¡¡directed¡£
Helicopter¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡the¡¡lifting¡¡power¡¡of¡¡which
is¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡vertical¡¡propellers¡£
Lateral¡¡Curvature¡£Parabolic¡¡form¡¡in¡¡a¡¡transverse¡¡direction¡£
Lateral¡¡Equilibrium¡¡or¡¡Stability¡£Maintenance¡¡of¡¡the
machine¡¡on¡¡an¡¡even¡¡keel¡¡transversely¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡lateral
equilibrium¡¡is¡¡perfect¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine
will¡¡be¡¡on¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡level¡£
Longitudinal¡¡Equilibrium¡¡or¡¡Stability¡£Maintenance¡¡of
the¡¡machine¡¡on¡¡an¡¡even¡¡keel¡¡from¡¡front¡¡to¡¡rear¡£
Monoplane¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡one¡¡supporting£»¡¡or
surface¡¡plane¡£
Multiplane¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡surface
planes¡£
Ornithopter¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡movable¡¡bird¡like
wings¡£
Parabolic¡¡Curves¡£Having¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡a¡¡parabolaa
conic¡¡section¡£
Pitch¡¡of¡¡Propeller¡¡Blade¡£See¡¡¡¨Twist¡£¡¨
Ribs¡£The¡¡pieces¡¡over¡¡which¡¡the¡¡cloth¡¡covering¡¡is
stretched¡£
Spread¡£The¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡end¡¡to¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface£»
the¡¡transverse¡¡dimension¡£
Stanchions¡£Upright¡¡pieces¡¡connecting¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and
lower¡¡frames¡£
Struts¡£The¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡hold¡¡together¡¡longitudinally
the¡¡main¡¡frame¡¡beams¡£
Superposed¡£Placed¡¡one¡¡over¡¡another¡£
Surface¡¡Area¡£The¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡cloth¡covered¡¡supporting
surface¡¡which¡¡furnishes¡¡the¡¡sustaining¡¡quality¡£
Sustentation¡£Suspension¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡Power¡¡of¡¡sustentation£»
the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡sustaining¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£
Triplane¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡three¡¡surface¡¡planes¡£
Thrust¡¡of¡¡Propeller¡£Power¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡blades¡¡displace
the¡¡air¡£
Width¡£The¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡front¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡edge
of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£
Wind¡¡Pressure¡£The¡¡force¡¡exerted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡when
a¡¡body¡¡is¡¡moving¡¡against¡¡it¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡always¡¡more
or¡¡less¡¡wind¡¡pressure£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡a¡¡calm¡£
Wing¡¡Tips¡£The¡¡extreme¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface
planes¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡these¡¡are¡¡movable¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the
main¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡separate¡¡auxiliary¡¡planes¡£
End¡¡