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race¡¡ever¡¡held¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡was¡¡started¡¡from

New¡¡York¡¡City¡¡on¡¡August¡¡5£»¡¡and¡¡finished¡¡in¡¡Philadelphia¡¡the

same¡¡day¡£¡¡The¡¡prize¡¡of¡¡5£»000¡¡was¡¡offered¡¡by¡¡a¡¡commercial

concern¡¡with¡¡stores¡¡in¡¡the¡¡two¡¡cities£º¡¡Three¡¡entrants¡¡competed

from¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡Exhibition¡¡Company¡£¡¡The¡¡distance

was¡¡approximately¡¡83¡¡miles¡¡and¡¡won¡¡by¡¡L¡£¡¡Beachey¡¡in¡¡a

Curtiss¡¡machine¡¡in¡¡1h¡£¡¡50m¡£¡¡at¡¡an¡¡average¡¡speed¡¡of¡¡45¡¡miles

per¡¡hour¡£



Tri¡­State¡¡Race¡£The¡¡tri¡­state¡¡race¡¡was¡¡the¡¡feature¡¡event

of¡¡the¡¡Harvard¡¡Aviation¡¡Society¡¡meet¡¡held¡¡at¡¡Squantum£»

Mass¡££»¡¡August¡¡26¡¡to¡¡September¡¡6¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡held¡¡Labor¡¡Day£»

September¡¡4£»¡¡over¡¡a¡¡course¡¡of¡¡174¡¡miles£»¡¡from¡¡Boston¡¡to

Nashua¡¡to¡¡Worcester¡¡to¡¡Providence¡¡to¡¡Boston¡£¡¡Four¡¡competitors

started£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡two¡¡finished£»¡¡the¡¡winner£»¡¡E¡£¡¡Ovington£»

in¡¡a¡¡Bleriot¡¡machine¡£¡¡Ovington's¡¡net¡¡flying¡¡time£»¡¡3h¡£¡¡6m¡£

22¡¡1¡­5s¡£¡¡Winner's¡¡prize£»¡¡10£»000¡£



AEROPLANES¡¡AND¡¡DIRIGIBLE¡¡BALLOONS¡¡IN¡¡WARFARE¡£



Wonderful¡¡progress¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of

the¡¡aeroplane¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡¡and¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡since¡¡1903£»¡¡and

within¡¡the¡¡last¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡years¡¡the¡¡leading¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡the

world¡¡have¡¡entered¡¡upon¡¡extensive¡¡tests¡¡and¡¡experiments¡¡to

determine¡¡its¡¡availability¡¡and¡¡usefulness¡¡in¡¡land¡¡and¡¡naval

warfare¡£



At¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time¡¡all¡¡the¡¡great¡¡powers¡¡are¡¡building¡¡or

purchasing¡¡aeroplanes¡¡on¡¡an¡¡extensive¡¡scale¡£¡¡They¡¡have

established¡¡government¡¡schools¡¡for¡¡the¡¡instruction¡¡of¡¡their

army¡¡and¡¡navy¡¡officers¡¡and¡¡for¡¡experimental¡¡work¡£¡¡So¡­called

¡¨Airship¡¡Fleets¡¨¡¡have¡¡been¡¡constructed¡¡and¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡commission

as¡¡auxiliaries¡¡to¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡and¡¡navies¡£¡¡The¡¡fleets

of¡¡France¡¡and¡¡Germany¡¡are¡¡about¡¡equal¡¡and¡¡are¡¡larger¡¡by

far¡¡than¡¡those¡¡of¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡powers¡£¡¡The¡¡length¡¡of¡¡the

dirigibles¡¡composing¡¡these¡¡fleets¡¡runs¡¡from¡¡150¡¡to¡¡500¡¡feet£»

they¡¡are¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡engines¡¡of¡¡from¡¡50¡¡to¡¡500¡¡horse¡­power£»

with¡¡a¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡speed¡¡ranging¡¡from¡¡20¡¡to¡¡30¡¡miles¡¡per¡¡hour¡£

Their¡¡approximate¡¡range¡¡is¡¡from¡¡200¡¡to¡¡900¡¡miles£»¡¡the¡¡longest

actual¡¡run¡¡£¨made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Zeppelin¡¡II£»¡¡Germany£©¡¡is¡¡800¡¡miles¡£



A¡¡British¡¡naval¡¡airship£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡yet¡¡built£»¡¡was

completed¡¡last¡¡summer¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡cost¡¡over¡¡200£»000£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was

in¡¡course¡¡of¡¡designing¡¡and¡¡construction¡¡two¡¡years¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡510

feet¡¡long£»¡¡can¡¡carry¡¡22¡¡persons£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡a¡¡lift¡¡of¡¡21¡¡tons¡£



The¡¡relative¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dirigible¡¡balloon¡¡and¡¡the¡¡aeroplane

in¡¡actual¡¡war¡¡is¡¡yet¡¡to¡¡be¡¡determined¡£¡¡The¡¡dirigible

is¡¡considered¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡safer£»¡¡yet¡¡several¡¡large¡¡balloons¡¡of¡¡this

class¡¡in¡¡Germany¡¡and¡¡France¡¡have¡¡met¡¡with¡¡disaster£»¡¡involving

loss¡¡of¡¡lives¡£¡¡The¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dirigible¡¡for¡¡longer

flights¡¡and¡¡its¡¡superior¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡carrying¡¡apparatus¡¡and

operators¡¡for¡¡wireless¡¡telegraphy¡¡are¡¡distinct¡¡advantages¡£



There¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡been¡¡much¡¡opportunity¡¡to¡¡test¡¡the¡¡airship

in¡¡actual¡¡warfare¡£¡¡The¡¡aeroplane¡¡has¡¡been¡¡used¡¡by¡¡the

Italians¡¡in¡¡Tripoli¡¡for¡¡scouting¡¡and¡¡reconnoitering¡¡and¡¡is¡¡said

to¡¡have¡¡justified¡¡expectations¡£¡¡On¡¡several¡¡occasions¡¡the¡¡Italian

military¡¡aviators¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemy£»¡¡in

one¡¡instance¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡forty¡¡miles¡¡inland¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the

attack¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Turks¡¡a¡¡skillful¡¡aeroplane¡¡reconnaissance¡¡revealed

the¡¡approach¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡Turkish¡¡force£»¡¡believed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡at

the¡¡time¡¡sixty¡¡miles¡¡away¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mountains¡£



Aeroplanes¡¡and¡¡airships£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡exist¡¡today£»¡¡would¡¡doubtless

render¡¡very¡¡valuable¡¡service¡¡in¡¡a¡¡time¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡both¡¡over

land¡¡and¡¡water£»¡¡in¡¡scouting£»¡¡reconnoitering£»¡¡carrying¡¡dispatches£»

and¡¡as¡¡some¡¡experts¡¡believe£»¡¡in¡¡locating¡¡submarines

and¡¡mines¡¡placed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡in¡¡channels¡¡of¡¡exits¡¡from¡¡ports¡£

A¡¡¡¨coast¡¡aeroplane¡¨¡¡could¡¡fly¡¡out¡¡30¡¡or¡¡40¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡land¡£

and¡¡rising¡¡to¡¡a¡¡great¡¡height£»¡¡descry¡¡any¡¡hostile¡¡ships¡¡on¡¡the

distant¡¡horizon£»¡¡observe¡¡their¡¡number£»¡¡strength£»¡¡formation¡¡and

direction£»¡¡and¡¡return¡¡within¡¡two¡¡hours¡¡with¡¡a¡¡report¡¡to¡¡obtain

which¡¡would¡¡require¡¡several¡¡swift¡¡torpedo¡­boat¡¡destroyers

and¡¡a¡¡much¡¡greater¡¡time¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡as¡¡to¡¡whether¡¡it

would¡¡be¡¡practicable¡¡to¡¡bombard¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡on¡¡land¡¡or¡¡sea

with¡¡explosive¡¡bombs¡¡dropped¡¡or¡¡discharged¡¡from¡¡flying¡¡machines

or¡¡airships£»¡¡is¡¡one¡¡which¡¡is¡¡much¡¡discussed¡¡but¡¡hardly

yet¡¡determined¡£



Aeroplanes¡¡have¡¡been¡¡constructed¡¡with¡¡floats¡¡in¡¡the¡¡place

of¡¡runners¡¡and¡¡several¡¡attempts¡¡have¡¡been¡¡made£»¡¡in¡¡some

cases¡¡successfully£»¡¡to¡¡light¡¡with¡¡them¡¡on¡¡and¡¡to¡¡rise¡¡from¡¡the

water¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Curtiss¡¡did¡¡this¡¡at¡¡San¡¡Francisco£»¡¡in¡¡January£»

1911¡£¡¡Attempts¡¡have¡¡also¡¡been¡¡made¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡to

alight¡¡on¡¡and¡¡to¡¡take¡¡flight¡¡from¡¡the¡¡deck¡¡of¡¡a¡¡warship¡£¡¡Toward

the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡1910¡¡Aviator¡¡Ely¡¡flew¡¡to¡¡land¡¡from¡¡the

cruiser¡¡Birmingham£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡January£»¡¡1911£»¡¡he¡¡flew¡¡from¡¡land

and¡¡alighted¡¡on¡¡the¡¡cruiser¡¡Pennsylvania¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡these¡¡cases

special¡¡arrangements¡¡were¡¡made¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡hardly¡¡practicable

in¡¡a¡¡time¡¡of¡¡actual¡¡war¡£



In¡¡November£»¡¡1911£»¡¡a¡¡test¡¡was¡¡made¡¡at¡¡Newport£»¡¡R¡£¡¡I¡££»¡¡by

Lieut¡£¡¡Rodgers£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡navy£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¨hydro¡­areoplane¡¨¡¡as¡¡an

auxiliary¡¡to¡¡a¡¡battleship¡£¡¡The¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡test¡¡was¡¡to¡¡alight

alongside¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ship£»¡¡hoist¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡aboard£»¡¡put¡¡out¡¡to¡¡sea

and¡¡launch¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡again¡¡with¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡a¡¡crane¡£¡¡Lieut¡£

Rodgers¡¡came¡¡down¡¡smoothly¡¡alongside¡¡the¡¡Ohio£»¡¡his¡¡machine

was¡¡easily¡¡drawn¡¡aboard¡¡with¡¡a¡¡crane£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Ohio¡¡steamed

down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡open¡¡sea£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡was¡¡blowing¡¡half¡¡a¡¡gale¡£¡¡But£»

owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡misjudgment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ship's¡¡headway£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the

wings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡when¡¡it¡¡struck¡¡the¡¡water¡¡after¡¡being

released¡¡from¡¡the¡¡crane£»¡¡went¡¡under¡¡the¡¡water¡¡and¡¡was

snapped¡¡off¡£¡¡Lieut¡£¡¡Rodgers¡¡was¡¡convinced¡¡that¡¡this¡¡method

was¡¡too¡¡risky¡¡and¡¡that¡¡some¡¡other¡¡must¡¡be¡¡devised¡£







CHAPTER¡¡XXVIII¡£



GLOSSARY¡¡OF¡¡AERONAUTICAL¡¡TERMS¡£



Aerodrome¡£Literally¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡that¡¡runs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£

Aerofoil¡£The¡¡advancing¡¡transverse¡¡section¡¡of¡¡an¡¡aeroplane¡£



Aeroplane¡£A¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡¡pattern£»

used¡¡in¡¡contra¡­distinction¡¡to¡¡a¡¡dirigible¡¡balloon¡£



Aeronaut¡£A¡¡person¡¡who¡¡travels¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£



Aerostat¡£A¡¡machine¡¡sustaining¡¡weight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡A

balloon¡¡is¡¡an¡¡aerostat¡£



Aerostatic¡£Pertaining¡¡to¡¡suspension¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡the

art¡¡of¡¡aerial¡¡navigation¡£



Ailerons¡£Small¡¡stabilizing¡¡planes¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡main

planes¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡in¡¡preserving¡¡equilibrium¡£



Angle¡¡of¡¡Incidence¡£Angle¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡making¡¡comparison

with¡¡a¡¡perpendicular¡¡line¡¡or¡¡body¡£



Angle¡¡of¡¡Inclination¡£Angle¡¡at¡¡which¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine

rises¡£¡¡This¡¡angle£»¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡incidence£»¡¡is¡¡obtained

by¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡an¡¡upright£»¡¡or¡¡perpendicular¡¡line¡£



Auxiliary¡¡Planes¡£Minor¡¡plane¡¡surfaces£»¡¡used¡¡in¡¡conjunction

with¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡for¡¡stabilizing¡¡purposes¡£



Biplane¡£A¡¡flying¡­machine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glider¡¡type¡¡with¡¡two

surface¡¡planes¡£



Blade¡¡Twist¡£The¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡twist¡¡or¡¡curvature¡¡on¡¡a

propeller¡¡blade¡£



Cambered¡£Curve¡¡or¡¡arch¡¡in¡¡plane£»¡¡or¡¡wing¡¡from¡¡port

to¡¡starboard¡£



Chassis¡£The¡¡under¡¡framework¡¡of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine£»¡¡the

framework¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£



Control¡£System¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡rudders¡¡and¡¡stabilizing

planes¡¡are¡¡manipulated¡£



Dihedral¡£Having¡¡two¡¡sides¡¡and¡¡set¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle£»¡¡like

dihedral¡¡planes£»¡¡or¡¡dihedral¡¡propeller¡¡blades¡£



Dirigible¡£Obedient¡¡to¡¡a¡¡rudder£»¡¡something¡¡that¡¡may

be¡¡steered¡¡or¡¡directed¡£



Helicopter¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡the¡¡lifting¡¡power¡¡of¡¡which

is¡¡furnished¡¡by¡¡vertical¡¡propellers¡£



Lateral¡¡Curvature¡£Parabolic¡¡form¡¡in¡¡a¡¡transverse¡¡direction¡£



Lateral¡¡Equilibrium¡¡or¡¡Stability¡£Maintenance¡¡of¡¡the

machine¡¡on¡¡an¡¡even¡¡keel¡¡transversely¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡lateral

equilibrium¡¡is¡¡perfect¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine

will¡¡be¡¡on¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡level¡£



Longitudinal¡¡Equilibrium¡¡or¡¡Stability¡£Maintenance¡¡of

the¡¡machine¡¡on¡¡an¡¡even¡¡keel¡¡from¡¡front¡¡to¡¡rear¡£



Monoplane¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡one¡¡supporting£»¡¡or

surface¡¡plane¡£



Multiplane¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡surface

planes¡£



Ornithopter¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡movable¡¡bird¡­like

wings¡£



Parabolic¡¡Curves¡£Having¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡a¡¡parabolaa

conic¡¡section¡£



Pitch¡¡of¡¡Propeller¡¡Blade¡£See¡¡¡¨Twist¡£¡¨



Ribs¡£The¡¡pieces¡¡over¡¡which¡¡the¡¡cloth¡¡covering¡¡is

stretched¡£



Spread¡£The¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡end¡¡to¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface£»

the¡¡transverse¡¡dimension¡£



Stanchions¡£Upright¡¡pieces¡¡connecting¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and

lower¡¡frames¡£



Struts¡£The¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡hold¡¡together¡¡longitudinally

the¡¡main¡¡frame¡¡beams¡£



Superposed¡£Placed¡¡one¡¡over¡¡another¡£



Surface¡¡Area¡£The¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡cloth¡­covered¡¡supporting

surface¡¡which¡¡furnishes¡¡the¡¡sustaining¡¡quality¡£



Sustentation¡£Suspension¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡Power¡¡of¡¡sustentation£»

the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡sustaining¡¡a¡¡weight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£



Triplane¡£Flying¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡three¡¡surface¡¡planes¡£



Thrust¡¡of¡¡Propeller¡£Power¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡blades¡¡displace

the¡¡air¡£



Width¡£The¡¡distance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡front¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡edge

of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£



Wind¡¡Pressure¡£The¡¡force¡¡exerted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡when

a¡¡body¡¡is¡¡moving¡¡against¡¡it¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡always¡¡more

or¡¡less¡¡wind¡¡pressure£»¡¡even¡¡in¡¡a¡¡calm¡£



Wing¡¡Tips¡£The¡¡extreme¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡surface

planes¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡these¡¡are¡¡movable¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the

main¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡separate¡¡auxiliary¡¡planes¡£











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