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flying machines-µÚ4ÕÂ

С˵£º flying machines ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

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¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




while¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡plane¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡serves¡¡the¡¡same¡¡purpose

as¡¡the¡¡bird's¡¡tail¡£







CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£



VARIOUS¡¡FORMS¡¡OF¡¡FLYING¡¡MACHINES¡£



There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡distinct¡¡and¡¡radically¡¡different¡¡forms

of¡¡flying¡¡machines¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º



Aeroplanes£»¡¡helicopters¡¡and¡¡ornithopers¡£



Of¡¡these¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡takes¡¡precedence¡¡and¡¡is¡¡used

almost¡¡exclusively¡¡by¡¡successful¡¡aviators£»¡¡the¡¡helicopters

and¡¡ornithopers¡¡having¡¡been¡¡tried¡¡and¡¡found¡¡lacking¡¡in

some¡¡vital¡¡features£»¡¡while¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡in¡¡some

respects¡¡the¡¡helicopter¡¡has¡¡advantages¡¡not¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the

aeroplane¡£



What¡¡the¡¡Helicopter¡¡Is¡£



The¡¡helicopter¡¡gets¡¡its¡¡name¡¡from¡¡being¡¡fitted¡¡with

vertical¡¡propellers¡¡or¡¡helices¡¡£¨see¡¡illustration£©¡¡by¡¡the

action¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡raised¡¡directly¡¡from¡¡the

ground¡¡into¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡This¡¡does¡¡away¡¡with¡¡the¡¡necessity

for¡¡getting¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡under¡¡a¡¡gliding¡¡headway¡¡before

it¡¡floats£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡the¡¡case¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡and¡¡consequently

the¡¡helicopter¡¡can¡¡be¡¡handled¡¡in¡¡a¡¡much¡¡smaller

space¡¡than¡¡is¡¡required¡¡for¡¡an¡¡aeroplane¡£¡¡This£»¡¡in¡¡many

instances£»¡¡is¡¡an¡¡important¡¡advantage£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only

one¡¡the¡¡helicopter¡¡possesses£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡more¡¡than¡¡overcome

by¡¡its¡¡drawbacks¡£¡¡The¡¡most¡¡serious¡¡of¡¡these¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the

helicopter¡¡is¡¡deficient¡¡in¡¡sustaining¡¡capacity£»¡¡and¡¡requires

too¡¡much¡¡motive¡¡power¡£



Form¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ornithopter¡£



The¡¡ornithopter¡¡has¡¡hinged¡¡planes¡¡which¡¡work¡¡like

the¡¡wings¡¡of¡¡a¡¡bird¡£¡¡At¡¡first¡¡thought¡¡this¡¡would¡¡seem

to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡principle£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡experimenters

conducted¡¡their¡¡operations¡¡on¡¡this¡¡line¡£¡¡It

is¡¡now¡¡generally¡¡understood£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡in

soaring¡¡is¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡an¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡its¡¡extended¡¡wings

serving¡¡to¡¡sustain£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡propel£»¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡At¡¡any

rate¡¡the¡¡ornithoper¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡successful¡¡in¡¡aviation£»

and¡¡has¡¡been¡¡interesting¡¡mainly¡¡as¡¡an¡¡ingenious¡¡toy¡£

Attempts¡¡to¡¡construct¡¡it¡¡on¡¡a¡¡scale¡¡that¡¡would¡¡permit

of¡¡its¡¡use¡¡by¡¡man¡¡in¡¡actual¡¡aerial¡¡flights¡¡have¡¡been¡¡far

from¡¡encouraging¡£



Three¡¡Kinds¡¡of¡¡Aeroplanes¡£



There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡aeroplanes£»¡¡with¡¡all¡¡of¡¡which

more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡success¡¡has¡¡been¡¡attained¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º



The¡¡monoplane£»¡¡a¡¡one¡­surfaced¡¡plane£»¡¡like¡¡that¡¡used

by¡¡Bleriot¡£



The¡¡biplane£»¡¡a¡¡two¡­surfaced¡¡plane£»¡¡now¡¡used¡¡by¡¡the

Wrights£»¡¡Curtiss£»¡¡Farman£»¡¡and¡¡others¡£



The¡¡triplane£»¡¡a¡¡three¡­surfaced¡¡plane¡¡This¡¡form¡¡is

but¡¡little¡¡used£»¡¡its¡¡only¡¡prominent¡¡advocate¡¡at¡¡present

being¡¡Elle¡¡Lavimer£»¡¡a¡¡Danish¡¡experimenter£»¡¡who¡¡has¡¡not

thus¡¡far¡¡accomplished¡¡much¡£



Whatever¡¡of¡¡real¡¡success¡¡has¡¡been¡¡accomplished¡¡in

aviation¡¡may¡¡be¡¡credited¡¡to¡¡the¡¡monoplane¡¡and¡¡biplane£»

with¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡£¡¡The¡¡monoplane

is¡¡the¡¡more¡¡simple¡¡in¡¡construction¡¡and£»¡¡where¡¡weight¡­

sustaining¡¡capacity¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡prime¡¡requisite£»¡¡may

probably¡¡be¡¡found¡¡the¡¡most¡¡convenient¡£¡¡This¡¡opinion¡¡is

based¡¡on¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡smaller¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the

plane¡¡the¡¡less¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡air£»

and¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡machine

may¡¡be¡¡moved¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡biplane¡¡has¡¡a

much¡¡greater¡¡plane¡¡surface¡¡£¨double¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡monoplane

of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡size£©¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡much¡¡greater¡¡weight¡­

carrying¡¡capacity¡£



Differences¡¡in¡¡Biplanes¡£



While¡¡all¡¡biplanes¡¡are¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡general¡¡construction

so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡concerned£»¡¡each¡¡aviator

has¡¡his¡¡own¡¡ideas¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨rigging¡£¡¨



Wright£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡places¡¡a¡¡double¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder

in¡¡front£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rear¡£¡¡There

are¡¡no¡¡partitions¡¡between¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡the

bicycle¡¡wheels¡¡used¡¡on¡¡other¡¡forms¡¡are¡¡replaced¡¡by¡¡skids¡£



Voisin£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡divides¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡with

vertical¡¡partitions¡¡to¡¡increase¡¡stability¡¡in¡¡turning£»¡¡uses

a¡¡single¡­plane¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡big¡¡box¡­

tail¡¡with¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rear£»¡¡also¡¡the¡¡bicycle

wheels¡£



Curtiss¡¡attaches¡¡horizontal¡¡stabilizing¡¡surfaces¡¡to¡¡the

upper¡¡plane£»¡¡has¡¡a¡¡double¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front£»

with¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡and¡¡horizontal¡¡stabilizing¡¡surfaces

in¡¡rear¡£¡¡Also¡¡the¡¡bicycle¡¡wheel¡¡alighting¡¡gear¡£







CHAPTER¡¡V¡£



CONSTRUCTING¡¡A¡¡GLIDING¡¡MACHINE¡£



First¡¡decide¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡you¡¡want

monoplane£»¡¡biplane£»¡¡or¡¡triplane¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡novice¡¡the¡¡biplane

will£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule£»¡¡be¡¡found¡¡the¡¡most¡¡satisfactory¡¡as

it¡¡is¡¡more¡¡compact¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡handled¡£

This¡¡will¡¡be¡¡easily¡¡understood¡¡when¡¡we¡¡realize¡¡that¡¡the

surface¡¡of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡should¡¡be¡¡laid¡¡out¡¡in¡¡proportion

to¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡weight¡¡it¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡sustain¡£

The¡¡generally¡¡accepted¡¡rule¡¡is¡¡that¡¡152¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of

surface¡¡will¡¡sustain¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡an¡¡average¡­sized¡¡man£»

say¡¡170¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Now¡¡it¡¡follows¡¡that¡¡if¡¡these¡¡152¡¡square

feet¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡are¡¡used¡¡in¡¡one¡¡plane£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡monoplane£»

the¡¡length¡¡and¡¡width¡¡of¡¡this¡¡plane¡¡must¡¡be¡¡greater

than¡¡if¡¡the¡¡same¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡using

two¡¡planesthe¡¡biplane¡£¡¡This¡¡results¡¡in¡¡the¡¡biplane

being¡¡more¡¡compact¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡more¡¡readily¡¡manipulated

than¡¡the¡¡monoplane£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡an¡¡important¡¡item

for¡¡a¡¡novice¡£



Glider¡¡the¡¡Basis¡¡of¡¡Success¡£



Flying¡¡machines¡¡without¡¡motors¡¡are¡¡called¡¡gliders¡£¡¡In

making¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡you¡¡first¡¡construct¡¡the¡¡glider¡£

If¡¡you¡¡use¡¡it¡¡in¡¡this¡¡form¡¡it¡¡remains¡¡a¡¡glider¡£¡¡If¡¡you

install¡¡a¡¡motor¡¡it¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£¡¡You¡¡must

have¡¡a¡¡good¡¡glider¡¡as¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡flying

machine¡£



It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡for¡¡the¡¡novice£»¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡has¡¡never

had¡¡any¡¡experience¡¡as¡¡an¡¡aviator£»¡¡to¡¡begin¡¡with¡¡a¡¡glider

and¡¡master¡¡its¡¡construction¡¡and¡¡operation¡¡before¡¡he

essays¡¡the¡¡more¡¡pretentious¡¡task¡¡of¡¡handling¡¡a¡¡fully¡­

equipped¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡essential¡¡that¡¡he

should¡¡do¡¡so¡£



Plans¡¡for¡¡Handy¡¡Glider¡£



A¡¡glider¡¡with¡¡a¡¡spread¡¡£¨advancing¡¡edge£©¡¡of¡¡20¡¡feet£»¡¡and

a¡¡breadth¡¡or¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡4¡¡feet£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡about¡¡right¡¡to¡¡begin

with¡£¡¡Two¡¡planes¡¡of¡¡this¡¡size¡¡will¡¡give¡¡the¡¡152¡¡square

yards¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡weight¡£

Remember¡¡that¡¡in¡¡referring¡¡to¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡measurements

¡¨spread¡¨¡¡takes¡¡the¡¡place¡¡of¡¡what¡¡would¡¡ordinarily

be¡¡called¡¡¡¨length£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡invariably¡¡applies¡¡to¡¡the¡¡long

or¡¡advancing¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡which¡¡cuts¡¡into¡¡the¡¡air¡£

Thus£»¡¡a¡¡glider¡¡is¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡as¡¡being¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡spread£»¡¡and

4¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡as¡¡mastering¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the

machine¡¡is¡¡concerned£»¡¡learning¡¡to¡¡balance¡¡one's¡¡self¡¡in

the¡¡air£»¡¡guiding¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡in¡¡any¡¡desired¡¡direction¡¡by

changing¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡all¡¡this¡¡may¡¡be

learned¡¡just¡¡as¡¡readily£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡more¡¡so£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡20¡­

foot¡¡glider¡¡than¡¡with¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡apparatus¡£



Kind¡¡of¡¡Material¡¡Required¡£



There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡all¡­important¡¡features¡¡in¡¡flying¡¡machine

construction£»¡¡viz¡££º¡¡lightness£»¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡extreme

rigidity¡£¡¡Spruce¡¡is¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡generally¡¡used¡¡for¡¡glider

frames¡£¡¡Oak£»¡¡ash¡¡and¡¡hickory¡¡are¡¡all¡¡stronger£»¡¡but¡¡they

are¡¡also¡¡considerably¡¡heavier£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡the¡¡saving¡¡of

weight¡¡is¡¡essential£»¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡is¡¡largely¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of

spruce¡£¡¡This¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡table£º



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tensile¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Compressive

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡cubic¡¡ft¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength

¡¡¡¡¡¡Wood¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lbs¡£¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡in¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡lbs¡£¡¡per¡¡sq¡¡in¡£

Hickory¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡53¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»500

Oak¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9£»000

Ash¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6£»000

Walnut¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6£»000

Spruce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000

Pine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4£»500





Considering¡¡the¡¡marked¡¡saving¡¡in¡¡weight¡¡spruce¡¡has

a¡¡greater¡¡percentage¡¡of¡¡tensile¡¡strength¡¡than¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the

other¡¡woods¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡easier¡¡to¡¡find¡¡in¡¡long£»¡¡straight¡­

grained¡¡pieces¡¡free¡¡from¡¡knots£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡only

that¡¡should¡¡be¡¡used¡¡in¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡construction¡£



You¡¡will¡¡next¡¡need¡¡some¡¡spools¡¡or¡¡hanks¡¡of¡¡No¡£¡¡6

linen¡¡shoe¡¡thread£»¡¡metal¡¡sockets£»¡¡a¡¡supply¡¡of¡¡strong

piano¡¡wire£»¡¡a¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡closely¡­woven¡¡silk¡¡or¡¡cotton

cloth£»¡¡glue£»¡¡turnbuckles£»¡¡varnish£»¡¡etc¡£



Names¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Various¡¡Parts¡£



The¡¡long¡¡strips£»¡¡four¡¡in¡¡number£»¡¡which¡¡form¡¡the¡¡front

and¡¡rear¡¡edges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡lower¡¡frames£»¡¡are¡¡called

the¡¡horizontal¡¡beams¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡each¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡length¡£

These¡¡horizontal¡¡beams¡¡are¡¡connected¡¡by¡¡upright¡¡strips£»

4¡¡feet¡¡long£»¡¡called¡¡stanchions¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡usually¡¡12¡¡of

these£»¡¡six¡¡on¡¡the¡¡front¡¡edge£»¡¡and¡¡six¡¡on¡¡the¡¡rear¡£¡¡They

serve¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡plane¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡one¡£

Next¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡ribs¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡length¡¡£¨projecting

for¡¡a¡¡foot¡¡over¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡beam£©£»¡¡and¡¡while¡¡intended

principally¡¡as¡¡a¡¡support¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cloth¡¡covering¡¡of

the¡¡planes£»¡¡also¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡together¡¡in¡¡a

horizontal¡¡position¡¡just¡¡as¡¡the¡¡stanchions¡¡do¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vertical¡£

There¡¡are¡¡forty¡­one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡ribs£»¡¡twenty¡­one¡¡on

the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡twenty¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£¡¡Then¡¡come

the¡¡struts£»¡¡the¡¡main¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡join¡¡the¡¡horizontal

beams¡£¡¡All¡¡of¡¡these¡¡parts¡¡are¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡illustrations£»

reference¡¡to¡¡which¡¡will¡¡make¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡the

various¡¡names¡¡clear¡£



Quantity¡¡and¡¡Cost¡¡of¡¡Material¡£



For¡¡the¡¡horizontal¡¡beams¡¡four¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡spruce£»¡¡20¡¡feet

long£»¡¡1¡¡1/2¡¡inches¡¡wide¡¡and¡¡3/4¡¡inch¡¡thick¡¡are¡¡necessary¡£

These¡¡pieces¡¡must¡¡be¡¡straight¡­grain£»¡¡and¡¡absolutely¡¡free

from¡¡knots¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡clear¡¡pieces

of¡¡this¡¡length£»¡¡shorter¡¡ones¡¡may¡¡be¡¡spliced£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is

not¡¡advised¡¡as¡¡it¡¡adds¡¡materially¡¡to¡¡the¡¡weight¡£¡¡The

twelve¡¡stanchions¡¡should¡¡be¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡long¡¡and¡¡7/8¡¡inch¡¡in

diameter¡¡and¡¡rounded¡¡in¡¡form¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡as¡¡little

resistance¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wind¡£¡¡The¡¡struts£»¡¡there

are¡¡twelve¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡are¡¡3¡¡feet¡¡long¡¡by¡¡11/4¡¡x¡¡1/2¡¡inch¡£¡¡For

a¡¡20¡­foot¡¡biplane¡¡about¡¡20¡¡yards¡¡of¡¡stout¡¡silk¡¡or¡¡unbleached

muslin£»¡¡of¡¡standard¡¡one¡¡yard¡¡width£»¡¡will¡¡be

needed¡£¡¡The¡¡forty¡­one¡¡ribs¡¡are¡¡each¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡long£»¡¡and

1/2¡¡inch¡¡square¡£¡¡A¡¡roll¡¡of¡¡No¡£¡¡12¡¡piano¡¡wire£»¡¡twenty¡­four

sockets£»¡¡a¡¡package¡¡of¡¡small¡¡copper¡¡tacks£»¡¡a¡¡pot¡¡of¡¡glue£»

and¡¡similar¡¡accessories¡¡will¡¡be¡¡required¡£¡¡The¡¡entire

cost¡¡of¡¡this¡¡material¡¡should¡¡not¡¡exceed¡¡20¡£¡¡The¡¡wood

and¡¡cloth¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡two¡¡largest¡¡items£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡should

not¡¡cost¡¡more¡¡than¡¡10¡£¡¡This¡¡leaves¡¡10¡¡for¡¡the¡¡varnish£»

wire£»¡¡tacks£»¡¡glue£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡incidentals¡£¡¡This¡¡estimate

is¡¡made¡¡for¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡materials¡¡only£»¡¡it¡¡being¡¡taken¡¡for

granted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡experimenter¡¡will¡¡construct¡¡his¡¡own

glider¡£¡¡Should¡¡the¡¡services¡¡of¡¡a¡¡carpenter¡¡be¡¡required

the¡¡total¡¡cost¡¡will¡¡probably¡¡approximate¡¡60¡¡or¡¡70¡£



Application¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rudders¡£



The¡¡figures¡¡given¡¡also¡¡include¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡rudders£»

but¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡these¡¡have¡¡not¡¡been¡¡included¡¡as¡¡the

glider¡¡is¡¡really¡¡complete¡¡without¡¡them¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best

flights¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡ever¡¡saw¡¡were¡¡made¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡A¡£¡¡M¡£¡¡Herring¡¡in¡¡a

glider¡¡without¡¡a¡¡rudder£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡there¡¡can

be¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡a¡¡rudder£»¡¡properly¡¡proportioned¡¡and

placed£»¡¡especially¡¡a¡¡rear¡¡rudder£»¡¡is¡¡of¡¡great¡¡value¡¡to¡¡the

aviator¡¡as¡¡it¡¡keeps¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡its¡¡head¡¡to¡¡the

wind£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡safe¡¡position¡¡for¡¡a¡¡novice¡£¡¡For

initial¡¡educational¡¡purposes£»¡¡however£»¡¡a¡¡rudder¡¡is¡¡not

e

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