flying machines-µÚ4ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
while¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡plane¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡serves¡¡the¡¡same¡¡purpose
as¡¡the¡¡bird's¡¡tail¡£
CHAPTER¡¡IV¡£
VARIOUS¡¡FORMS¡¡OF¡¡FLYING¡¡MACHINES¡£
There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡distinct¡¡and¡¡radically¡¡different¡¡forms
of¡¡flying¡¡machines¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º
Aeroplanes£»¡¡helicopters¡¡and¡¡ornithopers¡£
Of¡¡these¡¡the¡¡aeroplane¡¡takes¡¡precedence¡¡and¡¡is¡¡used
almost¡¡exclusively¡¡by¡¡successful¡¡aviators£»¡¡the¡¡helicopters
and¡¡ornithopers¡¡having¡¡been¡¡tried¡¡and¡¡found¡¡lacking¡¡in
some¡¡vital¡¡features£»¡¡while¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡in¡¡some
respects¡¡the¡¡helicopter¡¡has¡¡advantages¡¡not¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the
aeroplane¡£
What¡¡the¡¡Helicopter¡¡Is¡£
The¡¡helicopter¡¡gets¡¡its¡¡name¡¡from¡¡being¡¡fitted¡¡with
vertical¡¡propellers¡¡or¡¡helices¡¡£¨see¡¡illustration£©¡¡by¡¡the
action¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡raised¡¡directly¡¡from¡¡the
ground¡¡into¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡This¡¡does¡¡away¡¡with¡¡the¡¡necessity
for¡¡getting¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡under¡¡a¡¡gliding¡¡headway¡¡before
it¡¡floats£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡the¡¡case¡¡with¡¡the¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡and¡¡consequently
the¡¡helicopter¡¡can¡¡be¡¡handled¡¡in¡¡a¡¡much¡¡smaller
space¡¡than¡¡is¡¡required¡¡for¡¡an¡¡aeroplane¡£¡¡This£»¡¡in¡¡many
instances£»¡¡is¡¡an¡¡important¡¡advantage£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only
one¡¡the¡¡helicopter¡¡possesses£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡more¡¡than¡¡overcome
by¡¡its¡¡drawbacks¡£¡¡The¡¡most¡¡serious¡¡of¡¡these¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the
helicopter¡¡is¡¡deficient¡¡in¡¡sustaining¡¡capacity£»¡¡and¡¡requires
too¡¡much¡¡motive¡¡power¡£
Form¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ornithopter¡£
The¡¡ornithopter¡¡has¡¡hinged¡¡planes¡¡which¡¡work¡¡like
the¡¡wings¡¡of¡¡a¡¡bird¡£¡¡At¡¡first¡¡thought¡¡this¡¡would¡¡seem
to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡principle£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡experimenters
conducted¡¡their¡¡operations¡¡on¡¡this¡¡line¡£¡¡It
is¡¡now¡¡generally¡¡understood£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡bird¡¡in
soaring¡¡is¡¡in¡¡reality¡¡an¡¡aeroplane£»¡¡its¡¡extended¡¡wings
serving¡¡to¡¡sustain£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡propel£»¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡At¡¡any
rate¡¡the¡¡ornithoper¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡successful¡¡in¡¡aviation£»
and¡¡has¡¡been¡¡interesting¡¡mainly¡¡as¡¡an¡¡ingenious¡¡toy¡£
Attempts¡¡to¡¡construct¡¡it¡¡on¡¡a¡¡scale¡¡that¡¡would¡¡permit
of¡¡its¡¡use¡¡by¡¡man¡¡in¡¡actual¡¡aerial¡¡flights¡¡have¡¡been¡¡far
from¡¡encouraging¡£
Three¡¡Kinds¡¡of¡¡Aeroplanes¡£
There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡aeroplanes£»¡¡with¡¡all¡¡of¡¡which
more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡success¡¡has¡¡been¡¡attained¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º
The¡¡monoplane£»¡¡a¡¡one¡surfaced¡¡plane£»¡¡like¡¡that¡¡used
by¡¡Bleriot¡£
The¡¡biplane£»¡¡a¡¡two¡surfaced¡¡plane£»¡¡now¡¡used¡¡by¡¡the
Wrights£»¡¡Curtiss£»¡¡Farman£»¡¡and¡¡others¡£
The¡¡triplane£»¡¡a¡¡three¡surfaced¡¡plane¡¡This¡¡form¡¡is
but¡¡little¡¡used£»¡¡its¡¡only¡¡prominent¡¡advocate¡¡at¡¡present
being¡¡Elle¡¡Lavimer£»¡¡a¡¡Danish¡¡experimenter£»¡¡who¡¡has¡¡not
thus¡¡far¡¡accomplished¡¡much¡£
Whatever¡¡of¡¡real¡¡success¡¡has¡¡been¡¡accomplished¡¡in
aviation¡¡may¡¡be¡¡credited¡¡to¡¡the¡¡monoplane¡¡and¡¡biplane£»
with¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡£¡¡The¡¡monoplane
is¡¡the¡¡more¡¡simple¡¡in¡¡construction¡¡and£»¡¡where¡¡weight¡
sustaining¡¡capacity¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡prime¡¡requisite£»¡¡may
probably¡¡be¡¡found¡¡the¡¡most¡¡convenient¡£¡¡This¡¡opinion¡¡is
based¡¡on¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡smaller¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the
plane¡¡the¡¡less¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡air£»
and¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡machine
may¡¡be¡¡moved¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡biplane¡¡has¡¡a
much¡¡greater¡¡plane¡¡surface¡¡£¨double¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡monoplane
of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡size£©¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡much¡¡greater¡¡weight¡
carrying¡¡capacity¡£
Differences¡¡in¡¡Biplanes¡£
While¡¡all¡¡biplanes¡¡are¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡general¡¡construction
so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡concerned£»¡¡each¡¡aviator
has¡¡his¡¡own¡¡ideas¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¨rigging¡£¡¨
Wright£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡places¡¡a¡¡double¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder
in¡¡front£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rear¡£¡¡There
are¡¡no¡¡partitions¡¡between¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡the
bicycle¡¡wheels¡¡used¡¡on¡¡other¡¡forms¡¡are¡¡replaced¡¡by¡¡skids¡£
Voisin£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡divides¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡with
vertical¡¡partitions¡¡to¡¡increase¡¡stability¡¡in¡¡turning£»¡¡uses
a¡¡single¡plane¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡big¡¡box¡
tail¡¡with¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rear£»¡¡also¡¡the¡¡bicycle
wheels¡£
Curtiss¡¡attaches¡¡horizontal¡¡stabilizing¡¡surfaces¡¡to¡¡the
upper¡¡plane£»¡¡has¡¡a¡¡double¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front£»
with¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡and¡¡horizontal¡¡stabilizing¡¡surfaces
in¡¡rear¡£¡¡Also¡¡the¡¡bicycle¡¡wheel¡¡alighting¡¡gear¡£
CHAPTER¡¡V¡£
CONSTRUCTING¡¡A¡¡GLIDING¡¡MACHINE¡£
First¡¡decide¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡a¡¡machine¡¡you¡¡want
monoplane£»¡¡biplane£»¡¡or¡¡triplane¡£¡¡For¡¡a¡¡novice¡¡the¡¡biplane
will£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡rule£»¡¡be¡¡found¡¡the¡¡most¡¡satisfactory¡¡as
it¡¡is¡¡more¡¡compact¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡the¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡handled¡£
This¡¡will¡¡be¡¡easily¡¡understood¡¡when¡¡we¡¡realize¡¡that¡¡the
surface¡¡of¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡should¡¡be¡¡laid¡¡out¡¡in¡¡proportion
to¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡weight¡¡it¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡sustain¡£
The¡¡generally¡¡accepted¡¡rule¡¡is¡¡that¡¡152¡¡square¡¡feet¡¡of
surface¡¡will¡¡sustain¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡an¡¡average¡sized¡¡man£»
say¡¡170¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Now¡¡it¡¡follows¡¡that¡¡if¡¡these¡¡152¡¡square
feet¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡are¡¡used¡¡in¡¡one¡¡plane£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡monoplane£»
the¡¡length¡¡and¡¡width¡¡of¡¡this¡¡plane¡¡must¡¡be¡¡greater
than¡¡if¡¡the¡¡same¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡using
two¡¡planesthe¡¡biplane¡£¡¡This¡¡results¡¡in¡¡the¡¡biplane
being¡¡more¡¡compact¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡more¡¡readily¡¡manipulated
than¡¡the¡¡monoplane£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡an¡¡important¡¡item
for¡¡a¡¡novice¡£
Glider¡¡the¡¡Basis¡¡of¡¡Success¡£
Flying¡¡machines¡¡without¡¡motors¡¡are¡¡called¡¡gliders¡£¡¡In
making¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡you¡¡first¡¡construct¡¡the¡¡glider¡£
If¡¡you¡¡use¡¡it¡¡in¡¡this¡¡form¡¡it¡¡remains¡¡a¡¡glider¡£¡¡If¡¡you
install¡¡a¡¡motor¡¡it¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£¡¡You¡¡must
have¡¡a¡¡good¡¡glider¡¡as¡¡the¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡flying
machine¡£
It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡for¡¡the¡¡novice£»¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡has¡¡never
had¡¡any¡¡experience¡¡as¡¡an¡¡aviator£»¡¡to¡¡begin¡¡with¡¡a¡¡glider
and¡¡master¡¡its¡¡construction¡¡and¡¡operation¡¡before¡¡he
essays¡¡the¡¡more¡¡pretentious¡¡task¡¡of¡¡handling¡¡a¡¡fully¡
equipped¡¡flying¡¡machine¡£¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡essential¡¡that¡¡he
should¡¡do¡¡so¡£
Plans¡¡for¡¡Handy¡¡Glider¡£
A¡¡glider¡¡with¡¡a¡¡spread¡¡£¨advancing¡¡edge£©¡¡of¡¡20¡¡feet£»¡¡and
a¡¡breadth¡¡or¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡4¡¡feet£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡about¡¡right¡¡to¡¡begin
with¡£¡¡Two¡¡planes¡¡of¡¡this¡¡size¡¡will¡¡give¡¡the¡¡152¡¡square
yards¡¡of¡¡surface¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡sustain¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡weight¡£
Remember¡¡that¡¡in¡¡referring¡¡to¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡measurements
¡¨spread¡¨¡¡takes¡¡the¡¡place¡¡of¡¡what¡¡would¡¡ordinarily
be¡¡called¡¡¡¨length£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡invariably¡¡applies¡¡to¡¡the¡¡long
or¡¡advancing¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡which¡¡cuts¡¡into¡¡the¡¡air¡£
Thus£»¡¡a¡¡glider¡¡is¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡as¡¡being¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡spread£»¡¡and
4¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡depth¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡as¡¡mastering¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the
machine¡¡is¡¡concerned£»¡¡learning¡¡to¡¡balance¡¡one's¡¡self¡¡in
the¡¡air£»¡¡guiding¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡in¡¡any¡¡desired¡¡direction¡¡by
changing¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡all¡¡this¡¡may¡¡be
learned¡¡just¡¡as¡¡readily£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡more¡¡so£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡20¡
foot¡¡glider¡¡than¡¡with¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡apparatus¡£
Kind¡¡of¡¡Material¡¡Required¡£
There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡all¡important¡¡features¡¡in¡¡flying¡¡machine
construction£»¡¡viz¡££º¡¡lightness£»¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡extreme
rigidity¡£¡¡Spruce¡¡is¡¡the¡¡wood¡¡generally¡¡used¡¡for¡¡glider
frames¡£¡¡Oak£»¡¡ash¡¡and¡¡hickory¡¡are¡¡all¡¡stronger£»¡¡but¡¡they
are¡¡also¡¡considerably¡¡heavier£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡the¡¡saving¡¡of
weight¡¡is¡¡essential£»¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡is¡¡largely¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of
spruce¡£¡¡This¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡table£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tensile¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Compressive
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡cubic¡¡ft¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength
¡¡¡¡¡¡Wood¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lbs¡£¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡in¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡lbs¡£¡¡per¡¡sq¡¡in¡£
Hickory¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡53¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»500
Oak¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9£»000
Ash¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6£»000
Walnut¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6£»000
Spruce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000
Pine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4£»500
Considering¡¡the¡¡marked¡¡saving¡¡in¡¡weight¡¡spruce¡¡has
a¡¡greater¡¡percentage¡¡of¡¡tensile¡¡strength¡¡than¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the
other¡¡woods¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡easier¡¡to¡¡find¡¡in¡¡long£»¡¡straight¡
grained¡¡pieces¡¡free¡¡from¡¡knots£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡only
that¡¡should¡¡be¡¡used¡¡in¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡construction¡£
You¡¡will¡¡next¡¡need¡¡some¡¡spools¡¡or¡¡hanks¡¡of¡¡No¡£¡¡6
linen¡¡shoe¡¡thread£»¡¡metal¡¡sockets£»¡¡a¡¡supply¡¡of¡¡strong
piano¡¡wire£»¡¡a¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡closely¡woven¡¡silk¡¡or¡¡cotton
cloth£»¡¡glue£»¡¡turnbuckles£»¡¡varnish£»¡¡etc¡£
Names¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Various¡¡Parts¡£
The¡¡long¡¡strips£»¡¡four¡¡in¡¡number£»¡¡which¡¡form¡¡the¡¡front
and¡¡rear¡¡edges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡lower¡¡frames£»¡¡are¡¡called
the¡¡horizontal¡¡beams¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡each¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡length¡£
These¡¡horizontal¡¡beams¡¡are¡¡connected¡¡by¡¡upright¡¡strips£»
4¡¡feet¡¡long£»¡¡called¡¡stanchions¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡usually¡¡12¡¡of
these£»¡¡six¡¡on¡¡the¡¡front¡¡edge£»¡¡and¡¡six¡¡on¡¡the¡¡rear¡£¡¡They
serve¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡plane¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡one¡£
Next¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡ribs¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡in¡¡length¡¡£¨projecting
for¡¡a¡¡foot¡¡over¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡beam£©£»¡¡and¡¡while¡¡intended
principally¡¡as¡¡a¡¡support¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cloth¡¡covering¡¡of
the¡¡planes£»¡¡also¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡together¡¡in¡¡a
horizontal¡¡position¡¡just¡¡as¡¡the¡¡stanchions¡¡do¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vertical¡£
There¡¡are¡¡forty¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡ribs£»¡¡twenty¡one¡¡on
the¡¡upper¡¡and¡¡twenty¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£¡¡Then¡¡come
the¡¡struts£»¡¡the¡¡main¡¡pieces¡¡which¡¡join¡¡the¡¡horizontal
beams¡£¡¡All¡¡of¡¡these¡¡parts¡¡are¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡illustrations£»
reference¡¡to¡¡which¡¡will¡¡make¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡the
various¡¡names¡¡clear¡£
Quantity¡¡and¡¡Cost¡¡of¡¡Material¡£
For¡¡the¡¡horizontal¡¡beams¡¡four¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡spruce£»¡¡20¡¡feet
long£»¡¡1¡¡1/2¡¡inches¡¡wide¡¡and¡¡3/4¡¡inch¡¡thick¡¡are¡¡necessary¡£
These¡¡pieces¡¡must¡¡be¡¡straight¡grain£»¡¡and¡¡absolutely¡¡free
from¡¡knots¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡clear¡¡pieces
of¡¡this¡¡length£»¡¡shorter¡¡ones¡¡may¡¡be¡¡spliced£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is
not¡¡advised¡¡as¡¡it¡¡adds¡¡materially¡¡to¡¡the¡¡weight¡£¡¡The
twelve¡¡stanchions¡¡should¡¡be¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡long¡¡and¡¡7/8¡¡inch¡¡in
diameter¡¡and¡¡rounded¡¡in¡¡form¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡as¡¡little
resistance¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wind¡£¡¡The¡¡struts£»¡¡there
are¡¡twelve¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡are¡¡3¡¡feet¡¡long¡¡by¡¡11/4¡¡x¡¡1/2¡¡inch¡£¡¡For
a¡¡20¡foot¡¡biplane¡¡about¡¡20¡¡yards¡¡of¡¡stout¡¡silk¡¡or¡¡unbleached
muslin£»¡¡of¡¡standard¡¡one¡¡yard¡¡width£»¡¡will¡¡be
needed¡£¡¡The¡¡forty¡one¡¡ribs¡¡are¡¡each¡¡4¡¡feet¡¡long£»¡¡and
1/2¡¡inch¡¡square¡£¡¡A¡¡roll¡¡of¡¡No¡£¡¡12¡¡piano¡¡wire£»¡¡twenty¡four
sockets£»¡¡a¡¡package¡¡of¡¡small¡¡copper¡¡tacks£»¡¡a¡¡pot¡¡of¡¡glue£»
and¡¡similar¡¡accessories¡¡will¡¡be¡¡required¡£¡¡The¡¡entire
cost¡¡of¡¡this¡¡material¡¡should¡¡not¡¡exceed¡¡20¡£¡¡The¡¡wood
and¡¡cloth¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡two¡¡largest¡¡items£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡should
not¡¡cost¡¡more¡¡than¡¡10¡£¡¡This¡¡leaves¡¡10¡¡for¡¡the¡¡varnish£»
wire£»¡¡tacks£»¡¡glue£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡incidentals¡£¡¡This¡¡estimate
is¡¡made¡¡for¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡materials¡¡only£»¡¡it¡¡being¡¡taken¡¡for
granted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡experimenter¡¡will¡¡construct¡¡his¡¡own
glider¡£¡¡Should¡¡the¡¡services¡¡of¡¡a¡¡carpenter¡¡be¡¡required
the¡¡total¡¡cost¡¡will¡¡probably¡¡approximate¡¡60¡¡or¡¡70¡£
Application¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rudders¡£
The¡¡figures¡¡given¡¡also¡¡include¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡rudders£»
but¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡these¡¡have¡¡not¡¡been¡¡included¡¡as¡¡the
glider¡¡is¡¡really¡¡complete¡¡without¡¡them¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best
flights¡¡the¡¡writer¡¡ever¡¡saw¡¡were¡¡made¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡A¡£¡¡M¡£¡¡Herring¡¡in¡¡a
glider¡¡without¡¡a¡¡rudder£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡there¡¡can
be¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡a¡¡rudder£»¡¡properly¡¡proportioned¡¡and
placed£»¡¡especially¡¡a¡¡rear¡¡rudder£»¡¡is¡¡of¡¡great¡¡value¡¡to¡¡the
aviator¡¡as¡¡it¡¡keeps¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡with¡¡its¡¡head¡¡to¡¡the
wind£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡safe¡¡position¡¡for¡¡a¡¡novice¡£¡¡For
initial¡¡educational¡¡purposes£»¡¡however£»¡¡a¡¡rudder¡¡is¡¡not
e