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frame¡¡pieces¡¡so¡¡the¡¡sleeve¡¡will¡¡slip¡¡on¡£
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over¡¡the¡¡joint¡£¡¡Tack¡¡the¡¡sleeve¡¡in¡¡position¡¡with¡¡small
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The¡¡same¡¡operation¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡repeated¡¡on¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the
four¡¡frame¡¡pieces¡£¡¡Two¡¡20¡foot¡¡pieces¡¡joined¡¡in¡¡this
way¡¡will¡¡give¡¡a¡¡substantial¡¡frame£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡suitable
timber¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡can¡¡not¡¡be¡¡had£»¡¡three¡¡pieces£»¡¡each¡¡6
feet¡¡11¡¡inches¡¡long£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡used¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡give¡¡20
feet¡¡9¡¡inches£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡8¡¡inches¡¡will¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the
two¡¡joints£»¡¡leaving¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡1¡¡inch¡¡long¡£
Installation¡¡of¡¡Motor¡£
Next¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡installation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡motor¡£¡¡The¡¡kinds
and¡¡efficiency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡various¡¡types¡¡are¡¡described¡¡in¡¡the
following¡¡chapter¡¡£¨IX£©¡£¡¡All¡¡we¡¡are¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡at
this¡¡point¡¡is¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡installation¡£¡¡This¡¡varies
according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡personal¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aviator¡£¡¡Thus¡¡one
man¡¡puts¡¡his¡¡motor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡front¡¡of¡¡his¡¡machine£»¡¡another
places¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡center£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡another¡¡finds¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡of
the¡¡frame¡¡the¡¡best¡£¡¡All¡¡get¡¡good¡¡results£»¡¡the¡¡comparative
advantages¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡estimate¡£¡¡Where
one¡¡man£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡explained£»¡¡flies¡¡faster¡¡than¡¡another£»
the¡¡one¡¡beaten¡¡from¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡standpoint¡¡has¡¡an¡¡advantage
in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡carrying¡¡weight£»¡¡etc¡£
The¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡various¡¡well¡known¡¡aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the
correct¡¡placing¡¡of¡¡motors¡¡may¡¡be¡¡had¡¡from¡¡the¡¡following£º
WrightsIn¡¡rear¡¡of¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡to¡¡one¡¡side¡£
CurtissWell¡¡to¡¡rear£»¡¡about¡¡midway¡¡between¡¡upper
and¡¡lower¡¡planes¡£
RaichIn¡¡rear£»¡¡above¡¡the¡¡center¡£
Brauner¡SmithIn¡¡exact¡¡center¡¡of¡¡machine¡£
Van¡¡AndenIn¡¡center¡£
Herring¡BurgessDirectly¡¡behind¡¡operator¡£
VoisinIn¡¡rear£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£
BleriotIn¡¡front¡£
R¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡P¡£In¡¡front¡£
The¡¡One¡¡Chief¡¡Object¡£
An¡¡even¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡load¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡in
maintaining¡¡the¡¡equilibrium¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine£»¡¡should¡¡be
the¡¡one¡¡chief¡¡object¡¡in¡¡deciding¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡location¡¡of¡¡the
motor¡£¡¡It¡¡matters¡¡little¡¡what¡¡particular¡¡spot¡¡is¡¡selected
so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡does¡¡not¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡overbalance¡¡the
machine£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡¡¨throw¡¡it¡¡off¡¡an¡¡even¡¡keel¡£¡¨¡¡It¡¡is¡¡just
like¡¡loading¡¡a¡¡vessel£»¡¡an¡¡operation¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡expert
seeks¡¡to¡¡so¡¡distribute¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡as¡¡to¡¡keep
the¡¡vessel¡¡in¡¡a¡¡perfectly¡¡upright¡¡position£»¡¡and¡¡prevent¡¡a
¡¨list¡¨¡¡or¡¡leaning¡¡to¡¡one¡¡side¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡evenly¡¡the¡¡cargo
is¡¡distributed¡¡the¡¡more¡¡perfect¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡equilibrium¡¡of
the¡¡vessel¡¡and¡¡the¡¡better¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡handled¡£¡¡Sometimes£»
when¡¡not¡¡properly¡¡stowed£»¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡shifts£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡at
once¡¡affects¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡craft¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡ship
¡¨lists¡¨¡¡to¡¡starboard¡¡or¡¡port¡¡a¡¡preponderating¡¡weight¡¡of
the¡¡cargo¡¡has¡¡shifted¡¡sideways£»¡¡if¡¡bow¡¡or¡¡stern¡¡is¡¡unduly
depressed¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡sure¡¡indication¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡has¡¡shifted
accordingly¡£¡¡In¡¡either¡¡event¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡of¡¡the¡¡craft
becomes¡¡not¡¡only¡¡difficult£»¡¡but¡¡extremely¡¡hazardous¡£
Exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conditions¡¡prevail¡¡in¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡of¡¡a
flying¡¡machine¡£
Shape¡¡of¡¡Machine¡¡a¡¡Factor¡£
In¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡you¡¡must¡¡be¡¡governed¡¡largely¡¡by
the¡¡shape¡¡and¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡frame¡£
If¡¡the¡¡bulk¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡auxiliaries
is¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡rear£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡location¡¡for¡¡the¡¡motor
will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡the¡¡front¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡counterbalance¡¡the
excess¡¡in¡¡rear¡¡weight¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡if¡¡the
preponderance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡is¡¡forward£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡motor
should¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡back¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡£
As¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡blade¡¡is¡¡really¡¡an¡¡integral¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the
motor£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡being¡¡useless¡¡without¡¡it£»¡¡its¡¡placing
naturally¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡location¡¡selected¡¡for¡¡the
motor¡£
Rudders¡¡and¡¡Auxiliary¡¡Planes¡£
Here¡¡again¡¡there¡¡is¡¡great¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡among
aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡size£»¡¡location¡¡and¡¡form¡£¡¡The¡¡striking
difference¡¡of¡¡ideas¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect¡¡is¡¡well¡¡illustrated¡¡in
the¡¡choice¡¡made¡¡by¡¡prominent¡¡makers¡¡as¡¡follows£º
Voisinhorizontal¡¡rudder£»¡¡with¡¡two¡¡wing¡like¡¡planes£»
in¡¡front£»¡¡box¡like¡¡longitudinal¡¡stability¡¡plane¡¡in¡¡rear£»
inside¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡£
Wrightlarge¡¡biplane¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front¡¡at
considerable¡¡distanceabout¡¡10¡¡feetfrom¡¡the¡¡main
planes£»¡¡vertical¡¡biplane¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡upper
and¡¡lower¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡made¡¡flexible¡¡so¡¡they¡¡may¡¡be
moved¡£
Curtisshorizontal¡¡biplane¡¡rudder£»¡¡with¡¡vertical¡¡damping
plane¡¡between¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡planes¡¡about¡¡10¡¡feet¡¡in
front¡¡of¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡stabilizing
planes¡¡at¡¡each¡¡end¡¡of¡¡upper¡¡main¡¡plane¡£
BleriotV¡shaped¡¡stabilizing¡¡fin£»¡¡projecting¡¡from¡¡rear
of¡¡plane£»¡¡with¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡outward£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡of
this¡¡fin¡¡is¡¡hinged¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder£»¡¡horizontal¡¡biplane
rudder£»¡¡also¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡fin¡£
These¡¡instances¡¡show¡¡forcefully¡¡the¡¡wide¡¡diversity¡¡of
opinion¡¡existing¡¡among¡¡experienced¡¡aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the
best¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡rudders¡¡and¡¡stabilizing£»¡¡or
auxiliary¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡manifest¡¡how¡¡hopeless¡¡would
be¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡attempting¡¡to¡¡select¡¡any¡¡one¡¡form¡¡and
advise¡¡its¡¡exclusive¡¡use¡£
Rudder¡¡and¡¡Auxiliary¡¡Construction¡£
The¡¡material¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudders
and¡¡auxiliary¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡that¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main
planesspruce¡¡for¡¡the¡¡framework¡¡and¡¡some¡¡kind¡¡of
rubberized¡¡or¡¡varnished¡¡cloth¡¡for¡¡the¡¡covering¡£¡¡The
frames¡¡are¡¡joined¡¡and¡¡wired¡¡in¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner
as¡¡the¡¡frames¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡being¡¡to
secure¡¡the¡¡same¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡rigidity¡£¡¡Dimensions¡¡of
the¡¡various¡¡parts¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡adopted¡¡and¡¡the
size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡plane¡£
No¡¡details¡¡as¡¡to¡¡exact¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡these¡¡rudders¡¡and
auxiliary¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡obtainable¡£¡¡The¡¡various¡¡builders£»
while¡¡willing¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡data¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general
measurements£»¡¡weight£»¡¡power£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡of¡¡their¡¡machines£»
appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡overlooked¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auxiliary
parts£»¡¡thinking£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡that¡¡these¡¡were¡¡of¡¡no¡¡particular
import¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general¡¡public¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine£»¡¡the
rear¡¡horizontal¡¡and¡¡front¡¡vertical¡¡rudders¡¡may¡¡be¡¡set
down¡¡as¡¡being¡¡about¡¡one¡quarter¡¡£¨probably¡¡a¡¡little¡¡less£©
the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡supporting¡¡planes¡£
Arrangement¡¡of¡¡Alighting¡¡Gear¡£
Most¡¡modern¡¡machines¡¡are¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡an¡¡alighting
gear£»¡¡which¡¡not¡¡only¡¡serves¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and
aviator¡¡from¡¡shock¡¡or¡¡injury¡¡in¡¡touching¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡but
also¡¡aids¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡under¡¡headway¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡leading
makes£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wright£»¡¡are¡¡furnished
with¡¡a¡¡frame¡¡carrying¡¡from¡¡two¡¡to¡¡five¡¡pneumatic¡¡rubber¡
tired¡¡bicycle¡¡wheels¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡and¡¡Voisin
machines¡¡one¡¡wheel¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡front¡¡and¡¡two¡¡in¡¡the
rear¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Bleriot¡¡and¡¡other¡¡prominent¡¡machines¡¡the
reverse¡¡is¡¡the¡¡ruletwo¡¡wheels¡¡in¡¡front¡¡and¡¡one¡¡in¡¡the
rear¡£¡¡Farman¡¡makes¡¡use¡¡of¡¡five¡¡wheels£»¡¡one¡¡in¡¡the£»
extreme¡¡rear£»¡¡and¡¡four£»¡¡arranged¡¡in¡¡pairs£»¡¡a¡¡little¡¡to¡¡the
front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£
In¡¡place¡¡of¡¡wheels¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡equipped
with¡¡a¡¡skid¡like¡¡device¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡two¡¡long¡¡beams
attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡¡by¡¡stanchions¡¡and¡¡curving
up¡¡far¡¡in¡¡front£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡supports¡¡to¡¡the¡¡horizontal
rudder¡£
Why¡¡Wood¡¡Is¡¡Favored¡£
A¡¡frequently¡¡asked¡¡question¡¡is£º¡¡¡¨Why¡¡is¡¡not¡¡aluminum£»
or¡¡some¡¡similar¡¡metal£»¡¡substituted¡¡for¡¡wood¡£¡¨
Wood£»¡¡particularly¡¡spruce£»¡¡is¡¡preferred¡¡because£»¡¡weight
considered£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡much¡¡stronger¡¡than¡¡aluminum£»¡¡and¡¡this
is¡¡the¡¡lightest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡metals¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡the¡¡following
table¡¡will¡¡be¡¡of¡¡interest£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Compressive
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tensile¡¡Strength¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡cubic¡¡foot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡inch¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡inch
Material¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£
Spruce¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000
Aluminum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡162¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡16£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£
Brass¡¡£¨sheet£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡510¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡23£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000
Steel¡¡£¨tool£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡490¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡100£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000
Copper¡¡£¨sheet£©¡¡¡¡¡¡548¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000
As¡¡extreme¡¡lightness£»¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡strength£»
especially¡¡tensile¡¡strength£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡great¡¡essential¡¡in¡¡flying¡
machine¡¡construction£»¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡readily¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the
use¡¡of¡¡metal£»¡¡even¡¡aluminum£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡is
prohibited¡¡by¡¡its¡¡weight¡£¡¡While¡¡aluminum¡¡has¡¡double¡¡the
strength¡¡of¡¡spruce¡¡wood¡¡it¡¡is¡¡vastly¡¡heavier£»¡¡and¡¡thus
the¡¡advantage¡¡it¡¡has¡¡in¡¡strength¡¡is¡¡overbalanced¡¡many
times¡¡by¡¡its¡¡weight¡£¡¡The¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡of¡¡aluminum
is¡¡2¡£50£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡spruce¡¡is¡¡only¡¡0¡£403¡£
Things¡¡to¡¡Be¡¡Considered¡£
In¡¡laying¡¡out¡¡plans¡¡for¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡there¡¡are¡¡five
important¡¡points¡¡which¡¡should¡¡be¡¡settled¡¡upon¡¡before
the¡¡actual¡¡work¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡is¡¡started¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º
FirstApproximate¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡when¡¡finished
and¡¡equipped¡£
SecondArea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡supporting¡¡surface¡¡required¡£
ThirdAmount¡¡of¡¡power¡¡that¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to
secure¡¡the¡¡desired¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡lifting¡¡capacity¡£
FourthExact¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡framework
and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auxiliary¡¡parts¡£
FifthSize£»¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£
In¡¡deciding¡¡upon¡¡these¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡take¡¡into
consideration¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡expert¡¡aviators¡¡regarding
these¡¡features¡¡as¡¡given¡¡elsewhere¡£¡¡£¨See¡¡Chapter¡¡X¡££©
Estimating¡¡the¡¡Weights¡¡Involved¡£
In¡¡fixing¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡probable¡¡approximate¡¡weight¡¡in
advance¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡much£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡assumed¡£
This¡¡means¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡advance
estimating¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡two¡passenger¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡built
we¡¡will¡¡start¡¡by¡¡assuming¡¡the¡¡maximum¡¡combined
weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡people¡¡to¡¡be¡¡350¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Most¡¡of
the¡¡professional¡¡aviators¡¡are¡¡lighter¡¡than¡¡this¡£¡¡Taking
the¡¡medium¡¡between¡¡the¡¡weights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡and
Wright¡¡machines¡¡we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡net¡¡average¡¡of¡¡850¡¡pounds
for¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡motor£»¡¡propeller£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡This£»¡¡with
the¡¡two¡¡passengers£»¡¡amounts¡¡to¡¡1£»190¡¡pounds¡£¡¡As¡¡the
machines¡¡quoted¡¡are¡¡in¡¡successful¡¡operation¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be
reasonable¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡this¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡safe¡¡basis¡¡to
operate¡¡on¡£
What¡¡the¡¡Novice¡¡Must¡¡Avoid¡£
This¡¡does¡¡not¡¡mean£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safe¡¡to
follow¡¡these¡¡weights¡¡exactly¡¡in¡¡construction£»¡¡but¡¡that
they¡¡will¡¡serve¡¡merely¡¡as¡¡a¡¡basis¡¡to¡¡start¡¡from¡£¡¡Because
an¡¡expert¡¡can¡¡turn¡¡out¡¡a¡¡machine£»¡¡thoroughly¡¡equipped£»
of¡¡850¡¡pounds¡¡weight£»¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡that¡¡a¡¡novice
can¡¡do¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing¡£¡¡The¡¡expert's¡¡work¡¡is¡¡the¡¡result
of¡¡years¡¡of¡¡experience£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡has¡¡learned¡¡how¡¡to¡¡construct
frames¡¡and¡¡motor¡¡plants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡lightness
and¡¡strength¡£
It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safer¡¡for¡¡the¡¡novice¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡he¡¡can
not¡¡duplicate¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡such¡¡men¡¡as¡¡Wright¡¡and¡¡Curtiss
without¡¡adding¡¡materially¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gross¡¡weight¡¡of
the¡¡framework¡¡and¡¡equipment¡¡minus¡¡passengers¡£
How¡¡to¡¡Dis