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С˵£º flying machines ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

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¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




frame¡¡pieces¡¡so¡¡the¡¡sleeve¡¡will¡¡slip¡¡on¡£



Push¡¡the¡¡sleeve¡¡well¡¡back¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡way¡£¡¡Cover¡¡the

tongue¡¡thoroughly¡¡with¡¡glue£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡put¡¡some¡¡on¡¡the

inside¡¡of¡¡the¡¡groove¡£¡¡Use¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡glue¡£¡¡Now¡¡press

the¡¡tongue¡¡into¡¡the¡¡groove£»¡¡and¡¡keep¡¡the¡¡ends¡¡firmly

together¡¡until¡¡the¡¡glue¡¡is¡¡thoroughly¡¡dried¡£¡¡Rub¡¡off¡¡the

joint¡¡lightly¡¡with¡¡sand¡­paper¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glue

which¡¡may¡¡have¡¡oozed¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡slip¡¡the¡¡sleeve¡¡into¡¡place

over¡¡the¡¡joint¡£¡¡Tack¡¡the¡¡sleeve¡¡in¡¡position¡¡with¡¡small

copper¡¡tacks£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡will¡¡have¡¡an¡¡ideal¡¡splice¡£



The¡¡same¡¡operation¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡repeated¡¡on¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the

four¡¡frame¡¡pieces¡£¡¡Two¡¡20¡­foot¡¡pieces¡¡joined¡¡in¡¡this

way¡¡will¡¡give¡¡a¡¡substantial¡¡frame£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡suitable

timber¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡can¡¡not¡¡be¡¡had£»¡¡three¡¡pieces£»¡¡each¡¡6

feet¡¡11¡¡inches¡¡long£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡used¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡give¡¡20

feet¡¡9¡¡inches£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡8¡¡inches¡¡will¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the

two¡¡joints£»¡¡leaving¡¡the¡¡frame¡¡20¡¡feet¡¡1¡¡inch¡¡long¡£



Installation¡¡of¡¡Motor¡£



Next¡¡comes¡¡the¡¡installation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡motor¡£¡¡The¡¡kinds

and¡¡efficiency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡various¡¡types¡¡are¡¡described¡¡in¡¡the

following¡¡chapter¡¡£¨IX£©¡£¡¡All¡¡we¡¡are¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡at

this¡¡point¡¡is¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡installation¡£¡¡This¡¡varies

according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡personal¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aviator¡£¡¡Thus¡¡one

man¡¡puts¡¡his¡¡motor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡front¡¡of¡¡his¡¡machine£»¡¡another

places¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡center£»¡¡and¡¡still¡¡another¡¡finds¡¡the¡¡rear¡¡of

the¡¡frame¡¡the¡¡best¡£¡¡All¡¡get¡¡good¡¡results£»¡¡the¡¡comparative

advantages¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡estimate¡£¡¡Where

one¡¡man£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡explained£»¡¡flies¡¡faster¡¡than¡¡another£»

the¡¡one¡¡beaten¡¡from¡¡the¡¡speed¡¡standpoint¡¡has¡¡an¡¡advantage

in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡carrying¡¡weight£»¡¡etc¡£



The¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡various¡¡well¡­known¡¡aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the

correct¡¡placing¡¡of¡¡motors¡¡may¡¡be¡¡had¡¡from¡¡the¡¡following£º



WrightsIn¡¡rear¡¡of¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡to¡¡one¡¡side¡£



CurtissWell¡¡to¡¡rear£»¡¡about¡¡midway¡¡between¡¡upper

and¡¡lower¡¡planes¡£



RaichIn¡¡rear£»¡¡above¡¡the¡¡center¡£



Brauner¡­SmithIn¡¡exact¡¡center¡¡of¡¡machine¡£



Van¡¡AndenIn¡¡center¡£



Herring¡­BurgessDirectly¡¡behind¡¡operator¡£



VoisinIn¡¡rear£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£



BleriotIn¡¡front¡£



R¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡P¡£In¡¡front¡£



The¡¡One¡¡Chief¡¡Object¡£



An¡¡even¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡load¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡assist¡¡in

maintaining¡¡the¡¡equilibrium¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine£»¡¡should¡¡be

the¡¡one¡¡chief¡¡object¡¡in¡¡deciding¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡location¡¡of¡¡the

motor¡£¡¡It¡¡matters¡¡little¡¡what¡¡particular¡¡spot¡¡is¡¡selected

so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡does¡¡not¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡overbalance¡¡the

machine£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡¡¨throw¡¡it¡¡off¡¡an¡¡even¡¡keel¡£¡¨¡¡It¡¡is¡¡just

like¡¡loading¡¡a¡¡vessel£»¡¡an¡¡operation¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡expert

seeks¡¡to¡¡so¡¡distribute¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡as¡¡to¡¡keep

the¡¡vessel¡¡in¡¡a¡¡perfectly¡¡upright¡¡position£»¡¡and¡¡prevent¡¡a

¡¨list¡¨¡¡or¡¡leaning¡¡to¡¡one¡¡side¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡evenly¡¡the¡¡cargo

is¡¡distributed¡¡the¡¡more¡¡perfect¡¡will¡¡be¡¡the¡¡equilibrium¡¡of

the¡¡vessel¡¡and¡¡the¡¡better¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡handled¡£¡¡Sometimes£»

when¡¡not¡¡properly¡¡stowed£»¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡shifts£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡at

once¡¡affects¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡craft¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡ship

¡¨lists¡¨¡¡to¡¡starboard¡¡or¡¡port¡¡a¡¡preponderating¡¡weight¡¡of

the¡¡cargo¡¡has¡¡shifted¡¡sideways£»¡¡if¡¡bow¡¡or¡¡stern¡¡is¡¡unduly

depressed¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡sure¡¡indication¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cargo¡¡has¡¡shifted

accordingly¡£¡¡In¡¡either¡¡event¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡of¡¡the¡¡craft

becomes¡¡not¡¡only¡¡difficult£»¡¡but¡¡extremely¡¡hazardous¡£

Exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡conditions¡¡prevail¡¡in¡¡the¡¡handling¡¡of¡¡a

flying¡¡machine¡£



Shape¡¡of¡¡Machine¡¡a¡¡Factor¡£



In¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡you¡¡must¡¡be¡¡governed¡¡largely¡¡by

the¡¡shape¡¡and¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡frame¡£

If¡¡the¡¡bulk¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and¡¡auxiliaries

is¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡rear£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡location¡¡for¡¡the¡¡motor

will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡the¡¡front¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡counterbalance¡¡the

excess¡¡in¡¡rear¡¡weight¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡if¡¡the

preponderance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡is¡¡forward£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡motor

should¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡back¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡£



As¡¡the¡¡propeller¡¡blade¡¡is¡¡really¡¡an¡¡integral¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the

motor£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡being¡¡useless¡¡without¡¡it£»¡¡its¡¡placing

naturally¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡location¡¡selected¡¡for¡¡the

motor¡£



Rudders¡¡and¡¡Auxiliary¡¡Planes¡£



Here¡¡again¡¡there¡¡is¡¡great¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡among

aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡size£»¡¡location¡¡and¡¡form¡£¡¡The¡¡striking

difference¡¡of¡¡ideas¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect¡¡is¡¡well¡¡illustrated¡¡in

the¡¡choice¡¡made¡¡by¡¡prominent¡¡makers¡¡as¡¡follows£º



Voisinhorizontal¡¡rudder£»¡¡with¡¡two¡¡wing¡­like¡¡planes£»

in¡¡front£»¡¡box¡­like¡¡longitudinal¡¡stability¡¡plane¡¡in¡¡rear£»

inside¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡£



Wrightlarge¡¡biplane¡¡horizontal¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡front¡¡at

considerable¡¡distanceabout¡¡10¡¡feetfrom¡¡the¡¡main

planes£»¡¡vertical¡¡biplane¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡upper

and¡¡lower¡¡main¡¡planes¡¡made¡¡flexible¡¡so¡¡they¡¡may¡¡be

moved¡£



Curtisshorizontal¡¡biplane¡¡rudder£»¡¡with¡¡vertical¡¡damping

plane¡¡between¡¡the¡¡rudder¡¡planes¡¡about¡¡10¡¡feet¡¡in

front¡¡of¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡vertical¡¡rudder¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡stabilizing

planes¡¡at¡¡each¡¡end¡¡of¡¡upper¡¡main¡¡plane¡£



BleriotV¡­shaped¡¡stabilizing¡¡fin£»¡¡projecting¡¡from¡¡rear

of¡¡plane£»¡¡with¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡outward£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡of

this¡¡fin¡¡is¡¡hinged¡¡a¡¡vertical¡¡rudder£»¡¡horizontal¡¡biplane

rudder£»¡¡also¡¡in¡¡rear£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡fin¡£



These¡¡instances¡¡show¡¡forcefully¡¡the¡¡wide¡¡diversity¡¡of

opinion¡¡existing¡¡among¡¡experienced¡¡aviators¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the

best¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡placing¡¡the¡¡rudders¡¡and¡¡stabilizing£»¡¡or

auxiliary¡¡planes£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡manifest¡¡how¡¡hopeless¡¡would

be¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡attempting¡¡to¡¡select¡¡any¡¡one¡¡form¡¡and

advise¡¡its¡¡exclusive¡¡use¡£



Rudder¡¡and¡¡Auxiliary¡¡Construction¡£



The¡¡material¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rudders

and¡¡auxiliary¡¡planes¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡that¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main

planesspruce¡¡for¡¡the¡¡framework¡¡and¡¡some¡¡kind¡¡of

rubberized¡¡or¡¡varnished¡¡cloth¡¡for¡¡the¡¡covering¡£¡¡The

frames¡¡are¡¡joined¡¡and¡¡wired¡¡in¡¡exactly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner

as¡¡the¡¡frames¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡planes£»¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡being¡¡to

secure¡¡the¡¡same¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡rigidity¡£¡¡Dimensions¡¡of

the¡¡various¡¡parts¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡plan¡¡adopted¡¡and¡¡the

size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡plane¡£



No¡¡details¡¡as¡¡to¡¡exact¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡these¡¡rudders¡¡and

auxiliary¡¡planes¡¡are¡¡obtainable¡£¡¡The¡¡various¡¡builders£»

while¡¡willing¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡data¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general

measurements£»¡¡weight£»¡¡power£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡of¡¡their¡¡machines£»

appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡overlooked¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auxiliary

parts£»¡¡thinking£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡that¡¡these¡¡were¡¡of¡¡no¡¡particular

import¡¡to¡¡the¡¡general¡¡public¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine£»¡¡the

rear¡¡horizontal¡¡and¡¡front¡¡vertical¡¡rudders¡¡may¡¡be¡¡set

down¡¡as¡¡being¡¡about¡¡one¡­quarter¡¡£¨probably¡¡a¡¡little¡¡less£©

the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡supporting¡¡planes¡£



Arrangement¡¡of¡¡Alighting¡¡Gear¡£



Most¡¡modern¡¡machines¡¡are¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡an¡¡alighting

gear£»¡¡which¡¡not¡¡only¡¡serves¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡and

aviator¡¡from¡¡shock¡¡or¡¡injury¡¡in¡¡touching¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡but

also¡¡aids¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡under¡¡headway¡£¡¡All¡¡the¡¡leading

makes£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Wright£»¡¡are¡¡furnished

with¡¡a¡¡frame¡¡carrying¡¡from¡¡two¡¡to¡¡five¡¡pneumatic¡¡rubber¡­

tired¡¡bicycle¡¡wheels¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡and¡¡Voisin

machines¡¡one¡¡wheel¡¡is¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡front¡¡and¡¡two¡¡in¡¡the

rear¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Bleriot¡¡and¡¡other¡¡prominent¡¡machines¡¡the

reverse¡¡is¡¡the¡¡ruletwo¡¡wheels¡¡in¡¡front¡¡and¡¡one¡¡in¡¡the

rear¡£¡¡Farman¡¡makes¡¡use¡¡of¡¡five¡¡wheels£»¡¡one¡¡in¡¡the£»

extreme¡¡rear£»¡¡and¡¡four£»¡¡arranged¡¡in¡¡pairs£»¡¡a¡¡little¡¡to¡¡the

front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡center¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡lower¡¡plane¡£



In¡¡place¡¡of¡¡wheels¡¡the¡¡Wright¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡equipped

with¡¡a¡¡skid¡­like¡¡device¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡two¡¡long¡¡beams

attached¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡plane¡¡by¡¡stanchions¡¡and¡¡curving

up¡¡far¡¡in¡¡front£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡supports¡¡to¡¡the¡¡horizontal

rudder¡£



Why¡¡Wood¡¡Is¡¡Favored¡£



A¡¡frequently¡¡asked¡¡question¡¡is£º¡¡¡¨Why¡¡is¡¡not¡¡aluminum£»

or¡¡some¡¡similar¡¡metal£»¡¡substituted¡¡for¡¡wood¡£¡¨

Wood£»¡¡particularly¡¡spruce£»¡¡is¡¡preferred¡¡because£»¡¡weight

considered£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡much¡¡stronger¡¡than¡¡aluminum£»¡¡and¡¡this

is¡¡the¡¡lightest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡metals¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡the¡¡following

table¡¡will¡¡be¡¡of¡¡interest£º



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Compressive

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Weight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tensile¡¡Strength¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Strength

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡cubic¡¡foot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡inch¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡per¡¡sq¡£¡¡inch

Material¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡lbs¡£

Spruce¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5£»000

Aluminum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡162¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡16£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£¡£

Brass¡¡£¨sheet£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡510¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡23£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12£»000

Steel¡¡£¨tool£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡490¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡100£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000

Copper¡¡£¨sheet£©¡¡¡¡¡¡548¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30£»000¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40£»000



As¡¡extreme¡¡lightness£»¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡strength£»

especially¡¡tensile¡¡strength£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡great¡¡essential¡¡in¡¡flying¡­

machine¡¡construction£»¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡readily¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the

use¡¡of¡¡metal£»¡¡even¡¡aluminum£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡is

prohibited¡¡by¡¡its¡¡weight¡£¡¡While¡¡aluminum¡¡has¡¡double¡¡the

strength¡¡of¡¡spruce¡¡wood¡¡it¡¡is¡¡vastly¡¡heavier£»¡¡and¡¡thus

the¡¡advantage¡¡it¡¡has¡¡in¡¡strength¡¡is¡¡overbalanced¡¡many

times¡¡by¡¡its¡¡weight¡£¡¡The¡¡specific¡¡gravity¡¡of¡¡aluminum

is¡¡2¡£50£»¡¡that¡¡of¡¡spruce¡¡is¡¡only¡¡0¡£403¡£



Things¡¡to¡¡Be¡¡Considered¡£



In¡¡laying¡¡out¡¡plans¡¡for¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡machine¡¡there¡¡are¡¡five

important¡¡points¡¡which¡¡should¡¡be¡¡settled¡¡upon¡¡before

the¡¡actual¡¡work¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡is¡¡started¡£¡¡These¡¡are£º



FirstApproximate¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡when¡¡finished

and¡¡equipped¡£



SecondArea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡supporting¡¡surface¡¡required¡£



ThirdAmount¡¡of¡¡power¡¡that¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to

secure¡¡the¡¡desired¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡lifting¡¡capacity¡£



FourthExact¡¡dimensions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡framework

and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auxiliary¡¡parts¡£



FifthSize£»¡¡speed¡¡and¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡propeller¡£



In¡¡deciding¡¡upon¡¡these¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡take¡¡into

consideration¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡expert¡¡aviators¡¡regarding

these¡¡features¡¡as¡¡given¡¡elsewhere¡£¡¡£¨See¡¡Chapter¡¡X¡££©



Estimating¡¡the¡¡Weights¡¡Involved¡£



In¡¡fixing¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡probable¡¡approximate¡¡weight¡¡in

advance¡¡of¡¡construction¡¡much£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡assumed¡£

This¡¡means¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡advance

estimating¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡two¡­passenger¡¡machine¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡built

we¡¡will¡¡start¡¡by¡¡assuming¡¡the¡¡maximum¡¡combined

weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡people¡¡to¡¡be¡¡350¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Most¡¡of

the¡¡professional¡¡aviators¡¡are¡¡lighter¡¡than¡¡this¡£¡¡Taking

the¡¡medium¡¡between¡¡the¡¡weights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Curtiss¡¡and

Wright¡¡machines¡¡we¡¡have¡¡a¡¡net¡¡average¡¡of¡¡850¡¡pounds

for¡¡the¡¡framework£»¡¡motor£»¡¡propeller£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡This£»¡¡with

the¡¡two¡¡passengers£»¡¡amounts¡¡to¡¡1£»190¡¡pounds¡£¡¡As¡¡the

machines¡¡quoted¡¡are¡¡in¡¡successful¡¡operation¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be

reasonable¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡this¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡safe¡¡basis¡¡to

operate¡¡on¡£



What¡¡the¡¡Novice¡¡Must¡¡Avoid¡£



This¡¡does¡¡not¡¡mean£»¡¡however£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safe¡¡to

follow¡¡these¡¡weights¡¡exactly¡¡in¡¡construction£»¡¡but¡¡that

they¡¡will¡¡serve¡¡merely¡¡as¡¡a¡¡basis¡¡to¡¡start¡¡from¡£¡¡Because

an¡¡expert¡¡can¡¡turn¡¡out¡¡a¡¡machine£»¡¡thoroughly¡¡equipped£»

of¡¡850¡¡pounds¡¡weight£»¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡that¡¡a¡¡novice

can¡¡do¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing¡£¡¡The¡¡expert's¡¡work¡¡is¡¡the¡¡result

of¡¡years¡¡of¡¡experience£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡has¡¡learned¡¡how¡¡to¡¡construct

frames¡¡and¡¡motor¡¡plants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡lightness

and¡¡strength¡£



It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡safer¡¡for¡¡the¡¡novice¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡he¡¡can

not¡¡duplicate¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡such¡¡men¡¡as¡¡Wright¡¡and¡¡Curtiss

without¡¡adding¡¡materially¡¡to¡¡the¡¡gross¡¡weight¡¡of

the¡¡framework¡¡and¡¡equipment¡¡minus¡¡passengers¡£



How¡¡to¡¡Dis

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