concerning civil government-第23章

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revenge；　covetousness；　or　any　other　irregular　passion。

　　200。　If　one　can　doubt　this　to　be　truth　or　reason　because　it　comes

from　the　obscure　hand　of　a　subject；　I　hope　the　authority　of　a　king

will　make　it　pass　with　him。　King　James；　in　his　speech　to　the

Parliament；　16O3；　tells　them　thus：　〃I　will　ever　prefer　the　weal　of　the

public　and　of　the　whole　commonwealth；　in　making　of　good　laws　and

constitutions；　to　any　particular　and　private　ends　of　mine；　thinking

ever　the　wealth　and　weal　of　the　commonwealth　to　be　my　greatest　weal

and　worldly　felicity…　a　point　wherein　a　lawful　king　doth　directly

differ　from　a　tyrant；　for　I　do　acknowledge　that　the　special　and

greatest　point　of　difference　that　is　between　a　rightful　king　and　an

usurping　tyrant　is　this…　that　whereas　the　proud　and　ambitious　tyrant

doth　think　his　kingdom　and　people　are　only　ordained　for　satisfaction

of　his　desires　and　unreasonable　appetites；　the　righteous　and　just　king

doth；　by　the　contrary；　acknowledge　himself　to　be　ordained　for　the

procuring　of　the　wealth　and　property　of　his　people。〃　And　again；　in　his

speech　to　the　Parliament；　1609；　he　hath　these　words：　〃The　king　binds

himself；　by　a　double　oath；　to　the　observation　of　the　fundamental

laws　of　his　kingdom…　tacitly；　as　by　being　a　king；　and　so　bound　to

protect；　as　well　the　people　as　the　laws　of　his　kingdom；　and

expressly　by　his　oath　at　his　coronation；　so　as　every　just　king；　in　a

settled　kingdom；　is　bound　to　observe　that　paction　made　to　his

people；　by　his　laws；　in　framing　his　government　agreeable　thereunto；

according　to　that　paction　which　God　made　with　Noah　after　the　deluge：

'Hereafter；　seed…time；　and　harvest；　and　cold；　and　heat；　and　summer；

and　winter；　and　day；　and　night；　shall　not　cease　while　the　earth

remaineth。'　And　therefore　a　king；　governing　in　a　settled　kingdom；

leaves　to　be　a　king；　and　degenerates　into　a　tyrant；　as　soon　as　he

leaves　off　to　rule　according　to　his　laws。〃　And　a　little　after：

〃Therefore；　all　kings　that　are　not　tyrants；　or　perjured；　will　be

glad　to　bound　themselves　within　the　limits　of　their　laws；　and　they

that　persuade　them　the　contrary　are　vipers；　pests；　both　against　them

and　the　commonwealth。〃　Thus；　that　learned　king；　who　well　understood

the　notions　of　things；　makes　the　difference　betwixt　a　king　and　a

tyrant　to　consist　only　in　this：　that　one　makes　the　laws　the　bounds

of　his　power　and　the　good　of　the　public　the　end　of　his　government；　the

other　makes　all　give　way　to　his　own　will　and　appetite。

　　201。　It　is　a　mistake　to　think　this　fault　is　proper　only　to

monarchies。　Other　forms　of　government　are　liable　to　it　as　well　as

that；　for　wherever　the　power　that　is　put　in　any　hands　for　the

government　of　the　people　and　the　preservation　of　their　properties　is

applied　to　other　ends；　and　made　use　of　to　impoverish；　harass；　or

subdue　them　to　the　arbitrary　and　irregular　commands　of　those　that　have

it；　there　it　presently　becomes　tyranny；　whether　those　that　thus　use　it

are　one　or　many。　Thus　we　read　of　the　thirty　tyrants　at　Athens；　as　well

as　one　at　Syracuse；　and　the　intolerable　dominion　of　the　Decemviri　at

Rome　was　nothing　better。

　　202。　Wherever　law　ends；　tyranny　begins；　if　the　law　be　transgressed

to　another's　harm；　and　whosoever　in　authority　exceeds　the　power

given　him　by　the　law；　and　makes　use　of　the　force　he　has　under　his

command　to　compass　that　upon　the　subject　which　the　law　allows　not；

ceases　in　that　to　be　a　magistrate；　and　acting　without　authority　may　be

opposed；　as　any　other　man　who　by　force　invades　the　right　of　another。

This　is　acknowledged　in　subordinate　magistrates。　He　that　hath

authority　to　seize　my　person　in　the　street　may　be　opposed　as　a　thief

and　a　robber　if　he　endeavours　to　break　into　my　house　to　execute　a

writ；　notwithstanding　that　I　know　he　has　such　a　warrant　and　such　a

legal　authority　as　will　empower　him　to　arrest　me　abroad。　And　why

this　should　not　hold　in　the　highest；　as　well　as　in　the　most　inferior

magistrate；　I　would　gladly　be　informed。　Is　it　reasonable　that　the

eldest　brother；　because　he　has　the　greatest　part　of　his　father's

estate；　should　thereby　have　a　right　to　take　away　any　of　his　younger

brothers'　portions？　Or　that　a　rich　man；　who　possessed　a　whole　country；

should　from　thence　have　a　right　to　seize；　when　he　pleased；　the　cottage

and　garden　of　his　poor　neighbour？　The　being　rightfully　possessed　of

great　power　and　riches；　exceedingly　beyond　the　greatest　part　of　the

sons　of　Adam；　is　so　far　from　being　an　excuse；　much　less　a　reason　for

rapine　and　oppression；　which　the　endamaging　another　without

authority　is；　that　it　is　a　great　aggravation　of　it。　For　exceeding

the　bounds　of　authority　is　no　more　a　right　in　a　great　than　a　petty

officer；　no　more　justifiable　in　a　king　than　a　constable。　But　so　much

the　worse　in　him　as　that　he　has　more　trust　put　in　him；　is　supposed；

from　the　advantage　of　education　and　counsellors；　to　have　better

knowledge　and　less　reason　to　do　it；　having　already　a　greater　share

than　the　rest　of　his　brethren。

　　203。　May　the　commands；　then；　of　a　prince　be　opposed？　May　he　be

resisted；　as　often　as　any　one　shall　find　himself　aggrieved；　and　but

imagine　he　has　not　right　done　him？　This　will　unhinge　and　overturn

all　polities；　and　instead　of　government　and　order；　leave　nothing　but

anarchy　and　confusion。

　　204。　To　this　I　answer：　That　force　is　to　be　opposed　to　nothing　but　to

unjust　and　unlawful　force。　Whoever　makes　any　opposition　in　any　other

case　draws　on　himself　a　just　condemnation；　both　from　God　and　man；

and　so　no　such　danger　or　confusion　will　follow；　as　is　often　suggested。

For…

　　205。　First。　As　in　some　countries　the　person　of　the　prince　by　the　law

is　sacred；　and　so　whatever　he　commands　or　does；　his　person　is　still

free　from　all　question　or　violence；　not　liable　to　force；　or　any

judicial　censure　or　condemnation。　But　yet　opposition　may　be　made　to

the　illegal　acts　of　any　inferior　officer　or　other　commissioned　by　him；

unless　he　will；　by　actually　putting　himself　into　a　state　of　war　with

his　people；　dissolve　the　government；　and　leave　them　to　that　defence；

which　belongs　to　every　one　in　the　state　of　Nature。　For　of　such　things；

who　can　tell　what　the　end　will　be？　And　a　neighbour　kingdom　has

showed　the　world　an　odd　example。　In　all　other　cases　the　sacredness

of　the　person　exempts　him　from　all　inconveniencies；　whereby　he　is

secure；　whilst　the　government　stands；　from　all　violence　and　harm

whatsoever；　than　which　there　cannot　be　a　wiser　constitution。　For　the

harm　he　can　do　in　his　own　person　not　being　likely　to　happen　often；　nor

to　extend　itself　far；　nor　being　able　by　his　single　strength　to　subvert

the　laws　nor　oppress　the　body　of　the　people；　should　any　prince　have　so

much　weakness　and　ill…nature　as　to　be　willing　to　do　it。　The

inconveniency　of　some　particular　mischiefs　that　may　happen　sometimes

when　a　heady　prince　comes　to　the　throne　are　well　recompensed　by　the

peace　of　the　public　and　security　of　the　government　in　the　person　of

the　chief　magistrate；　thus　set　out　of　the　reach　of　danger；　it　being

safer　for　the　body　that　some　few　private　men　should　be　sometimes　in

danger　to　suffer　than　that　the　head　of　the　republic　should　be　easily

and　upon　slight　occasions　exposed。

　　206。　Secondly。　But　this　privilege；　belonging　only　to　the　king's

person；　hinders　not　but　they　may　be　questioned；　opposed；　and　resisted；

who　use　unjust　force；　though　they　pretend　a　commission　from　him

which　the　law　authorises　not；　as　is　plain　in　the　case　of　him　that

has　the　king's　writ　to　arrest　a　man　which　is　a　full　commission　from

the　king；　and　yet　he　that　has　it　cannot　break　open　a　man's　house　to　do

it；　nor　execute　this　command　of　the　king　upon　certain　days　nor　in

certain　places；　though　this　commission　have　no　such　exception　in　it；

but　they　are　the　limitations　of　the　law；　which；　if　any　one　transgress；

the　king's　commission　excuses　him　not。　For　the　king's　authority

being　given　him　only　by　the　law；　he　cannot　empower　any　one　to　act

against　the　law；　or　justify　him　by　his　commission　in　so　doing。　The

commission　or　command　of　any　magistrate　where　he　has　no　authority；

being　as　void　and　insignificant　as　that　of　any　private　man；　the

difference　between　the　one　and　the　other　being　that　the　magistrate　has

some　authority　so　far　and　to　such　ends；　and　the　private　man　has　none

at　all；　for　it　is　not　the　commission　but　the　authority　that　gives

the　right　of　acting；　and　against　the　laws　there　can　be　no　authority。

But　notwithstanding　such　resistance；　the　king's　person　and　authority

are　still　both　secured；　and　so　no　danger　to　governor　or　government。

　　207。　Thirdly。　Supposing　a　government　wherein　the　person　of　the　chief

magistrate　is　not　thus　sacred；　yet　this　doctrine　of　the　lawfulness

of　resisting　all　unlawful　exercises　of　his　power　will　not；　upon

every　slight　occasion；　endanger　him　or　embroil　the　government；　for

where　the　injured　party　may　be　relieved　and　his　damages　repaired　by

appeal　to　the　law；　there　can　be　no　pretence　for　force；　which　is　only

to　be　used　where　a　man　is　intercepted　from　appealing　to　the　law。　For

nothing　is　to　be　accounted　hostile　force　but　where　it　leaves　not　the

remedy　of　such　an　appeal。　and　it　is　such　force　alone　that　puts　him

that　uses　it　into　a　state　of　war；　and　makes　it　lawful　to　resist　him。　A

man　with　a　sword　in　his　hand　demands　my　purse　on　the　highway；　when

perhaps　I　have　not　12d。　in　my　pocket。　This　man　I　may　lawfully　kill。　To

another　I　deliver　L100　to　hold　only　whilst　I　alight；　which　he

refuses　to　restore　me　when　I　am　got　up　again；　but　draws　his　sword　to

defend　the　possession　of　it　by　force。　I　endeavour　to　retake　it。　The

mischief　this　man　does　me　is　a　hundred；　or　possibly　a　thousand　times

more　than　the　other　perhaps　intended　me　（whom　I　killed　before　he

really　did　me　any）；　and　yet　I　might　lawfully　kill　the　one　and　cannot

so　much　as　hurt　the　other　lawfully。　The　reason　whereof　is　plain；

because　the　one　using　force　which　threatened　my　life；　I　could　not　have

time　to　appeal　to　the　law　to　secure　it；　and　when　it　was　gone　it　was

too　late　to　appeal。　The　law　could　not　restore　life　to　my　dead　carcass。

The　loss　was　irreparable；　which　to　prevent　the　law　of　Nature　gave　me　a

right　to　destroy　him　who　had　put　himself　into　a　state　of　war　with　me

and　threatened　my　destruction。　But　in　the　other　case；　my　life　not

being　in　danger；　I　might　have　the　benefit　of　appealing　to　the　law；　and

have　reparation　for　my　L100　that　way。

　　208。　Fourthly。　But　if　the　unlawful　acts　done　by　the　magistrate　be

maintained　（by　the　power　he　has　got）；　and　the　remedy；　which　is　due

by　law；　be　by　the　same　power　obstructed；　yet　the　right　of　resisting；

even　in　such　manifest　acts　of　tyranny；　will　not　suddenly；　or　on　slight

occasions；　disturb　the　government。　For　if　it　reach　no　farther　than

some　private　men's　cases；　though　they　have　a　right　to　defend

themselves；　and　to　recover　by　force　what　by　unlawful　force　is　taken

from　them；　yet　the　right　to　do　so　will　not　easily　engage　them　in　a

contest　wherein　they　are　sure　to　perish；　it　being　as　impossible　for

one　or　a　few　oppressed　men　to　disturb　the　government　where　the　body　of

the　people　do　not　think　themselves　concerned　in　it；　as　for　a　raving

madman　or　heady　malcontent　t