proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ2ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
determines¡¡the¡¡broad¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡such¡¡men's¡¡lives£»¡¡it¡¡often¡¡happens¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
detail¡¡of¡¡their¡¡speech¡¡and¡¡writing£»¡¡hatred¡¡is¡¡far¡¡more¡¡visible¡¡than¡¡love¡£¡¡The¡¡
impatient¡¡idealistand¡¡without¡¡some¡¡impatience¡¡a¡¡man¡¡will¡¡hardly¡¡prove¡¡
effectiveis¡¡¡¡¡¡almost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sure¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡led¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡hatred¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡oppositions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
disappointments¡¡which¡¡he¡¡encounters¡¡in¡¡his¡¡endeavors¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡happiness¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡certain¡¡he¡¡is¡¡of¡¡the¡¡purity¡¡of¡¡his¡¡motives¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
truth¡¡of¡¡his¡¡gospel£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡indignant¡¡he¡¡will¡¡become¡¡when¡¡his¡¡teaching¡¡
is¡¡rejected¡£¡¡¡¡Often¡¡he¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡successfully¡¡achieve¡¡¡¡an¡¡attitude¡¡¡¡of¡¡philosophic¡¡
tolerance¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡regards¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡apathy¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡masses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡regards¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
whole¡hearted¡¡opposition¡¡of¡¡professed¡¡defenders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡status¡¡quo¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡6¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
men¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡finds¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡forgive¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡profess¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡the¡¡amelioration¡¡of¡¡society¡¡as¡¡he¡¡feels¡¡himself£»¡¡but¡¡who¡¡do¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡accept¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡method¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡achieving¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡end¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡intense¡¡¡¡¡¡faith¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
enables¡¡him¡¡to¡¡withstand¡¡persecution¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sake¡¡of¡¡his¡¡beliefs¡¡makes¡¡him¡¡
consider¡¡these¡¡beliefs¡¡so¡¡luminously¡¡obvious¡¡that¡¡any¡¡thinking¡¡man¡¡who¡¡
rejects¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡dishonest£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡actuated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡sinister¡¡
motive¡¡of¡¡treachery¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cause¡£¡¡Hence¡¡arises¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sect£»¡¡that¡¡
bitter£»¡¡narrow¡¡orthodoxy¡¡which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡bane¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡hold¡¡strongly¡¡to¡¡
an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unpopular¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡creed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡¡¡temptations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡treachery¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exist¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
suspicion¡¡is¡¡natural¡£¡¡And¡¡among¡¡leaders£»¡¡ambition£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡mortify¡¡in¡¡
their¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡a¡¡career£»¡¡is¡¡sure¡¡to¡¡return¡¡in¡¡a¡¡new¡¡form£º¡¡in¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡
intellectual¡¡¡¡¡¡mastery¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡despotic¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡sect¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡
these¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡causes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡results¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡advocates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡drastic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reform¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡divide¡¡
themselves¡¡into¡¡opposing¡¡schools£»¡¡hating¡¡each¡¡other¡¡with¡¡a¡¡bitter¡¡hatred£»¡¡
accusing¡¡each¡¡other¡¡often¡¡of¡¡such¡¡crimes¡¡as¡¡being¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pay¡¡of¡¡the¡¡police£»¡¡
and¡¡demanding£»¡¡of¡¡any¡¡speaker¡¡or¡¡writer¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡are¡¡to¡¡admire£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡
shall¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conform¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exactly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡prejudices£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡teaching¡¡
minister¡¡to¡¡their¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡truth¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡within¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡creed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡casual¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
unimaginative¡¡¡¡¡¡attention£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡sacrificed¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
wish¡¡to¡¡benefit¡¡mankind¡¡APPEAR¡¡to¡¡be¡¡actuated¡¡far¡¡more¡¡by¡¡hatred¡¡than¡¡
by¡¡love¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡orthodoxy¡¡is¡¡stifling¡¡to¡¡any¡¡free¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡
intellect¡£¡¡This¡¡cause£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡economic¡¡prejudice£»¡¡has¡¡made¡¡it¡¡difficult¡¡
for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®intellectuals''¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡co¡operate¡¡¡¡¡¡prac¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tically¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡extreme¡¡
reformers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡sympathize¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡main¡¡¡¡¡¡purposes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
even¡¡with¡¡nine¡tenths¡¡of¡¡their¡¡program¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Another¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡radical¡¡reformers¡¡are¡¡misjudged¡¡by¡¡ordinary¡¡men¡¡
is¡¡that¡¡they¡¡view¡¡existing¡¡society¡¡from¡¡outside£»¡¡with¡¡hostility¡¡towards¡¡its¡¡
institutions¡£¡¡Although£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡more¡¡belief¡¡than¡¡their¡¡
neighbors¡¡in¡¡human¡¡nature's¡¡inherent¡¡capacity¡¡for¡¡a¡¡good¡¡life£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡so¡¡
conscious¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cruelty¡¡and¡¡oppression¡¡resulting¡¡from¡¡existing¡¡institutions¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡misleading¡¡¡¡¡¡impression¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡cynicism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Most¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡
have¡¡¡¡¡¡instinctively¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡entirely¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡codes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡behavior£º¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡
those¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡companions¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡colleagues¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡friends£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡7¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
some¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®herd''£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡
they¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡enemies¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡outcasts¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡danger¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡society¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Radical¡¡
reformers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡apt¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡concentrate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡attention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡behavior¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
society¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡class£»¡¡the¡¡class¡¡of¡¡those¡¡toward¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®herd''¡¡
feels¡¡ill¡will¡£¡¡This¡¡class¡¡includes£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡enemies¡¡in¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡criminals£»¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡minds¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡order¡¡
essential¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡safety¡¡or¡¡privileges£»¡¡it¡¡includes¡¡all¡¡who¡¡advocate¡¡any¡¡
great¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡change£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
poverty¡¡or¡¡through¡¡any¡¡other¡¡cause£»¡¡are¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡a¡¡dangerous¡¡degree¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡discontent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡ordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡citizen¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡seldom¡¡¡¡¡¡thinks¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡
individuals¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡classes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡believing¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
friends¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡kindly¡¡¡¡¡¡people£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡wish¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡injure¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡
toward¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡entertain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡group¡hostility¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡
attention¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡fastened¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡relations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡group¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡
hates¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡fears¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡judge¡¡¡¡quite¡¡¡¡¡¡differently¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡relations¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡surprising¡¡
ferocity¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡apt¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡developed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡ugly¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡
comes¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fore¡£¡¡The¡¡opponents¡¡of¡¡capitalism¡¡have¡¡learned£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡
study¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡historical¡¡facts£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡ferocity¡¡has¡¡often¡¡been¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wage¡earning¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡classes£»¡¡
particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡ventured¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡protest¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡unspeakable¡¡
suffering¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡industrialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡usually¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡condemned¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡
arises¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡quite¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡attitude¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡¡¡¡¡existing¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
ordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡to¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡citizen£º¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡attitude¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡his£»¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
untrue£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡equally¡¡¡¡¡¡based¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡facts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡facts¡¡¡¡¡¡concerning¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡relations¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
enemies¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡to¡¡his¡¡friends¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡war£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡wars¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡produces¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opposing¡¡
views£»¡¡each¡¡equally¡¡true¡¡and¡¡equally¡¡untrue¡£¡¡The¡¡citizen¡¡of¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡at¡¡war£»¡¡
when¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡countrymen£»¡¡thinks¡¡of¡¡them¡¡primarily¡¡as¡¡he¡¡has¡¡
experienced¡¡them£»¡¡in¡¡dealings¡¡with¡¡their¡¡friends£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡family¡¡relations£»¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡kindly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡decent¡¡¡¡¡¡folk¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
nation¡¡with¡¡which¡¡his¡¡country¡¡is¡¡at¡¡war¡¡views¡¡his¡¡compatriots¡¡through¡¡the¡¡
medium¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡quite¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡experiences£º¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡appear¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
ferocity¡¡of¡¡battle£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡invasion¡¡and¡¡subjugation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡hostile¡¡territory£»¡¡or¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡chicanery¡¡of¡¡a¡¡juggling¡¡diplomacy¡£¡¡The¡¡men¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡these¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡7¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡8¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
true¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whom¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡compatriots¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
husbands¡¡or¡¡fathers¡¡or¡¡friends£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡judged¡¡differently¡¡because¡¡they¡¡
are¡¡judged¡¡on¡¡different¡¡data¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡it¡¡is¡¡with¡¡those¡¡who¡¡view¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡
from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡standpoint¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wage¡earner£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡appear¡¡
inconceivably¡¡¡¡cynical¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡misjudging¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡facts¡¡
upon¡¡which¡¡their¡¡view¡¡is¡¡based¡¡are¡¡facts¡¡which¡¡he¡¡either¡¡does¡¡not¡¡know¡¡or¡¡
habitually¡¡ignores¡£¡¡Yet¡¡the¡¡view¡¡from¡¡the¡¡outside¡¡is¡¡just¡¡as¡¡true¡¡as¡¡the¡¡view¡¡
from¡¡the¡¡inside¡£¡¡Both¡¡are¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡complete¡¡truth£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Socialist£»¡¡
who¡¡emphasizes¡¡the¡¡outside¡¡view£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡cynic£»¡¡but¡¡merely¡¡the¡¡friend¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡wage¡earners£»¡¡maddened¡¡by¡¡the¡¡spectacle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡needless¡¡misery¡¡which¡¡
capitalism¡¡inflicts¡¡upon¡¡them¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡placed¡¡these¡¡general¡¡reflections¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡our¡¡study£»¡¡in¡¡
order¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡clear¡¡to¡¡the¡¡reader¡¡that£»¡¡whatever¡¡bitterness¡¡and¡¡hate¡¡may¡¡
be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡movements¡¡which¡¡we¡¡are¡¡to¡¡examine£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡bitterness¡¡or¡¡
hate£»¡¡but¡¡love£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡their¡¡mainspring¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡not¡¡to¡¡hate¡¡those¡¡who¡¡
torture¡¡the¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡our¡¡love¡£¡¡Though¡¡difficult£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡impossible£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡
requires¡¡a¡¡breadth¡¡of¡¡outlook¡¡and¡¡a¡¡comprehensiveness¡¡of¡¡understanding¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡easy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡preserve¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡amid¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡desperate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contest¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡ultimate¡¡
wisdom¡¡has¡¡not¡¡always¡¡been¡¡preserved¡¡by¡¡Socialists¡¡and¡¡Anarchists£»¡¡they¡¡
have¡¡not¡¡differed¡¡in¡¡this¡¡from¡¡their¡¡opponents£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡source¡¡of¡¡their¡¡
inspiration¡¡they¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡themselves¡¡superior¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡acquiesce¡¡
ignorantly¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡supinely¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡injustices¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡oppressions¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
existing¡¡system¡¡is¡¡preserved¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡8¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡9¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PART¡¡I¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡HISTORICAL¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡I¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MARX¡¡AND¡¡SOCIALIST¡¡DOCTRINE¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCIALISM£»¡¡like¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡else¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡vital£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡tendency¡¡
than¡¡a¡¡strictly¡¡definable¡¡body¡¡of¡¡doctrine¡£¡¡A¡¡definition¡¡of¡¡Socialism¡¡is¡¡sure¡¡
either¡¡to¡¡include¡¡some¡¡views¡¡which¡¡many¡¡would¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡not¡¡Socialistic£»¡¡
or¡¡to¡¡exclude¡¡others¡¡which¡¡claim¡¡to¡¡be¡¡included¡£¡¡But¡¡I¡¡think¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡come¡¡
nearest¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡essence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡defining¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡advocacy¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
communal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ownership¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡land¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡capital¡£¡¡¡¡Communal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ownership¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡
mean¡¡¡¡¡¡ownership¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡held¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡include¡¡
ownership¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Communal¡¡¡¡¡¡ownership¡¡
may¡¡also¡¡be¡¡understood£»¡¡as¡¡Anarchist¡¡Communism¡¡understands¡¡it£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
sense¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡ownership¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡association¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡women¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
community¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡compulsory¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
constitute¡¡a¡¡State¡£¡¡Some¡¡Socialists¡¡expect¡¡communal¡¡ownership¡¡to¡¡arrive¡¡
suddenly¡¡and¡¡completely¡¡by¡¡a¡¡catastrophic¡¡revolution£»¡¡while¡¡others¡¡expect¡¡
it¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡gradually£»¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡industry£»¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡¡¡¡¡insist¡¡
upon¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡of¡¡completeness¡¡in¡¡the¡¡acquisition¡¡of¡¡land¡¡and¡¡capital¡¡
by¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡public£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡content¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡lingering¡¡¡¡¡¡islands¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
private¡¡¡¡¡¡ownership£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡provided¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡extensive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡powerful¡£¡¡
What¡¡all¡¡forms¡¡have¡¡in¡¡common¡¡is¡¡democracy¡¡and¡¡the¡¡abolition£»¡¡virtual¡¡or¡¡
complete£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalistic¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡distinction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡
Socialists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡turns¡¡¡¡¡¡largely¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
democracy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡desire¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Orthodox¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡content¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
parliamentary¡¡¡¡¡¡democracy¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sphere¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡holding¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
evils¡¡apparent¡¡in¡¡this¡¡form¡¡of¡¡constitution¡¡at¡¡present¡¡woul