proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ21ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡war£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡what¡¡is¡¡really¡¡vital¡¡in¡¡his¡¡
teaching£»¡¡reject¡¡the¡¡State¡¡with¡¡abhorrence¡¡and¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡it¡¡wholly£»¡¡in¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Anarchists¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists£»¡¡
though¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡persons¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡extremists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡really¡¡
represent¡¡the¡¡English¡¡love¡¡of¡¡compromise¡£¡¡The¡¡Syndicalist¡¡arguments¡¡as¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡dangers¡¡inherent¡¡in¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡have¡¡made¡¡them¡¡dissatisfied¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡old¡¡State¡¡Socialism£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡accept¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡
view¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡dispense¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡altogether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡central¡¡¡¡¡¡authority¡£¡¡
Accordingly¡¡they¡¡propose¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡two¡¡co¡equal¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡
Government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡community£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡geographical£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡representing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
consumers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡essentially¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡continuation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
other¡¡¡¡¡¡representing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡producers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡organized£»¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡geographically£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
guilds£»¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡manner¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡industrial¡¡¡¡¡¡unionism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡author¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ities¡¡
will¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡different¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡questions¡£¡¡Guild¡¡Socialists¡¡do¡¡not¡¡regard¡¡
the¡¡industrial¡¡authority¡¡as¡¡forming¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡contend¡¡that¡¡it¡¡
is¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡to¡¡be¡¡geographical£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡authority¡¡
will¡¡resemble¡¡the¡¡present¡¡State¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡have¡¡coercive¡¡powers£»¡¡
and¡¡that¡¡its¡¡decrees¡¡will¡¡be¡¡enforced£»¡¡when¡¡necessary¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡suspected¡¡
that¡¡Syndicalists¡¡also£»¡¡much¡¡as¡¡they¡¡object¡¡to¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡State£»¡¡would¡¡not¡¡
object¡¡to¡¡coercion¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡in¡¡an¡¡industry¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Trade¡¡Union¡¡in¡¡that¡¡
industry¡£¡¡Government¡¡within¡¡the¡¡Trade¡¡Union¡¡would¡¡probably¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡as¡¡
strict¡¡as¡¡State¡¡government¡¡is¡¡now¡£¡¡In¡¡saying¡¡this¡¡we¡¡are¡¡assuming¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
theoretical¡¡Anarchism¡¡of¡¡Syndicalist¡¡leaders¡¡would¡¡not¡¡survive¡¡accession¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡am¡¡¡¡¡¡afraid¡¡¡¡¡¡experience¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡shows¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡very¡¡
hazardous¡¡assumption¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Among¡¡all¡¡these¡¡different¡¡views£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡which¡¡raises¡¡the¡¡deepest¡¡issue¡¡
is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡coercion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
unnecessary¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Like¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡
more¡¡to¡¡be¡¡urged¡¡in¡¡support¡¡of¡¡this¡¡view¡¡than¡¡most¡¡people¡¡would¡¡suppose¡¡
at¡¡first¡¡sight¡£¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡its¡¡ablest¡¡exponent£»¡¡points¡¡out¡¡how¡¡much¡¡
has¡¡been¡¡achieved¡¡already¡¡by¡¡the¡¡method¡¡of¡¡free¡¡agreement¡£¡¡He¡¡does¡¡not¡¡
wish¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡government¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡collective¡¡decisions£º¡¡what¡¡he¡¡
does¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡abolish¡¡is¡¡the¡¡system¡¡by¡¡which¡¡a¡¡decision¡¡is¡¡en¡¡¡forced¡¡upon¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡79¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡80¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
those¡¡who¡¡oppose¡¡it¡££§48£§¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡system¡¡of¡¡representative¡¡government¡¡
and¡¡majority¡¡rule¡¡is¡¡to¡¡him¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡thing¡££§49£§¡¡He¡¡points¡¡to¡¡such¡¡instances¡¡as¡¡
the¡¡agreements¡¡among¡¡the¡¡different¡¡railway¡¡systems¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Continent¡¡for¡¡
the¡¡running¡¡of¡¡through¡¡expresses¡¡and¡¡for¡¡co¡operation¡¡generally¡£¡¡He¡¡points¡¡
out¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡cases¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡companies¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡authorities¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡
each¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appoint¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡delegate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡delegates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡suggest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡basis¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
agreement£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡to¡¡be¡¡subsequently¡¡ratified¡¡by¡¡each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bodies¡¡ap¡¡¡
pointing¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡assembly¡¡of¡¡delegates¡¡has¡¡no¡¡coercive¡¡power¡¡whatever£»¡¡
and¡¡a¡¡majority¡¡can¡¡do¡¡nothing¡¡against¡¡a¡¡recalcitrant¡¡minority¡£¡¡Yet¡¡this¡¡has¡¡
not¡¡prevented¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡of¡¡very¡¡elaborate¡¡systems¡¡of¡¡agreements¡£¡¡By¡¡
such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡methods£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contend£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡USEFUL¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡functions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
government¡¡can¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡without¡¡any¡¡coercion¡£¡¡They¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡usefulness¡¡of¡¡agreement¡¡is¡¡so¡¡patent¡¡as¡¡to¡¡make¡¡co¡operation¡¡certain¡¡if¡¡
once¡¡the¡¡predatory¡¡motives¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡present¡¡system¡¡of¡¡private¡¡
property¡¡were¡¡removed¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§48£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®On¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡hand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡STATE¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡confused¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
GOVERNMENT¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡
been¡¡¡¡¡¡sometimes¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡absence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
abolition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡that¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡aim¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®It¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡me£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡represent¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡
ideas¡¡of¡¡a¡¡different¡¡kind¡£¡¡The¡¡State¡¡idea¡¡implies¡¡quite¡¡another¡¡idea¡¡to¡¡that¡¡
of¡¡government¡£¡¡It¡¡not¡¡only¡¡includes¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡power¡¡placed¡¡above¡¡
society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡territorial¡¡¡¡¡¡concentration¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡concentration¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡
functions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hands¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡
implies¡¡new¡¡relations¡¡among¡¡the¡¡members¡¡of¡¡society¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®This¡¡characteristic¡¡distinction£»¡¡which¡¡perhaps¡¡escapes¡¡notice¡¡at¡¡first¡¡
sight£»¡¡appears¡¡clearly¡¡when¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡studied¡£''¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡
¡®¡®The¡¡State¡£''¡¡p¡£¡¡4¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§49£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Representative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡accomplished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡historical¡¡
mission£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡given¡¡a¡¡mortal¡¡blow¡¡to¡¡Court¡rule£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡its¡¡debates¡¡it¡¡has¡¡
awakened¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡questions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡the¡¡
government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡future¡¡Socialist¡¡society£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡commit¡¡a¡¡gross¡¡error¡£¡¡Each¡¡
economical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡phase¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡implies¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡phase£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡
impossible¡¡to¡¡touch¡¡the¡¡very¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡economical¡¡lifeprivate¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡80¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡81¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
property¡¡without¡¡a¡¡corresponding¡¡change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡very¡¡basis¡¡of¡¡the¡¡political¡¡
organization¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Life¡¡¡¡¡¡already¡¡¡¡¡¡shows¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡direction¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡change¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
made¡£¡¡Not¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡increasing¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡resorting¡¡to¡¡¡¡free¡¡
organization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡federation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡branches¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡now¡¡
considered¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attributes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Anarchist¡¡
Communism£»''¡¡pp¡£¡¡28¡29¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Attractive¡¡as¡¡this¡¡view¡¡is£»¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡resist¡¡the¡¡conclusion¡¡that¡¡it¡¡results¡¡
from¡¡impatience¡¡and¡¡represents¡¡the¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡find¡¡a¡¡short¡cut¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡
ideal¡¡which¡¡all¡¡humane¡¡people¡¡desire¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡begin¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crime¡££§50£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchists¡¡
maintain¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡criminal¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡manufactured¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡bad¡¡¡¡¡¡social¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
would¡¡¡¡¡¡disappear¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡aim¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡creating¡££§51£§¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡
there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡great¡¡measure¡¡of¡¡truth¡¡in¡¡this¡¡view¡£¡¡There¡¡would¡¡be¡¡little¡¡motive¡¡
to¡¡robbery£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡Anarchist¡¡world£»¡¡unless¡¡it¡¡were¡¡organized¡¡on¡¡
a¡¡large¡¡scale¡¡by¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡men¡¡bent¡¡on¡¡upsetting¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡regime¡£¡¡It¡¡
may¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡conceded¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡impulses¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡¡¡¡¡criminal¡¡¡¡¡¡violence¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
very¡¡largely¡¡eliminated¡¡by¡¡a¡¡better¡¡education¡£¡¡But¡¡all¡¡such¡¡contentions£»¡¡it¡¡
seems¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡have¡¡their¡¡limitations¡£¡¡To¡¡take¡¡an¡¡extreme¡¡case£»¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡
suppose¡¡that¡¡there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡no¡¡lunatics¡¡in¡¡an¡¡Anarchist¡¡community£»¡¡and¡¡
some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡lunatics¡¡¡¡¡¡would£»¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt£»¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡homicidal¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Probably¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡
would¡¡¡¡¡¡argue¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡ought¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡left¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡sharp¡¡
lines¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡homicidal¡¡¡¡¡¡lunatic¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sane¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡violent¡¡
passions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡continuous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gradation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Even¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡perfect¡¡
community¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women£»¡¡otherwise¡¡sane£»¡¡who¡¡will¡¡feel¡¡
an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impulse¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡commit¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡murder¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡jealousy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡usually¡¡
restrained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡punishment£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡this¡¡fear¡¡were¡¡removed£»¡¡such¡¡
murders¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡common£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡seen¡¡
from¡¡the¡¡present¡¡behavior¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡soldiers¡¡on¡¡leave¡£¡¡Moreover£»¡¡certain¡¡
kinds¡¡of¡¡conduct¡¡arouse¡¡public¡¡hostility£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡almost¡¡inevitably¡¡lead¡¡
to¡¡lynching£»¡¡if¡¡no¡¡other¡¡recognized¡¡method¡¡of¡¡punishment¡¡existed¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡
in¡¡most¡¡men¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡natural¡¡vindictiveness£»¡¡not¡¡always¡¡directed¡¡against¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡worst¡¡¡¡¡¡members¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Spinoza¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡
nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡murdered¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mob¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡suspected¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡undue¡¡
friendliness¡¡to¡¡France¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡when¡¡Holland¡¡was¡¡at¡¡war¡¡with¡¡that¡¡country¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡81¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡82¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
Apart¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cases£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡¡¡danger¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡
organized¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡destroy¡¡Anarchism¡¡and¡¡revive¡¡ancient¡¡oppressions¡£¡¡Is¡¡
it¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡supposed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Napoleon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡
such¡¡a¡¡community¡¡as¡¡Kropotkin¡¡advocates£»¡¡would¡¡have¡¡acquiesced¡¡tamely¡¡
in¡¡a¡¡world¡¡where¡¡his¡¡genius¡¡could¡¡find¡¡no¡¡scope£¿¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡see¡¡what¡¡should¡¡
prevent¡¡a¡¡combination¡¡of¡¡ambitious¡¡men¡¡forming¡¡themselves¡¡into¡¡a¡¡private¡¡
army£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡manufacturing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡munitions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡enslaving¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
defenseless¡¡¡¡¡¡citizens£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡relied¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡inherent¡¡¡¡¡¡attractiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
liberty¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡Anarchism¡¡for¡¡the¡¡
community¡¡to¡¡interfere¡¡with¡¡the¡¡drilling¡¡of¡¡a¡¡private¡¡army£»¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡what¡¡
its¡¡objects¡¡might¡¡be¡¡£¨though£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡an¡¡opposing¡¡private¡¡army¡¡might¡¡be¡¡
formed¡¡by¡¡men¡¡with¡¡different¡¡views£©¡£¡¡Indeed£»¡¡Kropotkin¡¡instances¡¡the¡¡old¡¡
volunteers¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Great¡¡¡¡¡¡Britain¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡example¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡movement¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡Anarchist¡¡
lines¡££§52£§¡¡Even¡¡if¡¡a¡¡predatory¡¡army¡¡were¡¡not¡¡formed¡¡from¡¡within£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡
easily¡¡come¡¡from¡¡a¡¡neighboring¡¡nation£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡races¡¡on¡¡the¡¡borderland¡¡of¡¡
civilization¡£¡¡So¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡power¡¡exists£»¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡see¡¡how¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡
prevented¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡finding¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡outlet¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡oppression¡¡¡¡¡¡except¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
organized¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§50£§¡¡¡¡¡¡On¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡subject¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡excellent¡¡¡¡¡¡discussion¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡
mentioned¡¡work¡¡of¡¡Monsieur¡¡Naquet¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§51£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®As¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡thirdthe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefobjection£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡maintains¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
necessity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡punishing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡break¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡law¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡hardly¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡touched¡¡
incidentally¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡we¡¡study¡¡the¡¡question£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡we¡¡are¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡conclusion¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡responsible¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡anti¡social¡¡¡¡¡¡deeds¡¡
perpetrated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡midst£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡punishment£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡prisons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡
hangmen¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡diminish¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡numbers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡deeds£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡short¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
reorganization¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Three¡quarters¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡acts¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
brought¡¡every¡¡¡¡year¡¡before¡¡our¡¡courts¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡their¡¡origin£»¡¡either¡¡directly¡¡¡¡or¡¡
indirectly£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡disorganized¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
production¡¡¡¡¡¡