proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ28ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
energies¡¡to¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡Africa¡¡is£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wider¡¡problems¡¡of¡¡
Imperialism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡
principles¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Asia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
regard¡¡to¡¡India¡¡and¡¡Persia£»¡¡the¡¡application¡¡of¡¡principles¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡in¡¡theory¡¡
though¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡practice¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡obstacles¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡government¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡exist¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Africa¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡exist¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡measure¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Asia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡
stands¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡Asiatic¡¡¡¡¡¡populations¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡lack¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
intelligence£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡their¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡military¡¡prowess£»¡¡which¡¡makes¡¡them¡¡an¡¡
easy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡prey¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡lust¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡dominion¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡lust¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡in¡¡
temporary¡¡abeyance¡¡on¡¡the¡¡morrow¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Socialist¡¡revolution£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡such¡¡a¡¡
moment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡departure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Asiatic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡policy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡
permanently¡¡beneficial¡¡¡¡¡¡results¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡mean£»¡¡¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡should¡¡
force¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡India¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
developed¡¡for¡¡our¡¡own¡¡needs¡£¡¡I¡¡mean¡¡rather¡¡that¡¡we¡¡should¡¡leave¡¡India¡¡to¡¡
choose¡¡its¡¡own¡¡form¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡its¡¡own¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡education¡¡and¡¡its¡¡
own¡¡type¡¡of¡¡civilization¡£¡¡India¡¡has¡¡an¡¡ancient¡¡tradition£»¡¡very¡¡different¡¡from¡¡
that¡¡of¡¡Western¡¡Europe£»¡¡a¡¡tradition¡¡highly¡¡valued¡¡by¡¡educated¡¡Hindoos£»¡¡but¡¡
not¡¡loved¡¡by¡¡our¡¡schools¡¡and¡¡colleges¡£¡¡The¡¡Hindoo¡¡Nationalist¡¡feels¡¡that¡¡
his¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡type¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡culture¡¡¡¡¡¡containing¡¡¡¡¡¡elements¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡value¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡105¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡106¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
absent£»¡¡or¡¡much¡¡less¡¡marked£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡he¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡be¡¡free¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡
this£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡desires¡¡political¡¡freedom¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡reasons¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡those¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡naturally¡¡¡¡¡¡appeal¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡Englishman¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡subject¡¡
position¡£¡¡The¡¡belief¡¡of¡¡the¡¡European¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡Kultur¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡be¡¡fanatical¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ruthless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡reason£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
independence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡extra¡European¡¡¡¡¡¡civilization¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡¡¡¡¡importance¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
world£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡by¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡uniformity¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡is¡¡most¡¡
enriched¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡strongly¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡major¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
preservation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world's¡¡peace£»¡¡not¡¡because¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡these¡¡difficulties¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡¡¡¡¡insuperable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡contrary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
overcome¡¡if¡¡they¡¡are¡¡recognized¡£¡¡A¡¡correct¡¡diagnosis¡¡is¡¡necessarily¡¡the¡¡first¡¡
step¡¡toward¡¡a¡¡cure¡£¡¡The¡¡existing¡¡evils¡¡in¡¡international¡¡relations¡¡spring£»¡¡at¡¡
bottom£»¡¡from¡¡psychological¡¡causes£»¡¡from¡¡motives¡¡forming¡¡part¡¡of¡¡human¡¡
nature¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present¡£¡¡Among¡¡these¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡are¡¡competitiveness£»¡¡love¡¡
of¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡envy£»¡¡using¡¡envy¡¡in¡¡that¡¡broad¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡includes¡¡the¡¡
instinctive¡¡¡¡¡¡dislike¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡gain¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡accompanied¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡least¡¡
equal¡¡gain¡¡to¡¡ourselves¡£¡¡The¡¡evils¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡these¡¡three¡¡causes¡¡can¡¡be¡¡
removed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡better¡¡education¡¡and¡¡a¡¡better¡¡economic¡¡and¡¡political¡¡system¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Competitiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡takes¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡emulation¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡service¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡public£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡discovery¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
production¡¡of¡¡works¡¡of¡¡art£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡become¡¡a¡¡very¡¡useful¡¡stimulus£»¡¡urging¡¡
men¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡profitable¡¡¡¡¡¡effort¡¡¡¡¡¡beyond¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡otherwise¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
only¡¡harmful¡¡when¡¡it¡¡aims¡¡at¡¡the¡¡acquisition¡¡of¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡are¡¡limited¡¡in¡¡
amount£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡what¡¡one¡¡man¡¡possesses¡¡he¡¡holds¡¡at¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡another¡£¡¡
When¡¡¡¡¡¡competitiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡takes¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡necessarily¡¡¡¡¡¡attended¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡fear£»¡¡
and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡fear¡¡cruelty¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡inevitably¡¡developed¡£¡¡But¡¡a¡¡social¡¡system¡¡
providing¡¡for¡¡a¡¡more¡¡just¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡material¡¡goods¡¡might¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
instinct¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡competitiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡channels¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡harmful£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
cause¡¡it¡¡to¡¡flow¡¡instead¡¡in¡¡channels¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡would¡¡become¡¡a¡¡benefit¡¡to¡¡
mankind¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡one¡¡great¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡the¡¡communal¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡land¡¡
and¡¡capital¡¡would¡¡be¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡beneficial¡¡effect¡¡upon¡¡human¡¡nature£»¡¡
for¡¡human¡¡nature£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡adult¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women£»¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡a¡¡
fixed¡¡¡¡¡¡datum£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡product¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡education¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡106¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡107¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
operating¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡highly¡¡malleable¡¡native¡¡disposition¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡is¡¡true¡¡of¡¡competitiveness¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡true¡¡of¡¡love¡¡of¡¡power¡£¡¡Power£»¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡usually¡¡¡¡¡¡sought£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡command£»¡¡
power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡imposing¡¡¡¡¡¡one's¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡force£»¡¡¡¡¡¡open¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡concealed¡£¡¡
This¡¡form¡¡of¡¡power¡¡consists£»¡¡in¡¡essence£»¡¡in¡¡thwarting¡¡others£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡
displayed¡¡when¡¡others¡¡are¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡do¡¡what¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡do¡£¡¡
Such¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡hope£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡social¡¡system¡¡¡¡which¡¡is¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡supersede¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡
will¡¡¡¡¡¡reduce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡minimum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡methods¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡outlined¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡
preceding¡¡chapter¡£¡¡These¡¡methods¡¡can¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡in¡¡international¡¡no¡¡less¡¡
than¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡affairs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡international¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡affairs¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡formula¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
federalism¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡apply£º¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡¡¡¡¡¡¡determination¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡group¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
matters¡¡which¡¡concern¡¡it¡¡much¡¡more¡¡vitally¡¡than¡¡they¡¡concern¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡
government¡¡by¡¡a¡¡neutral¡¡authority¡¡embracing¡¡rival¡¡groups¡¡in¡¡all¡¡matters¡¡in¡¡
which¡¡conflicting¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡groups¡¡come¡¡into¡¡play£»¡¡lout¡¡always¡¡with¡¡the¡¡
fixed¡¡principle¡¡that¡¡the¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡government¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
bare¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡minimum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡compatible¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡justice¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡prevention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡
violence¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡a¡¡world¡¡the¡¡present¡¡harmful¡¡outlets¡¡for¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡power¡¡
would¡¡be¡¡closed¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡power¡¡which¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡persuasion£»¡¡in¡¡teaching£»¡¡
in¡¡leading¡¡men¡¡to¡¡a¡¡new¡¡wisdom¡¡or¡¡the¡¡realization¡¡of¡¡new¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡
happinessthis¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡beneficial£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡
remain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡untouched£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡vigorous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡
devote¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡energies¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡domination£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
energies¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡creation¡¡of¡¡new¡¡goods¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡perpetuation¡¡
of¡¡ancient¡¡evils¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Envy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡psychological¡¡¡¡¡¡causes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡attributed¡¡
what¡¡is¡¡bad¡¡in¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡world£»¡¡depends¡¡in¡¡most¡¡natures¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡
fundamental¡¡¡¡¡¡discontent¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡springs¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lack¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡development£»¡¡
from¡¡thwarted¡¡instinct£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡impossibility¡¡of¡¡realizing¡¡an¡¡imagined¡¡
happiness¡£¡¡Envy¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡cured¡¡by¡¡preaching£»¡¡preaching£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡best£»¡¡will¡¡
only¡¡¡¡¡¡alter¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡manifestations¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡lead¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡adopt¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡subtle¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
concealment¡£¡¡Except¡¡in¡¡those¡¡rare¡¡natures¡¡in¡¡which¡¡generosity¡¡dominates¡¡
in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡the¡¡only¡¡cure¡¡for¡¡envy¡¡is¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡the¡¡joy¡¡of¡¡
life¡£¡¡From¡¡populations¡¡largely¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡instinctive¡¡pleasures¡¡
of¡¡leisure¡¡and¡¡love£»¡¡sunshine¡¡and¡¡green¡¡fields£»¡¡generosity¡¡of¡¡outlook¡¡and¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡107¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡108¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
kindliness¡¡of¡¡dispositions¡¡are¡¡hardly¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡populations¡¡
these¡¡qualities¡¡are¡¡not¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found£»¡¡even¡¡among¡¡the¡¡fortunate¡¡few£»¡¡
for¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡aware£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however¡¡¡¡¡¡dimly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡profiting¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡
injustice£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡they¡¡can¡¡only¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡enjoy¡¡their¡¡good¡¡fortune¡¡by¡¡
deliberately¡¡ignoring¡¡those¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡shared¡£¡¡If¡¡generosity¡¡and¡¡
kindliness¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡common£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡care¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡
present¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡elementary¡¡¡¡¡¡wants¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡realization¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡diffusion¡¡of¡¡happiness¡¡among¡¡all¡¡who¡¡are¡¡not¡¡the¡¡victims¡¡of¡¡some¡¡
peculiar¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡misfortune¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡imperative¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡of¡¡
happiness¡¡would¡¡not¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡plunge¡¡into¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡grudging¡¡¡¡¡¡hostility¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡cramped¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡narrow¡¡¡¡¡¡existence¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡
upon¡¡¡¡¡¡average¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡happiness¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡beyond¡¡
human¡¡power¡¡to¡¡create£»¡¡the¡¡obstacles¡¡imposed¡¡by¡¡inanimate¡¡nature¡¡are¡¡not¡¡
insuperable¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡¡¡¡¡obstacles¡¡¡¡¡¡lie¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡heart¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡man£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cure¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡
these¡¡is¡¡a¡¡firm¡¡hope£»¡¡informed¡¡and¡¡fortified¡¡by¡¡thought¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡VII¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SCIENCE¡¡AND¡¡ART¡¡UNDER¡¡SOCIALISM¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SOCIALISM¡¡has¡¡been¡¡advocated¡¡by¡¡most¡¡of¡¡its¡¡champions¡¡chiefly¡¡as¡¡
a¡¡means¡¡of¡¡increasing¡¡the¡¡welfare¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wage¡¡earning¡¡classes£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡
particularly¡¡their¡¡material¡¡welfare¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡seemed¡¡accordingly£»¡¡to¡¡some¡¡men¡¡
whose¡¡aims¡¡are¡¡not¡¡material£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡it¡¡has¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡general¡¡
advancement¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡civilization¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡thought¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
advocates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡moreoverand¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡includedhave¡¡
written£»¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡deliberately£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
millennium¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡arrived£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡
progress¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡race¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡age¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡
restless¡¡than¡¡that¡¡which¡¡preceded¡¡it£»¡¡or¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡has¡¡merely¡¡become¡¡more¡¡
impregnated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡evolution£»¡¡but£»¡¡for¡¡whatever¡¡reason£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡
grown¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡incapable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡believing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡static¡¡¡¡¡¡perfection£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡
demand£»¡¡of¡¡any¡¡social¡¡system£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡to¡¡have¡¡our¡¡approval£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡shall¡¡
contain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡stimulus¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡progress¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡
something¡¡still¡¡better¡£¡¡The¡¡doubts¡¡thus¡¡raised¡¡by¡¡Socialist¡¡writers¡¡make¡¡it¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡108¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡109¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
necessary¡¡to¡¡inquire¡¡whether¡¡Socialism¡¡would¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡be¡¡hostile¡¡to¡¡art¡¡and¡¡
science£»¡¡and¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡stereotyped¡¡society¡¡in¡¡
which¡¡progress¡¡would¡¡become¡¡difficult¡¡and¡¡slow¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡enough¡¡that¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women¡¡should¡¡be¡¡made¡¡comfortable¡¡in¡¡a¡¡
material¡¡sense¡£¡¡Many¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡well¡to¡do¡¡classes¡¡at¡¡present£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡
of¡¡opportunity£»¡¡contribute¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡value¡¡to¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡and¡¡do¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡succeed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡securing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡personal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡happiness¡¡
worthy¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so¡¡called¡£¡¡The¡¡multiplication¡¡of¡¡such¡¡individuals¡¡would¡¡be¡¡an¡¡
achievement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡very¡¡minutest¡¡value£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡Socialism¡¡were¡¡merely¡¡to¡¡
bestow¡¡u