proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ4ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
substitution¡¡of¡¡trusts¡¡for¡¡free¡¡competition£»¡¡and¡¡predicted¡¡that¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡
capitalist¡¡enterprises¡¡must¡¡diminish¡¡as¡¡the¡¡magnitude¡¡of¡¡single¡¡enterprises¡¡
increased¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡supposed¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡involve¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡diminution£»¡¡¡¡not¡¡
only¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡businesses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalists¡£¡¡
Indeed£»¡¡he¡¡usually¡¡spoke¡¡as¡¡though¡¡each¡¡business¡¡were¡¡owned¡¡by¡¡a¡¡single¡¡
man¡£¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡he¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡men¡¡would¡¡be¡¡continually¡¡driven¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ranks¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡capitalists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡proletariat£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
capitalists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡time£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡grow¡¡¡¡¡¡numerically¡¡¡¡¡¡weaker¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
weaker¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡applied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡principle¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡industry¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
agriculture¡£¡¡He¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡find¡¡the¡¡landowners¡¡growing¡¡fewer¡¡and¡¡fewer¡¡
while¡¡their¡¡estates¡¡grew¡¡larger¡¡and¡¡larger¡£¡¡This¡¡process¡¡was¡¡to¡¡make¡¡more¡¡
and¡¡more¡¡glaring¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡and¡¡injustices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡system£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡
stimulate¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡the¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡opposition¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£¡¡The¡¡Class¡¡War¡£Marx¡¡conceives¡¡the¡¡wage¡¡¡earner¡¡and¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡
in¡¡a¡¡sharp¡¡antithesis¡£¡¡He¡¡imagines¡¡that¡¡every¡¡man¡¡is£»¡¡or¡¡must¡¡soon¡¡become£»¡¡
wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡wage¡¡¡¡¡¡¡earner£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡possesses¡¡
nothing£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡exploited¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡possess¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡13¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡14¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
capitalist¡¡system¡¡works¡¡itself¡¡out¡¡and¡¡its¡¡nature¡¡becomes¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡clear£»¡¡the¡¡
opposition¡¡of¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡and¡¡proletariat¡¡becomes¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡marked¡£¡¡
The¡¡two¡¡classes£»¡¡since¡¡they¡¡have¡¡antagonistic¡¡interests£»¡¡are¡¡forced¡¡into¡¡a¡¡
class¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡generates¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡regime¡¡¡¡¡¡internal¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
disruption¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡learn¡¡¡¡¡¡gradually¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡combine¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
exploiters£»¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡locally£»¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡nationally£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡internationally¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡
they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡learned¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡combine¡¡¡¡¡¡internationally¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡victorious¡£¡¡
They¡¡will¡¡then¡¡decree¡¡that¡¡all¡¡land¡¡and¡¡capital¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡owned¡¡in¡¡common£»¡¡
exploitation¡¡will¡¡cease£»¡¡the¡¡tyranny¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owners¡¡of¡¡wealth¡¡will¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡
be¡¡possible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡longer¡¡¡¡be¡¡any¡¡¡¡division¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡society¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡classes£»¡¡
and¡¡all¡¡men¡¡will¡¡be¡¡free¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡these¡¡ideas¡¡are¡¡already¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®Communist¡¡Manifesto£»''¡¡a¡¡
work¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡amazing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡vigor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡force£»¡¡¡¡¡¡setting¡¡¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡terse¡¡
compression¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡titanic¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡world£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡epic¡¡¡¡¡¡battle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
inevitable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consummation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡importance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡
development¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡gives¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡admirable¡¡¡¡¡¡statement¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
doctrines¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡at¡¡greater¡¡length¡¡and¡¡with¡¡more¡¡pedantry¡¡in¡¡¡®¡®Capital£»''¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡salient¡¡¡¡passages¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡anyone¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wishes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
understand¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hold¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Marxian¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡acquired¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
intellect¡¡and¡¡imagination¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡working¡class¡¡leaders¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®A¡¡spectre¡¡is¡¡haunting¡¡Europe£»''¡¡it¡¡begins£»¡¡¡®¡®the¡¡spectre¡¡of¡¡Communism¡£¡¡
All¡¡the¡¡Powers¡¡of¡¡old¡¡Europe¡¡have¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡a¡¡holy¡¡alliance¡¡to¡¡exorcise¡¡
this¡¡spectrePope¡¡and¡¡Czar£»¡¡Metternich¡¡and¡¡Guizot£»¡¡French¡¡Radicals¡¡and¡¡
German¡¡police¡spies¡£¡¡Where¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡party¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡that¡¡has¡¡not¡¡been¡¡
decried¡¡as¡¡communistic¡¡by¡¡its¡¡opponents¡¡in¡¡power£¿¡¡Where¡¡the¡¡Opposition¡¡
that¡¡has¡¡not¡¡hurled¡¡back¡¡the¡¡branding¡¡reproach¡¡of¡¡Communism¡¡against¡¡the¡¡
more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡advanced¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡parties£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡re¡actionary¡¡
adversaries£¿''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡existence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡new£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡
hitherto¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡existing¡¡¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡struggles¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡
struggles¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®each¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡ended£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡re¡¡¡
constitution¡¡of¡¡society¡¡at¡¡large£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡common¡¡ruin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡contending¡¡
classes¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Our¡¡epoch£»¡¡the¡¡epoch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡has¡¡simplified¡¡the¡¡class¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡14¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡15¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
antagonisms¡£¡¡Society¡¡as¡¡a¡¡¡¡whole¡¡is¡¡more¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡splitting¡¡up¡¡into¡¡two¡¡
great¡¡¡¡¡¡hostile¡¡¡¡¡¡camps£»¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡¡¡¡¡¡directly¡¡¡¡¡¡facing¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡other£º¡¡
Bourgeoisie¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Proletariat¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡Then¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡follows¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fall¡¡¡¡of¡¡
feudalism£»¡¡¡¡leading¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡description¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡
force¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeoisie£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡historically£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡played¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolutionary¡¡
part¡£''¡¡¡®¡®For¡¡exploitation£»¡¡veiled¡¡by¡¡religious¡¡and¡¡political¡¡illusions£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡
substituted¡¡naked£»¡¡shameless£»¡¡direct£»¡¡brutal¡¡exploitation¡£''¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡need¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
constantly¡¡expanding¡¡market¡¡for¡¡its¡¡products¡¡chases¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡over¡¡
the¡¡whole¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡globe¡£''¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡bourgeoisie£»¡¡during¡¡its¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡scarce¡¡
one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hundred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡years£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡created¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡massive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡colossal¡¡
productive¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡preceding¡¡¡¡¡¡generations¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡Feudal¡¡
relations¡¡became¡¡fetters£º¡¡¡®¡®They¡¡had¡¡to¡¡be¡¡burst¡¡asunder£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡burst¡¡
asunder¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡A¡¡similar¡¡movement¡¡is¡¡going¡¡on¡¡before¡¡our¡¡own¡¡eyes¡£''¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡
weapons¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡¡¡¡¡felled¡¡¡¡¡¡feudalism¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
now¡¡turned¡¡against¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡¡itself¡£¡¡But¡¡not¡¡only¡¡has¡¡the¡¡bourgoisie¡¡
forged¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡weapons¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡bring¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡itself£»¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡
existence¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡are¡¡to¡¡wield¡¡those¡¡weapons¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡working¡¡
classthe¡¡proletarians¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡destitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proletariat¡¡are¡¡then¡¡set¡¡forth¡£¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡
cost¡¡of¡¡production¡¡of¡¡a¡¡workman¡¡is¡¡restricted£»¡¡almost¡¡entirely£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡means¡¡
of¡¡subsistence¡¡that¡¡he¡¡requires¡¡for¡¡his¡¡maintenance¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡propagation¡¡
of¡¡his¡¡race¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡a¡¡commodity£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡also¡¡of¡¡labor£»¡¡is¡¡
equal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡cost¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡proportion£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
repulsiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡increases£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wage¡¡¡¡¡¡decreases¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Nay¡¡¡¡¡¡more£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
proportion¡¡as¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡machinery¡¡and¡¡diversion¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡increases£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡proportion¡¡the¡¡burden¡¡of¡¡toil¡¡also¡¡increases¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Modern¡¡industry¡¡has¡¡converted¡¡the¡¡little¡¡workshop¡¡of¡¡the¡¡patriarchal¡¡
master¡¡into¡¡the¡¡great¡¡factory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡capitalist¡£¡¡Masses¡¡of¡¡laborers£»¡¡
crowded¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡factory£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡organized¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers¡£¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡privates¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
industrial¡¡army¡¡they¡¡are¡¡placed¡¡under¡¡the¡¡command¡¡of¡¡a¡¡perfect¡¡hierarchy¡¡
of¡¡officers¡¡and¡¡sergeants¡£¡¡Not¡¡only¡¡are¡¡they¡¡slaves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bourgeois¡¡class£»¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡daily¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡hourly¡¡¡¡¡¡enslaved¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
machine£»¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡over¡looker£»¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡above¡¡¡¡all£»¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡bourgeois¡¡
manufacturer¡¡himself¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡openly¡¡this¡¡despotism¡¡proclaims¡¡gain¡¡to¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡15¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡16¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡end¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡aim£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡petty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hateful£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡more¡¡
embittering¡¡it¡¡is¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Manifesto¡¡tells¡¡next¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡¡¡of¡¡growth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle¡£¡¡
¡®¡®The¡¡¡¡¡¡proletariat¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡stages¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡development¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
birth¡¡begins¡¡its¡¡struggle¡¡with¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie¡£¡¡At¡¡first¡¡the¡¡contest¡¡is¡¡carried¡¡
on¡¡by¡¡individual¡¡laborers£»¡¡then¡¡by¡¡the¡¡workpeople¡¡of¡¡a¡¡factory£»¡¡then¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
operatives¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡trade£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡locality£»¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡
who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡directly¡¡¡¡¡¡exploits¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡direct¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡attacks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
bourgeois¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conditions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡instruments¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
production¡¡themselves¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®At¡¡this¡¡stage¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡still¡¡form¡¡an¡¡incoherent¡¡mass¡¡scattered¡¡over¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡country£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡broken¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡mutual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡competition¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡
anywhere¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡unite¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡compact¡¡¡¡¡¡bodies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
consequence¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡active¡¡union£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡union¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bourgeoisie£»¡¡
which¡¡class£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡attain¡¡its¡¡own¡¡political¡¡ends£»¡¡is¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡set¡¡the¡¡
whole¡¡proletariat¡¡in¡¡motion£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡moreover¡¡yet£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time£»¡¡able¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡collisions¡¡between¡¡individual¡¡workmen¡¡and¡¡individual¡¡bourgeois¡¡
take¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡collisions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡£¡¡
Thereupon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡workers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡begin¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡combinations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Trades¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions£©¡¡
against¡¡the¡¡¡¡bourgeois£»¡¡they¡¡¡¡club¡¡¡¡¡¡together¡¡¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡up¡¡the¡¡¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡
wages£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡permanent¡¡¡¡¡¡associations¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡provision¡¡
beforehand¡¡for¡¡these¡¡occasional¡¡revolts¡£¡¡Here¡¡and¡¡there¡¡the¡¡contest¡¡breaks¡¡
out¡¡into¡¡riots¡£¡¡Now¡¡and¡¡then¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡are¡¡victorious£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡£¡¡
The¡¡real¡¡fruit¡¡of¡¡their¡¡battles¡¡lies£»¡¡not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡immediate¡¡result£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
ever¡expanding¡¡union¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workers¡£¡¡This¡¡union¡¡is¡¡helped¡¡on¡¡by¡¡the¡¡im¡¡¡
proved¡¡means¡¡of¡¡communication¡¡that¡¡are¡¡created¡¡by¡¡modern¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡
that¡¡place¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡of¡¡different¡¡localities¡¡in¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡one¡¡another¡£¡¡It¡¡
was¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡contact¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡needed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡centralize¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡numerous¡¡¡¡¡¡local¡¡
struggles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡character£»¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡
classes¡£¡¡But¡¡every¡¡class¡¡struggle¡¡is¡¡a¡¡political¡¡struggle¡£¡¡And¡¡that¡¡union£»¡¡to¡¡
attain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡burghers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Middle¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ages£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡miserable¡¡
highways£»¡¡required¡¡centuries£»¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡proletarians£»¡¡thanks¡¡to¡¡railways£»¡¡
achieve¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡years¡£¡¡This¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proletarians¡¡into¡¡a¡¡class£»¡¡
and¡¡consequently¡¡into¡¡a¡¡political¡¡party£»¡¡is¡¡continually¡¡being¡¡upset¡¡again¡¡by¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡16¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡17¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
the¡¡competition¡¡between¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡themselves¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡ever¡¡rises¡¡up¡¡again£»¡¡
stronger£»¡¡firmer£»¡¡¡¡mightier¡£¡¡It¡¡compels¡¡legislative¡¡recognition¡¡of¡¡particular¡¡
interests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workers£»¡¡by¡¡taking¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡divisions¡¡among¡¡the¡¡
bourgeoisie¡¡itself¡£''¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®In¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proletariat£»¡¡those¡¡of¡¡old¡¡society¡¡at¡¡large¡¡are¡¡
already¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡virtually¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡swamped¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡proletarian¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡property£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
relation¡¡to¡¡his¡¡wife¡¡and¡¡children¡¡has¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡anything¡¡in¡¡common¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡bourgeois¡¡family¡relations£»¡¡modern¡¡industrial¡¡labor£»¡¡modern¡¡subjection¡¡
to¡¡capital£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡in¡¡England¡¡as¡¡in¡¡France£»¡¡in¡¡America¡¡as¡¡in¡¡Germany£»¡¡
has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡stripped¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡trace¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Law£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡morality£»¡¡
religion£»¡¡are¡¡to¡¡him¡¡¡¡so¡¡many¡¡¡¡bourgeois¡¡prejudices£»¡¡¡¡¡¡behind¡¡which¡¡lurk¡¡in¡¡
ambush¡¡just¡¡as¡¡many¡¡bourgeois¡¡interests¡£¡¡All¡¡