°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) >

µÚ8ÕÂ

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ8ÕÂ

С˵£º proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




C¡££º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Horses¡¡have¡¡hoofs¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡them¡¡over¡¡frost¡¡and¡¡snow£»¡¡hair£»¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡

them¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡wind¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡cold¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡eat¡¡¡¡¡¡grass¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡drink¡¡¡¡¡¡water£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fling¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡

their¡¡heels¡¡over¡¡the¡¡champaign¡£¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡real¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡horses¡£¡¡Palatial¡¡

dwellings¡¡are¡¡of¡¡no¡¡use¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡day¡¡¡¡Po¡¡¡¡¡¡Lo¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared£»¡¡¡¡¡¡saying£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®I¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡management¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

horses¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡he¡¡branded¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡clipped¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡pared¡¡their¡¡hoofs£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡

halters¡¡on¡¡them£»¡¡tying¡¡them¡¡up¡¡by¡¡the¡¡head¡¡and¡¡shackling¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡feet£»¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡29¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



and¡¡disposing¡¡them¡¡in¡¡stables£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡result¡¡that¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡in¡¡every¡¡ten¡¡

died¡£¡¡Then¡¡he¡¡kept¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡hungry¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡thirsty£»¡¡¡¡trotting¡¡them¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡galloping¡¡

them£»¡¡and¡¡grooming£»¡¡and¡¡trimming£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡misery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tasselled¡¡bridle¡¡

before¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡knotted¡¡¡¡¡¡whip¡¡¡¡¡¡behind£»¡¡¡¡¡¡until¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

them¡¡were¡¡dead¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡potter¡¡says£º¡¡¡®¡®I¡¡can¡¡do¡¡what¡¡I¡¡will¡¡with¡¡Clay¡£¡¡If¡¡I¡¡want¡¡it¡¡round£»¡¡I¡¡

use¡¡compasses£»¡¡if¡¡rectangular£»¡¡a¡¡square¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡carpenter¡¡¡¡¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®I¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡wood¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡want¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡

curved£»¡¡I¡¡use¡¡an¡¡arc£»¡¡if¡¡straight£»¡¡a¡¡line¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡on¡¡what¡¡grounds¡¡can¡¡we¡¡think¡¡that¡¡the¡¡natures¡¡of¡¡clay¡¡and¡¡wood¡¡

desire¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡compasses¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡square£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡arc¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡line£¿¡¡

Nevertheless£»¡¡every¡¡age¡¡extols¡¡Po¡¡Lo¡¡for¡¡his¡¡skill¡¡in¡¡managing¡¡horses£»¡¡and¡¡

potters¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡carpenters¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡skill¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡clay¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡wood¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

govern¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡make¡¡the¡¡same¡¡mistake¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Now¡¡I¡¡regard¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡from¡¡quite¡¡a¡¡different¡¡point¡¡of¡¡

view¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instincts£ºto¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡weave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clothe¡¡

themselves£»¡¡to¡¡till¡¡and¡¡feed¡¡themselves¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡humanity£»¡¡

and¡¡all¡¡are¡¡agreed¡¡thereon¡£¡¡Such¡¡instincts¡¡are¡¡called¡¡¡®¡®Heaven¡­sent¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instincts¡¡¡¡¡¡prevailed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡moved¡¡

quietly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gazed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡steadily¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡roads¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡

mountains£»¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡boats£»¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡bridges¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡water¡£¡¡All¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡produced£»¡¡

each¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡proper¡¡¡¡¡¡sphere¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Birds¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡beasts¡¡¡¡¡¡multiplied£»¡¡¡¡¡¡trees¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

shrubs¡¡grew¡¡up¡£¡¡The¡¡former¡¡might¡¡be¡¡led¡¡by¡¡the¡¡hand£»¡¡you¡¡could¡¡climb¡¡up¡¡

and¡¡peep¡¡into¡¡the¡¡raven's¡¡nest¡£¡¡For¡¡then¡¡man¡¡dwelt¡¡with¡¡birds¡¡and¡¡beasts£»¡¡

and¡¡all¡¡creation¡¡was¡¡one¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡no¡¡distinctions¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡bad¡¡men¡£¡¡

Being¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡equally¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡virtue¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡¡¡¡¡astray¡£¡¡

Being¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡equally¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡¡¡¡¡¡desires£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡

integrity£»¡¡the¡¡perfection¡¡of¡¡human¡¡existence¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sages¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tripping¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡charity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

fettering¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡duty¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡neighbor£»¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

world¡£¡¡And¡¡then£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡gushing¡¡over¡¡music¡¡and¡¡fussing¡¡over¡¡ceremony£»¡¡

the¡¡empire¡¡became¡¡divided¡¡against¡¡itself¡££§11£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§11£§¡¡¡®¡®Musings¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Chinese¡¡Mystic¡£''¡¡Selections¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Philosophy¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡30¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



of¡¡¡¡¡¡Chuang¡¡¡¡¡¡Tzu¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Lionel¡¡¡¡¡¡Giles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£A¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Oxon¡££©¡£¡¡

Wisdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East¡¡Series£»¡¡John¡¡Murray£»¡¡1911¡£¡¡Pages¡¡66¡­68¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡modern¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡concerned¡¡

with¡¡it£»¡¡is¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡the¡¡communal¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡land¡¡and¡¡

capital£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡in¡¡an¡¡important¡¡respect¡¡akin¡¡to¡¡Socialism¡£¡¡This¡¡doctrine¡¡

is¡¡properly¡¡called¡¡Anarchist¡¡Com¡­¡¡munism£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡it¡¡embraces¡¡practically¡¡

all¡¡modern¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡ignore¡¡individualist¡¡Anarchism¡¡altogether¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡concentrate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attention¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡communistic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Anarchist¡¡Communism¡¡alike¡¡have¡¡arisen¡¡from¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡that¡¡private¡¡

capital¡¡is¡¡a¡¡source¡¡of¡¡tyranny¡¡by¡¡certain¡¡individuals¡¡over¡¡others¡£¡¡Orthodox¡¡

Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡believes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡State¡¡

becomes¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡capitalist¡£¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡fears¡¡that¡¡in¡¡that¡¡

case¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡merely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡inherit¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡tyrannical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡propensities¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

private¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist¡£¡¡¡¡Accordingly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡seeks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡reconciling¡¡

communal¡¡ownership¡¡with¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡possible¡¡diminution¡¡in¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡State£»¡¡and¡¡indeed¡¡ultimately¡¡with¡¡the¡¡complete¡¡abolition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£¡¡It¡¡

has¡¡arisen¡¡mainly¡¡within¡¡the¡¡Socialist¡¡movement¡¡as¡¡its¡¡extreme¡¡left¡¡wing¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡same¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Marx¡¡may¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡founder¡¡of¡¡

modern¡¡Socialism£»¡¡Bakunin¡¡may¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡founder¡¡of¡¡Anarchist¡¡

Communism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡Bakunin¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡produce£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡finished¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

systematic¡¡body¡¡of¡¡doctrine¡£¡¡The¡¡nearest¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡this¡¡will¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡follower£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Kropotkin¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡explain¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡

Anarchism¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡begin¡¡with¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡Bakunin£§12£§¡¡and¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡

his¡¡conflicts¡¡with¡¡Marx£»¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡then¡¡give¡¡a¡¡brief¡¡account¡¡of¡¡Anarchist¡¡

theory¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡partly¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡writings£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Kropotkin¡££§13£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§12£§¡¡An¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡Bakunin¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡standpoint¡¡

will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡vol¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡ii¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡¡¡¡¡edition¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡works£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Michel¡¡

Bakounine£»¡¡OEuvres£»''¡¡Tome¡¡II¡£¡¡Avec¡¡une¡¡notice¡¡biographique£»¡¡des¡¡avant¡­¡¡

propos¡¡et¡¡des¡¡notes£»¡¡par¡¡James¡¡Guillaume¡£¡¡Paris£»¡¡P¡£¡­V£»¡¡Stock£»¡¡editeur£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡

v¡­lxiii¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§13£§¡¡Criticism¡¡of¡¡these¡¡theories¡¡will¡¡be¡¡reserved¡¡for¡¡Part¡¡II¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Michel¡¡¡¡¡¡Bakunin¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1814¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡aristocratic¡¡¡¡¡¡family¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡31¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



His¡¡father¡¡was¡¡a¡¡diplomatist£»¡¡who¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Bakunin's¡¡birth¡¡had¡¡retired¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡estate¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Tver¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Bakunin¡¡¡¡¡¡entered¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

school¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡artillery¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Petersburg¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡age¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡fifteen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡age¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

eighteen¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡as¡¡an¡¡ensign¡¡to¡¡a¡¡regiment¡¡stationed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡Minsk¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Polish¡¡¡¡¡¡insurrection¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡1880¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡crushed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡

spectacle¡¡of¡¡terrorized¡¡Poland£»''¡¡says¡¡Guillaume£»¡¡¡®¡®acted¡¡powerfully¡¡on¡¡the¡¡

heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡young¡¡officer£»¡¡and¡¡contributed¡¡to¡¡inspire¡¡in¡¡him¡¡the¡¡horror¡¡of¡¡

despotism¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡led¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡military¡¡¡¡¡¡career¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡years'¡¡

trial¡£¡¡In¡¡1834¡¡he¡¡resigned¡¡his¡¡commission¡¡and¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Moscow£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡

spent¡¡six¡¡years¡¡studying¡¡philosophy¡£¡¡Like¡¡all¡¡philosophical¡¡students¡¡of¡¡that¡¡

period£»¡¡he¡¡became¡¡a¡¡Hegelian£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1840¡¡he¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Berlin¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡

his¡¡studies£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡ultimately¡¡becoming¡¡a¡¡professor¡£¡¡But¡¡after¡¡this¡¡

time¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡opinions¡¡¡¡¡¡underwent¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡rapid¡¡¡¡¡¡change¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

accept¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Hegelian¡¡¡¡¡¡maxim¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡whatever¡¡¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡rational£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1842¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

migrated¡¡to¡¡Dresden£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡became¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡Arnold¡¡Ruge£»¡¡the¡¡

publisher¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Deutsche¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Jahrbuecher¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

revolutionary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡following¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡incurred¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hostility¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Saxon¡¡Government¡£¡¡This¡¡led¡¡him¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡Switzerland£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡came¡¡in¡¡

contact¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡group¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡German¡¡¡¡¡¡Communists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Swiss¡¡¡¡¡¡police¡¡

importuned¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Russian¡¡¡¡¡¡Government¡¡¡¡¡¡demanded¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡return£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

removed¡¡to¡¡Paris£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡remained¡¡from¡¡1843¡¡to¡¡1847¡£¡¡These¡¡years¡¡in¡¡

Paris¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡formation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡outlook¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡opinions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡

became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡acquainted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Proudhon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exercised¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡considerable¡¡

influence¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡George¡¡¡¡¡¡Sand¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡

people¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Paris¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡acquaintance¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Engels£»¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡was¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡on¡¡a¡¡lifelong¡¡battle¡£¡¡At¡¡a¡¡much¡¡later¡¡

period£»¡¡in¡¡1871£»¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡following¡¡account¡¡of¡¡his¡¡relations¡¡with¡¡Marx¡¡

at¡¡this¡¡time£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡was¡¡much¡¡more¡¡advanced¡¡than¡¡I¡¡was£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡remains¡¡to¡­day¡¡not¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡advanced¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡incomparably¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡learned¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡am¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡knew¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡

nothing¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡economy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡rid¡¡¡¡¡¡myself¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡metaphysical¡¡

abstractions£»¡¡and¡¡my¡¡Socialism¡¡was¡¡only¡¡instinctive¡£¡¡He£»¡¡though¡¡younger¡¡

than¡¡I£»¡¡was¡¡already¡¡an¡¡atheist£»¡¡an¡¡instructed¡¡materialist£»¡¡a¡¡well¡­considered¡¡

Socialist¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡just¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡that¡¡he¡¡elaborated¡¡the¡¡first¡¡foundations¡¡of¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡31¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡32¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



his¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡saw¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡fairly¡¡¡¡¡¡often£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡respected¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡

much¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡learning¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡passionate¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡serious¡¡¡¡¡¡devotion¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨always¡¡

mixed£»¡¡however£»¡¡with¡¡personal¡¡vanity£©¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proletariat£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡

sought¡¡eagerly¡¡his¡¡conversation£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡always¡¡instructive¡¡and¡¡clever£»¡¡

when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡inspired¡¡by¡¡a¡¡paltry¡¡hate£»¡¡which£»¡¡alas£¡¡¡happened¡¡only¡¡too¡¡

often¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡frank¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡intimacy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Our¡¡

temperaments¡¡would¡¡not¡¡suffer¡¡it¡£¡¡He¡¡called¡¡me¡¡a¡¡sentimental¡¡idealist£»¡¡and¡¡

he¡¡was¡¡right£»¡¡I¡¡called¡¡him¡¡a¡¡vain¡¡man£»¡¡perfidious¡¡and¡¡crafty£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡also¡¡was¡¡

right¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Bakunin¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡succeeded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡staying¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡

incurring¡¡the¡¡enmity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡authorities¡£¡¡In¡¡November£»¡¡1847£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡

a¡¡speech¡¡praising¡¡the¡¡Polish¡¡rising¡¡of¡¡1830£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡expelled¡¡from¡¡France¡¡at¡¡

the¡¡request¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Russian¡¡Embassy£»¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡rob¡¡him¡¡of¡¡public¡¡

sympathy£»¡¡spread¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡unfounded¡¡report¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡agent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Russian¡¡Government£»¡¡but¡¡was¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡wanted¡¡because¡¡he¡¡had¡¡gone¡¡too¡¡

far¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡calculated¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reticence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡encouraged¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

story£»¡¡which¡¡clung¡¡to¡¡him¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡throughout¡¡his¡¡life¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Being¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡compelled¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡leave¡¡¡¡¡¡France£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡went¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Brussels£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

renewed¡¡¡¡¡¡acquaintance¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡letter¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his£»¡¡¡¡¡¡written¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡time£»¡¡

shows¡¡that¡¡he¡¡entertained¡¡already¡¡that¡¡bitter¡¡hatred¡¡for¡¡which¡¡afterward¡¡he¡¡

had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Germans£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡artisans£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Bornstedt£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Engelsand£»¡¡¡¡¡¡above¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Marxare¡¡¡¡¡¡here£»¡¡¡¡¡¡doing¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡ordinary¡¡¡¡¡¡mischief¡£¡¡

Vanity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡spite£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gossip£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡theoretical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡overbearingness¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡practical¡¡

pusillanimityreflections¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡simplicity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡complete¡¡

absence¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡action¡¡and¡¡simplicityliterary¡¡and¡¡argumentative¡¡artisans¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡r

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ