专门替中国人写的英语文法-第7章
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20。 He avoided (tell) lies。
【练习四十二】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子,用gerund或infinitive。
1。我请(invite)他到我家来。
2。我教(teach)他游泳。
3。被人爱令人快乐。
4。我讨厌(hate)抽烟。
5。我们应该避免(avoid)饮烟。
6。不要再(stop)抽烟了。
7。每个人都期待(expect)他写一本好书。
8。我要求(require)他每天念英文。
9§5 不定词的简式
不定词中一定要有to,但在有几个动词的后面,to又要省掉,最著名的是let,我们绝不可以说
*I let him to leave。
而一定要说
I let him leave。
我们也不能说
*I made him to work hard。(我使他努力工作)
而一定要说
I made him work hard。
以下的动词后面,不定词的后面都要省掉to。
动词
例句
let
My mother let me watch TV tonight。
make
He makes his students respect teachers。
have
He had his sons clean their rooms。
see
I saw him run away。
hear
I heard the birds sing。
watch
I watched the kids play。
notice
I noticed her cry。
因为在这些动词的后面,本来应该用不定词,仅仅是to被省掉了,因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式,以下的句子都是错的:
*He made his son ran away from home。
*I saw him walked away。。
*I have never heard him sang any song。
Help这一个动词非常特别,它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省,以下的句子都是对的:
I helped him wash his car。
I helped him to wash his car。
【练习四十三】
以下的句子都有错,请改正:
1。*He lets his son to drive his car。
2。*He made me felt happy。
3。*I made my friend to discuss his problem with me。
4。*I had my son to get up early every morning。
5。*I helped my father painted his house。
6。*I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me。
7。*I had Mary to marry me。
8。*This song makes everyone to cry。
9。*I helped Nancy worked hard。
10。*He made us to believe him。
11。*I saw him to play。
12。*I heard Mary sang several songs。
13。*I watched her to swim。
14。*I saw the birds to fly away。
第十章 如何将动词改成形容词
我们中文里,一个字有时是动词,有时却又可以用作形容词,最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞(萧万长院长的外号)〝微笑〞应该是动词,可是在这里,显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词,可是我们也可以说〝哭泣的孩子〞。也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子:
a smile face
a run boy
需知smile和cry都是动词,是不能当作形容词来用的。
可是,更糟糕的是以下句子:〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞,我们很多人会说
People live in Taiwan are rich。
以上的话为什么错呢?因为People是主词,are是动词,live in Taiwan形容people,可是live是一个动词,不能用作形容词的。怎么办呢?我们可以将一个动词用成一个形容词,我们的做法是利用分词(participle)和不定词(infinitive),而分词有两种:现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past participle),我们在下一节,先谈现在分词的用法。
10§1 现在分词(present participle)作为形容词
任何一个动词,都有一个现在分词(present participle),现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing,如:
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中,现在分词都是形容词
a crying baby
a smiling girl
an exciting story
running water
a running boy
a rising star
现在分词不一定放在名词的前面,在以下的句子中,现在分词都在名词的后面
a person walking in the woods
the young man running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the singer singing the national anthem(国歌)
the boys playing in the fields
the young boy swimming in the pool
以下句子中的现在分词,都被用作形容词。
We have a crying baby here。
Seeing is believing。(believing是形容词,seeing是名词)
Loving is forgiving。
He always wears a smiling face。
Running water is important for mankind。
Look at the rising sun。
The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong。
The young man driving the red car is rich。
Those boys playing basketball are happy。
This movie is exciting。
This news is very upsetting。
This story is troubling。
The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother。
People living in the United States consume more energy than other people。
The person painting the house there is from Mexico。
She has a loving husband。
He is a rising star。
【练习四十四】将以下的中文句子译成英文,每句都要用现在分词
1。 这是一本有趣的故事。
2。 这门课很无聊(boring)。
3。 看那只在唱歌的鸟。
4。 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5。 住在乡下的人通常很健康。
6。 我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。
7。 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。
8。 那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。
9。 你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗?
10。那位垂死(dying)的病人是我的老师。
10§2 过去分词(past participle)作为形容词
在完成式中,我们要用过去分词,过去分词也可以作为形容词,以下是一些例子:
a broken window (破碎的窗)
a fallen angel (堕落的天使)
a fallen star (已经不走红的明星)
a depressed person (一个沮丧的人)
a much appreciated action (为人很欣赏的动作)
究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢?过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思。最好的例子是:开发中家叫做a developing country,已开发国家就叫做a developed country。
以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同:
1。 (a)这本书很有趣。
This book is interesting。
(b)我对这本书很有兴趣。
I am interested in this book。
2。 (a)这是一部令人沮丧的电影。
This is a depressing movie。
(b)我看了这部电影以后,感到非常沮丧。
I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie。
3。 (a)结果令人失望。
The result is frustrating。
(b)他因这个结果而非常失望。
He was frustrated because of the result。
4。 (a)这个消息真令人难过。
This news is really upsetting。
(b)他们都很难过。
They are all upset。
5。 (a)约翰的进步令人鼓舞。
John's progress is encouraging。
(b)我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。
I am encouraged by John's progress。
6。 (a)水在烧。
The water is boiling。
(b)这是烧开的水。
This is boiled water。
7。(a)这个消息出人意外。
This news is surprising。
(b)我对这个消息感到意外。
I was surprised by the news。
8。 (a)他的谈话令人困惑。
His words are confusing。
(b)他是一个充满困惑的人。
He is a confused person。
记住,以下的句子都是错的:
*His statements are confused to me。
*I am interesting in music。
*He is an interested person。
*This is indeed a surprised news。
*This news is encouraged。
正确的句子应该是:
His statements are confusing。
I am interested in music。
He is an interesting person。
This is indeed a surprising news。
This news is encouraging。
以下是含有过去分词的句子,每一个过去分词都用作形容词:
America is a developed country。
I found that dog killed in a car accident。
The frustrated student needs help。
I want the report pleted before midnight。
He is totally depressed。
They are all frustrated。
The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac。
This book; read by almost every one; was written by Charles Dickens。
This is still an unrealized dream。
Are you interested in music?
I am really surprised to meet you。
I was excited by his arrival。
The girl dressed in white is from Japan。
A depressed person needs love from others。
Millions got killed in the Second World War。
He is a troubled child who needs advice。
I have a broken leg。
Broken glass is all over the place。
千万注意,我们不可以轻易乱用过去分词,以下的句子都是错的:
*He is suffered。
*This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science。
正确的说法是:
He suffers。
This article will appear in the next issue of Science。
【练习四十五】
将以下的中文句子译成英文:
我对音乐有兴趣。
这部人人都看过的电影是在好莱坞制作的。
他来自一个破碎的家庭。
这个国家的法律已经崩溃(break down)了。
我因这个消息而感到兴奋。
我们应该帮助那位沮丧的学生。
三个人死于(get killed)这场车祸。
这是一个充满了困惑的学生。
他是一个很有趣的人。
【练习四十六】
填空,全部用现在分词或过去分词:
1。 He is totally (confuse)。
2。 I am (interest) in seeing that movie。
3。 This movie is really (excite)。
4。 That is a (break) promise。
5。 He has a (break) arm。
6。 Their marriage was (break) up。
7。 Justice is still not a (realize) dream。
8。 He is a (depress) person。
9。 The bicycle (ride) by the young kid is mine。
10。 I do not like to see any person (injure)。
11。 I was very much (surprise) to hear that news。
12。 His statements are (encourage)。
13。 The man (talk) about Hitler is a professor。
14。 The man (pilot) the airplane is quite young。
15。 The pany (manage) by Mr。 Lee is getting better and better。
16。 Poor John now has a (break) heart。
17。 There are boys and girls (dance) in the garden。
18。 The (steal) jacket has been found。
19。 The boy (laugh) there is not my son。
20。 He has a (smile) face。
21。 This is indeed very (excite)。
22。 This song; (hear) by almost everyone; was written by me。
23。 I don't like the song (write) by the Beatles。
24。 She is a (care) woman。
10§3 不定词(Infinitives)作为形容词和副词
不定词可以用作名词,也可以用作形容词,以下都是不定词用作形容词的例子,要注意的是不定词不会放在名词的前面:
You don't have the right to talk so loudly。
He is to blame。
To see is to believe。(To see是名词,to believe是形容词)
My job is to teach poor kids to learn。
We all have the duty to serve our country。
He has a talent to sing。
I don't have time to play。
He is a person to be liked by us all。
This is a book to be read by all students。
He has no money to spend。
This is not a good place for kids to grow up in。
This law is to protect innocent citizens。
I am glad to see you。
He is ready to start a war。
He is rich enough to buy the entire building。
They are afraid to die。
He has no right to kill anyone。
John is too weak to do this job。
My mother is too old to drive a car。
It is easy to fall behind in school。
【练习四十七】
将以下句子改成英文:
我们都有纳税的义务。
我们都有保持缄默(remain silent)的权利。
他有游泳的天才。
我已无钱可花。
我无处可去。
他太累了,不能开车了。(too。。。。。to。。。。。)
我很高兴看到你。
他够聪明,可以进入大学。(enough。。。。。to。。。。。)
我的工作是教小孩英文。
我看到你,感到很意外。(surprised to。。。。。。)
我们有很多可谈的事。
他没有可以交谈的朋友。
第十一章 词组(Phrases)和子句(Clauses)
请看以下的句子,特别注意划线的字群:
Understanding English is easy。
I want you to work hard。
Peter; who has been to England; speaks good English。
I told him that I was going away。
Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色,他们都没有主词,也没有动词,这种字群,叫做词组(phrase)。
Who has been to England和I was going away中,内部都有主词和动词,这种字群,叫子句(clause)。
由于我们已经对词组很熟悉,我们在这里不再讨论,而我们在这一章将多多介绍子句的用法。
11§1 问题型式的名词子句
假如我们说〝我不知道他住在哪里〞,或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是个谜〞,我们就可以用这种问题型式的名词子句,每一个名词子句都要用who; where; whether; which等来开始。以下是典型的例子:
I don't know where he came from。(我不知道他来自何处。)
Whether or not he is an American is still a secret。(他是否是个美国人仍然是个秘密。)
I will find out where he is living。(我要找出他住在哪里。)
I can not remember whether he smokes or not。(我不记得他是否吸烟。)
Please let me know how old he is。(请让我知道他多大年纪。)
Kindly tell me what you really need。(请让我知道你需要什么。)
You have to decide which book you want to buy。(你应该决定买哪一本书。)
Do you know where he is from?(你知道他是从哪里来的?)
Do you know who he is?(你知道他是谁吗?)
Please ask your brother whether he is ing or not。(请问你的兄弟他会不会来。)
When she is ing remai