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of　accommodation。　　The　traveler　is　rarely　told　that　a　hotel　is　full；　so　that　traveling　in　America　is　without　one　of　those　great　perils　to　which　it　is　subject　in　Europe。

CHAPTER　XV。　LITERATURE。

In　speaking　of　the　literature　of　any　country　we　are；　I　think；　too　much　inclined　to　regard　the　question　as　one　appertaining　exclusively　to　the　writers　of　booksnot　acknowledging　as　we　should　do　that　the　literary　character　of　a　people　will　depend　much　more　upon　what　it　reads　than　upon　what　it　writes。　　If　we　can　suppose　any　people　to　have　an　intimate　acquaintance　with　the　best　literary　efforts　of　other　countries；　we　should　hardly　be　correct　in　saying　that　such　a　people　had　no　literary　history　of　their　own　because　it　had　itself　produced　nothing　in　literature。　　And；　with　reference　to　those　countries　which　have　been　most　fertile　in　the　production　of　good　books；　I　doubt　whether　their　literary　histories　should　not　have　more　to　tell　of　those　ages　in　which　much　has　been　read　than　of　those　in　which　much　has　been　written。　The　United　States　have　been　by　no　means　barren　in　the　production　of　literature。　　The　truth　is　so　far　from　this　that　their　literary　triumphs　are　perhaps　those　which　of　all　their　triumphs　are　the　most　honorable　to　them；　and　which；　considering　their　position　as　a　young　nation；　are　the　most　permanently　satisfactory。　　But　though　they　have　done　much　in　writing；　they　have　done　much　more　in　reading。　　As　producers　they　are　more　than　respectable；　but　as　consumers　they　are　the　most　conspicuous　people　on　the　earth。　　It　is　impossible　to　speak　of　the　subject　of　literature　in　America　without　thinking　of　the　readers　rather　than　of　the　writers。　　In　this　matter　their　position　is　different　from　that　of　any　other　great　people；　seeing　that　they　share　the　advantages　of　our　language。　　An　American　will　perhaps　consider　himself　to　be　as　little　like　an　Englishman　as　he　is　like　a　Frenchman。　　But　he　reads　Shakspeare　through　the　medium　of　his　own　vernacular；　and　has　to　undergo　the　penance　of　a　foreign　tongue　before　he　can　understand　Moliere。　　He　separates　himself　from　England　in　politics　and　perhaps　in　affection；　but　he　cannot　separate　himself　from　England　in　mental　culture。　　It　may　be　suggested　that　an　Englishman　has　the　same　advantages　as　regards　America；　and　it　is　true　that　he　is　obtaining　much　of　such　advantage。　　Irving；　Prescott；　and　Longfellow　are　the　same　to　England　as　though　she　herself　had　produced　them。　　But　the　balance　of　advantage　must　be　greatly　in　favor　of　America。　　We　gave　her　the　work　of　four　hundred　years；　and　received　back　in　return　the　work　of　fifty。　And　of　this　advantage　the　Americans　have　not　been　slow　to　avail　themselves。　　As　consumers　of　literature　they　are　certainly　the　most　conspicuous　people　on　the　earth。　　Where　an　English　publisher　contents　himself　with　thousands　of　copies；　an　American　publisher　deals　with　ten　thousand。　　The　sale　of　a　new　book；　which　in　numbers　would　amount　to　a　considerable　success　with　us；　would　with　them　be　a　lamentable　failure。　　This　of　course　is　accounted　for；　as　regards　the　author　and　the　publisher；　by　the　difference　of　price　at　which　the　book　is　produced。　　One　thousand　in　England　will　give　perhaps　as　good　a　return　as　the　ten　thousand　in　America。　　But　as　regards　the　readers　there　can　be　no　such　equalization：　the　thousand　copies　cannot　spread　themselves　as　do　the　ten　thousand。　　The　one　book　at　a　guinea　cannot　multiply　itself；　let　Mr。　Mudie　do　what　he　will；　as　do　the　ten　books　at　a　dollar。　　Ultimately　there　remain　the　ten　books　against　the　one；　and　if　there　be　not　the　ten　readers　against　the　one；　there　are　five；　or　four；　or　three。　　Everybody　in　the　States　has　books　about　his　house。　　〃And　so　has　everybody　in　England；〃　will　say　my　English　reader；　mindful　of　the　libraries；　or　book…rooms；　or　book…crowded　drawing…rooms　of　his　friends　and　acquaintances。　　But　has　my　English　reader　who　so　replies　examined　the　libraries　of　many　English　cabmen；　of　ticket　porters；　of　warehousemen；　and　of　agricultural　laborers？　　I　cannot　take　upon　myself　to　say　that　I　have　done　so　with　any　close　search　in　the　States；　but　when　it　has　been　in　my　power　I　have　done　so；　and　I　have　always　found　books　in　such　houses　as　I　have　entered。　The　amount　or　printed　matter　which　is　poured　forth　in　streams　from　the　printing　presses　of　the　great　American　publishers　is；　however；　a　better　proof　of　the　truth　of　what　I　say　than　anything　that　I　can　have　seen　myself。　But　of　what　class　are　the　books　that　are　so　read？　　There　are　many　who　think　that　reading　in　itself　is　not　good　unless　the　matter　read　is　excellent。　　I　do　not　myself　quite　agree　with　this；　thinking　that　almost　any　reading　is　better　than　none；　but　I　will　of　course　admit　that　good　matter　is　better　than　bad　matter。　　The　bulk　of　the　literature　consumed　in　the　States　is　no　doubt　composed　of　novelsas　it　is　also；　now…a…days；　in　this　country。　　Whether　or　no　an　unlimited　supply　of　novels　for　young　people　is　or　is　not　advantageous；　I　will　not　here　pretend　to　say。　　The　general　opinion　with　ourselves；　I　take　it；　is　that　novels　are　bad　reading　if　they　be　bad　of　their　kind。　Novels　that　are　not　bad　are　now…a…days　accepted　generally　as　indispensable　to　our　households。　　Whatever　may　be　the　weakness　of　the　American　literary　taste　in　this　respect；　it　is　I　think　a　weakness　which　we　share。　　There　are　more　novel　readers　among　them　than　with　us；　but　only　I　think　in　the　proportion　that　there　are　more　readers。　I　have　no　hesitation　in　saying　that　works　by　English　authors　are　more　popular　in　the　States　than　those　written　by　Americans；　and；　among　English　authors　of　the　present　day；　readers　by　no　means　confine　themselves　to　the　novelists。　　The　English　names　of　whom　I　heard　most　during　my　sojourn　in　the　States　were　perhaps　those　of　Dickens；　Tennyson；　Buckle；　Tom　Hughes；　Martin　Tupper；　and　Thackeray。　As　the　owners　of　all　these　names　are　still　living；　I　am　not　going　to　take　upon　myself　the　delicate　task　of　criticising　the　American　taste。　　I　may　not　perhaps　coincide　with　them　in　every　respect。　　But　if　I　be　right　as　to　the　names　which　I　have　given；　such　a　selection　shows　that　they　do　get　beyond　novels。　　I　have　little　doubt　but　that　many　more　copies　of　Dickens's　novels　have　been　sold；　during　the　last　three　years；　than　of　the　works　either　of　Tennyson　or　Buckle；　but　such　also　has　been　the　case　in　England。　　It　will　probably　be　admitted　that　one　copy　of　the　〃Civilization〃　should　be　held　as　being　equal　to　five　and　twenty　of　〃Nicholas　Nickleby；〃　and　that　a　single　〃In　Memoriam〃　may　fairly　weigh　down　half　a　dozen　〃Pickwicks。〃　　Men　and　women　after　their　day's　work　are　not　always　up　to　the　〃Civilization。〃　　As　a　rule；　they　are　generally　up　to　〃Proverbial　Philosophy；〃　and　this；　perhaps；　may　have　had　something　to　do　with　the　great　popularity　of　that　very　popular　work。　I　would　not　have　it　supposed　that　American　readers　despise　their　own　authors。　　The　Americans　are　very　proud　of　having　a　literature　of　their　own；　and　among　the　literary　names　which　they　honor；　there　are　none　more　honorable　than　those　of　Cooper　and　Irving。　　They　like　to　know　that　their　modern　historians　are　acknowledged　as　great　authors；　and　as　regards　their　own　poets；　will　sometimes　demand　your　admiration　for　strains　with　which　you　hardly　find　yourself　to　be　familiar。　　But　English　books　are；　I　think；　the　better　loved：　even　the　English　books　of　the　present　day。　　And　even　beyond　thiswith　those　who　choose　to　indulge　in　the　luxuries　of　literaturebooks　printed　in　England　are　more　popular　than　those　which　are　printed　in　their　own　country；　and　yet　the　manner　in　which　the　American　publishers　put　out　their　work　is　very　good。　　The　book　sold　there　at　a　dollar；　or　a　dollar　and　a　quarter；　quite　equals　our　ordinary　five　shilling　volume。　　Nevertheless；　English　books　are　preferred；　almost　as　strongly　as　are　French　bonnets。　　Of　books　absolutely　printed　and　produced　in　England；　the　supply　in　the　States　is　of　course　small。　They　must　necessarily　be　costly；　and　as　regards　new　books；　are　always　subjected　to　the　rivalry　of　a　cheaper　American　copy。　　But　of　the　reprinted　works　of　English　authors　the　supply　is　unlimited；　and　the　sale　very　great。　　Almost　everything　is　reprinted：　certainly　everything　which　can　be　said　to　attain　any　home　popularity。　　I　do　not　know　how　far　English　authors　may　be　aware　of　the　fact；　but　it　is　undoubtedly　a　fact　that　their　influence　as　authors　is　greater　on　the　other　side　of　the　Atlantic　than　on　this　one。　　It　is　there　that　they　have　their　most　numerous　school　of　pupils。　　It　is　there　that　they　are　recognized　as　teachers　by　hundreds　of　thousands。　　It　is　of　these　thirty　millions　that　they　should　think；　at　any　rate　in　part；　when　they　discuss　within　their　own　hearts　that　question　which　all　authors　do　discuss；　whether　that　which　they　write　shall　in　itself　be　good　or　bad；　be　true　or　false。　　A　writer　in　England　may　not；　perhaps；　think　very　much　of　this　with　reference　to　some　trifle　of　which　his　English　publisher　proposes　to　sell　some　seven　or　eight　hundred　copies。　　But　he　begins　to　feel　that　he　should　have　thought　of　it　when　he　learns　that　twenty　or　thirty　thousand　copies　of　the　same　have　been　scattered　through　the　length　and　breadth　of　the　United　States。　　The　English　author　should　feel　that　he　writes　for　the　widest　circle　of　readers　ever　yet　obtained　by　the　literature　of　any　country。　　He　provides　not　only　for　his　own　country　and　for　the　States；　but　for　the　readers　who　are　rising　by　millions　in　the　British　colonies。　Canada　is　supplied　chiefly　from　the　presses　of　Boston；　New　York；　and　Philadelphia；　but　she　is　supplied　with　the　works　of　the　mother　country。　　India；　as　I　take　it；　gets　all　her　books　direct　from　London；　as　do　the　West　Indies。　　Whether　or　no　the　Australian　colonies　have　as　yet　learned　to　reprint　our　books　I　have　never　learned；　but　I　presume　that　they　cannot　do　so　as　cheaply　as　they　can　import　them。　　London　with　us；　and　the　three　cities　which　I　have　named　on　the　other　side　of　the　Atlantic；　are　the　places　at　which　this　literature　is　manufactured；　but　the　demand　in　the　Western　hemisphere　is　becoming　more　brisk　than　that　which　the　Old　World　creates。　　There　are；　I　have　no　doubt；　more　books　printed　in　London　than　in　all　America　put　together。　　A　greater　extent　of　letter…press　is　put　up　in　London　than　in　the　three　publishing　cities　of　the　States；　but　the　number　of　copies　issued　by　the　American　publishers　is　so　much　greater　than　those　which　ours　put　forth　that　the　greater　bulk　of　literature　is　with　them。　　If　this　be　so；　the　demand　with　them　is　of　course　greater　than　it　is　with　us。　I　have　spoken　here　of　the　privilege　which　an　English　author　enjoys　by　reason　of　the　ever…widening　circle　of　readers　to　whom　he　writes。　I　should　have　said　the　writers　of　English　literature；　seeing　that　the　privilege　is　of　course　shared　by　the　American　writer。　　I　profess　my　belief　that　in　the　States　an　English　author　has　an　advantage　over　one　of　that　country　merely　in　the　fact　of　his　being　English；　as　a　French　milliner　has　undoubtedly　an　advantage　in　her　nationality；　let　her　merits　or　demerits　as　a　milliner　be　what　they　may。　　I　think　that　English　books　are　better　liked　because　they　are　English。　　But　I　do　not　know　that　there　is　any　feeling　with　us　either　for　or　against　an　author　because　he　is　American。　　I　believe　that　Longfellow　stands　in　our　judgment　exactly　where　he　would　have　stood　had　he　been　a　tutor　at　a　college　in　Oxford　instead