the memorabilia-第8章

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＇9＇　Cf。　Plat。　〃Lys。〃　211　E。

＇10＇　Cf。　〃Symp。〃　iv。　27。

As　I　listened　to　this　talk　I　could　not　but　reflect　that　he；　the
master；　was　a　person　to　be　envied；　and　that　we；　his　hearers；　were
being　led　by　him　to　beauty　and　nobility　of　soul。

Again　on　some　occasion　the　same　Antiphon　asked　Socrates　how　he
expected　to　make　politicians　of　others　when；　even　if　he　had　the
knowledge；　he　did　not　engage　in　politics　himself。

Socrates　replied：　I　will　put　to　you　a　question；　Antiphon：　Which　were
the　more　statesmanlike　proceeding；　to　practise　politics　myself　single…
handed；　or　to　devote　myself　to　making　as　many　others　as　possible　fit
to　engage　in　that　pursuit？


VII

Let　us　here　turn　and　consider　whether　by　deterring　his　associates　from
quackery　and　false　seeming　he　did　not　directly　stimulate　them　to　the
pursuit　of　virtue。＇1＇　He　used　often　to　say　there　was　no　better　road　to
renown　than　the　one　by　which　a　man　became　good　at　that　wherein　he
desired　to　be　reputed　good。＇2＇　The　truth　of　the　concept　he　enforced　as
follows：　〃Let　us　reflect　on　what　a　man　would　be　driven　to　do　who
wanted　to　be　thought　a　good　flute　player；　without　really　being　so。　He
would　be　forced　to　imitate　the　good　flute　player　in　the　externals　of
his　art；　would　he　not？　and　first　or　all；　seeing　that　these　artists
always　have　a　splendid　equipment；＇3＇　and　travel　about　with　a　long
train　of　attendants；　he　must　have　the　same；　in　the　next　place；　they
can　command　the　plaudits　of　a　multitude；　he　therefore　must　pack　a
conclave　of　clackers。　But　one　thing　is　clear：　nothing　must　induce　him
to　give　a　performance；　or　he　will　be　exposed　at　once；　and　find　himself
a　laughing…stock　not　only　as　a　sorry　sort　of　flute　player；　but　as　a
wretched　imposter。　And　now　he　has　a　host　of　expenses　to　meet；　and　not
one　advantage　to　be　reaped；　and　worse　than　all　his　evil　reputation。
What　is　left　him　but　to　lead　a　life　stale　and　unprofitable；　the　scorn
and　mockery　of　men？　Let　us　try　another　case。　Suppose　a　man　wished　to
be　thought　a　good　general　or　a　good　pilot；　though　he　were　really
nothing　of　the　sort；　let　us　picture　to　our　minds　how　it　will　fare　with
him。　Of　two　misfortunes　one：　either　with　a　strong　desire　to　be　thought
proficient　in　these　matters；　he　will　fail　to　get　others　to　agree　with
him；　which　will　be　bad　enough；　or　he　will　succeed；　with　worse　result；
since　it　stands　to　reason　that　anyone　appointed　to　work　a　vessel　or
lead　an　army　without　the　requisite　knowledge　will　speedily　ruin　a
number　of　people　whom　he　least　desires　to　hurt；　and　will　make　but　a
sorry　exit　from　the　stage　himself。〃　Thus　first　by　one　instance　and
then　another　would　he　demonstrate　the　unprofitableness　of　trying　to
appear　rich；　or　courageous；　or　strong；　without　really　being　the　thing
pretended。　〃You　are　sure　sooner　or　later　to　have　commands　laid　upon
you　beyond　your　power　to　execute；　and　failing　just　where　you　are
credited　with　capacity；　the　world　will　give　you　no　commiseration。〃　〃I
call　that　man　a　cheat；　and　a　great　cheat　too；〃　he　would　say；　〃who　gets
money　or　goods　out　of　some　one　by　persuasion；　and　defrauds　him；　but　of
all　imposters　he　surely　is　the　biggest　who　can　delude　people　into
thinking　that　he　is　fit　to　lead　the　state；　when　all　the　while　he　is　a
worthless　creature。〃＇4＇

＇1＇　｛apotrepon　proutrepen｝。　See　K。　Joel；　op。　cit。　p。　450　foll。

＇2＇　Cf。　〃Cyrop。〃　I。　vi。　22。

＇3＇　Or；　〃furniture　of　the　finest；〃　like　Arion's　in　Herod。　i。　24。
　　　　Schneid。　cf。　Demosth。　565。　6。

＇4＇　Here　follows　the　sentence　＇｛emoi　men　oun　edokei　kai　tou
　　　　alazoneuesthai　apotrepein　tous　sunontas　toiade　dialegomenos｝＇；
　　　　which；　for　the　sake　of　convenience；　I　have　attached　to　the　first
　　　　sentence　of　Bk。　II。　ch。　i。　＇｛edokei　de　moi　。　。　。　ponou。｝＇　I
　　　　believe　that　the　commentators　are　right　in　bracketing　both　one　and
　　　　the　other　as　editorial　interpolations。



BOOK　II


I

Now；　if　the　effect　of　such　discourses　was；　as　I　imagine；　to　deter　his
hearers　from　the　paths　of　quackery　and　false…seeming；＇1＇　so　I　am　sure
that　language　like　the　following　was　calculated　to　stimulate　his
followers　to　practise　self…control　and　endurance：　self…control　in　the
matters　of　eating；　drinking；　sleeping；　and　the　cravings　of　lust；
endurance　of　cold　and　heat　and　toil　and　pain。　He　had　noticed　the　undue
licence　which　one　of　his　acquaintances　allowed　himself　in　all　such
matters。＇2＇　Accordingly　he　thus　addressed　him：

＇1＇　This　sentence　in　the　Greek　concludes　Bk。　I。　There　is　something
　　　　wrong　or　very　awkward　in　the　text　here。

＇2＇　Cf。　Grote；　〃Plato；〃　III。　xxxviii。　p。　530。

Tell　me；　Aristippus　（Socrates　said）；　supposing　you　had　two　children
entrusted　to　you　to　educate；　one　of　them　must　be　brought　up　with　an
aptitude　for　government；　and　the　other　without　the　faintest　propensity
to　rulehow　would　you　educate　them？　What　do　you　say？　Shall　we　begin
our　inquiry　from　the　beginning；　as　it　were；　with　the　bare　elements　of
food　and　nutriment？

Ar。　Yes；　food　to　begin　with；　by　all　means；　being　a　first　principle；＇3＇
without　which　there　is　no　man　living　but　would　perish。

＇3＇　Aristippus　plays　upon　the　word　｛arkhe｝。

Soc。　Well；　then；　we　may　expect；　may　we　not；　that　a　desire　to　grasp
food　at　certain　seasons　will　exhibit　itself　in　both　the　children？

Ar。　It　is　to　be　expected。

Soc。　Which；　then；　of　the　two　must　be　trained；　of　his　own　free　will；＇4＇
to　prosecute　a　pressing　business　rather　than　gratify　the　belly？

＇4＇　｛proairesis｝。

Ar。　No　doubt　the　one　who　is　being　trained　to　govern；　if　we　would　not
have　affairs　of　state　neglected　during＇5＇　his　government。

＇5＇　Lit。　〃along　of。〃

Soc。　And　the　same　pupil　must　be　furnished　with　a　power　of　holding　out
against　thirst　also　when　the　craving　to　quench　it　comes　upon　him？

Ar。　Certainly　he　must。

Soc。　And　on　which　of　the　two　shall　we　confer　such　self…control　in
regard　to　sleep　as　shall　enable　him　to　rest　late　and　rise　early；　or
keep　vigil；　if　the　need　arise？

Ar。　To　the　same　one　of　the　two　must　be　given　that　endurance　also。

Soc。　Well；　and　a　continence　in　regard　to　matters　sexual　so　great　that
nothing　of　the　sort　shall　prevent　him　from　doing　his　duty？　Which　of
them　claims　that？

Ar。　The　same　one　of　the　pair　again。

Soc。　Well；　and　on　which　of　the　two　shall　be　bestowed；　as　a　further
gift；　the　voluntary　resolution　to　face　toils　rather　than　turn　and　flee
from　them？

Ar。　This；　too；　belongs　of　right　to　him　who　is　being　trained　for
government。

Soc。　Well；　and　to　which　of　them　will　it　better　accord　to　be　taught　all
knowledge　necessary　towards　the　mastery　of　antagonists？

Ar。　To　our　future　ruler　certainly；　for　without　these　parts　of　learning
all　his　other　capacities　will　be　merely　waste。

Soc。　＇6＇Will　not　a　man　so　educated　be　less　liable　to　be　entrapped　by
rival　powers；　and　so　escape　a　common　fate　of　living　creatures；　some　of
which　（as　we　all　know）　are　hooked　through　their　own　greediness；　and
often　even　in　spite　of　a　native　shyness；　but　through　appetite　for　food
they　are　drawn　towards　the　bait；　and　are　caught；　while　others　are
similarly　ensnared　by　drink？

＇6＇　＇SS。　4；　5；　L。　Dind。　ed　Lips。＇

Ar。　Undoubtedly。

Soc。　And　others　again　are　victims　of　amorous　heat；　as　quails；　for
instance；　or　partridges；　which；　at　the　cry　of　the　hen…bird；　with　lust
and　expectation　of　such　joys　grow　wild；　and　lose　their　power　of
computing　dangers：　on　they　rush；　and　fall　into　the　snare　of　the
hunter？

Aristippus　assented。

Soc。　And　would　it　not　seem　to　be　a　base　thing　for　a　man　to　be　affected
like　the　silliest　bird　or　beast？　as　when　the　adulterer　invades　the
innermost　sanctum＇7＇　of　the　house；　though　he　is　well　aware　of　the
risks　which　his　crime　involves；＇8＇　the　formidable　penalties　of　the
law；　the　danger　of　being　caught　in　the　toils；　and　then　suffering　the
direst　contumely。　Considering　all　the　hideous　penalties　which　hang
over　the　adulterer's　head；　considering　also　the　many　means　at　hand　to
release　him　from　the　thraldom　of　his　passion；　that　a　man　should　so
drive　headlong　on　to　the　quicksands　of　perdition＇9＇what　are　we　to
say　of　such　frenzy？　The　wretch　who　can　so　behave　must　surely　be
tormented　by　an　evil　spirit？＇10＇

＇7＇　｛eis　as　eirktas｝。　The　penetralia。

＇8＇　Or；　〃he　knows　the　risks　he　runs　of　suffering　those　penalties　with
　　　　which　the　law　threatens　his　crime　should　he　fall　into　the　snare；
　　　　and　being　caught；　be　mutilated。〃

＇9＇　Or；　〃leap　headlong　into　the　jaws　of　danger。〃

＇10＇　｛kakodaimonontos｝。

Ar。　So　it　strikes　me。

Soc。　And　does　it　not　strike　you　as　a　sign　of　strange　indifference
that；　whereas　the　greater　number　of　the　indispensable　affairs　of　men；
as　for　instance；　those　of　war　and　agriculture；　and　more　than　half　the
rest；　need　to　be　conducted　under　the　broad　canopy　of　heaven；＇11＇　yet
the　majority　of　men　are　quite　untrained　to　wrestle　with　cold　and　heat？

＇11＇　Or；　〃in　the　open　air。〃

Aristippus　again　assented。

Soc。　And　do　you　not　agree　that　he　who　is　destined　to　rule　must　train
himself　to　bear　these　things　lightly？

Ar。　Most　certainly。

Soc。　And　whilst　we　rank　those　who　are　self…disciplined　in　all　these
matters　among　persons　fit　to　rule；　we　are　bound　to　place　those
incapable　of　such　conduct　in　the　category　of　persons　without　any
pretension　whatsoever　to　be　rulers？

Ar。　I　assent。

Soc。　Well；　then；　since　you　know　the　rank　peculiar　to　either　section　of
mankind；　did　it　ever　strike　you　to　consider　to　which　of　the　two　you
are　best　entitled　to　belong？

Yes　I　have　（replied　Aristippus）。　I　do　not　dream　for　a　moment　of
ranking　myself　in　the　class　of　those　who　wish　to　rule。　In　fact；
considering　how　serious　a　business　it　is　to　cater　for　one's　own
private　needs；　I　look　upon　it　as　the　mark　of　a　fool　not　to　be　content
with　that；　but　to　further　saddle　oneself　with　the　duty　of　providing
the　rest　of　the　community　with　whatever　they　may　be　pleased　to　want。
That；　at　the　cost　of　much　personal　enjoyment；　a　man　should　put　himself
at　the　head　of　a　state；　and　then；　if　he　fail　to　carry　through　every
jot　and　tittle　of　that　state's　desire；　be　held　to　criminal　account；
does　seem　to　me　the　very　extravagance　of　folly。　Why；　bless　me！　states
claim　to　treat　their　rulers　precisely　as　I　treat　my　domestic　slaves。　I
expect　my　attendants　to　furnish　me　with　an　abundance　of　necessaries；
but　not　to　lay　a　finger　on　one　of　them　themselves。　So　these　states
regard　it　as　the　duty　of　a　ruler　to　provide　them　with　all　the　good
things　imaginable；　but　to　keep　his　own　hands　off　them　all　the
while。＇12＇　So　then；　for　my　part；　if　anybody　desires　to　have　a　heap　of
pother　himself；＇13＇　and　be　a　nuisance　to　the　rest　of　the　world；　I　will
educate　him　in　the　manner　suggested；　and　he　shall　take　his　place　among
those　who　are　fit　to　rule；　but　for　myself；　I　beg　to　be　enrolled
amongst　those　who　wish　to　spend　their　days　as　easily　and　pleasantly　as
possible。

＇12＇　Or；　〃but　he　must　have　no　finger　in　the　pie　himself。〃

＇13＇　See　Kuhner　ad　loc。

Soc。　Shall　we　then　at　this　point　turn　and　inquire　which　of　the　two　are
likely　to　lead　the　pleasanter　life；　the　rulers　or　the　ruled？

Ar。　By　all　means　let　us　do　so。

Soc。　To　begin　then　with　the　nations　and　races　known　to　ourselves。＇14＇
In　Asia　the　Persians　are　the　rulers；　while　the　Syrians；　Phrygians；
Lydians　are　ruled；　and　in　Europe　we　find　the　Scythians　ruling；　and　the
Maeotians　being　ruled。　In　Africa