a forgotten empire-vijayanagar-第5章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
de； where dwelt the chiefs of Anegundi； and was just such as would have been chosen for their abode by the ascetics of former days； who loved to dwell in solitude and isolation amid scenes of grandeur and beauty。
We shall； however； in all probability never know whether this hermit； whose actual existence at the time is attested by every tradition regarding the origin of Vijayanagar； was really the great Madhava or another less celebrated sage； on whom by a confusion of ideas his name has been foisted。 Some say that Madhavacharya lived entirely at Sringeri。
There are a number of other traditions relating to the birth of the city and empire of Vijayanagar。
One has it that two brothers named Bukka and Harihara； who had been in the service of the king of Warangal at the time of the destruction of that kingdom by the Muhammadans in 1323； escaped with a small body of horse to the hill country about Anegundi； being accompanied in their flight by the Brahman Madhava or Madhavacharya Vidyaranya； and by some means not stated became lords of that tract； afterwards founding the city of Vijayanagar。＇29＇
Another states that the two brothers were officers in the service of the Muhammadan governor of Warangal subsequent to its first capture in 1309。 They were despatched against the Hoysala Ballala sovereign in the expedition under the command of Malik Kafur in 1310； which resulted in the capture of the Hindu capital； Dvarasamudra； but the portion of the force to which the brothers belonged suffered a defeat； and they fled to the mountainous tract near Anegundi。 Here they met the holy Madhava； who was living the life of a recluse； and by his aid they established the kingdom and capital city。
A variant of this relates that the two brothers for some reason fled direct from Warangal to Anegundi。 This account redounds more to their honour as Hindus。 Though compelled first to accept service under their conquerors； their patriotism triumphed in the end； and they abandoned the flesh pots of Egypt to throw in their luck with their co…religionists。
A fourth story avers that the hermit Madhava himself founded the city after the discovery of a hidden treasure； ruled over it himself； and left it after his death to a Kuruba family who established the first regular dynasty。
A fifth； mentioned by Couto；＇30＇ who fixes the date as 1220； states that while Madhava was living his ascetic life amongst the mountains he was supported by meals brought to him by a poor shepherd called Bukka； 〃and one day the Brahman said to him； 'Thou shalt be king and emperor of all Industan。' The other shepherds learned this； and began to treat this shepherd with veneration and made him their head； and he acquired the name of 'king；' and began to conquer his neighbours； who were five in number； viz。； Canara； Taligas； Canguivarao； Negapatao； and he of the Badagas； and he at last became lord of all and called himself Boca Rao。〃 He was attacked by the king of Delhi； but the latter was defeated and retired； whereupon Bukka established a city 〃and called it Visaja Nagar； which we corruptly call Bisnaga； and we call all the kingdom by that name； but the natives amongst themselves always call it the 'kingdom of Canara。' 〃 Couto's narrative seems to be a mixture of several stories。 His wrong date points to his having partly depended upon the original chronicle of Nuniz； or the summary of it published by Barros； while the rest of the tale savours more of Hindu romance than of historical accuracy。 He retains； however； the tradition of an attack by the king of Delhi and the latter's subsequent retirement。
Another authority suggests that Bukka and Harihara may have been feudatories of the Hoysala Ballalas。
Nikitin； the Russian traveller； who was in India in 1474； seems to favour the view that they belonged to the old royal house of the Kadambas of Banavasi； since he speaks of 〃the Hindoo Sultan Kadam；〃 who resided at 〃Bichenegher。〃＇31＇
Here we have a whole bundle of tales and traditions to account for the origin of the great kingdom； and can take our choice。 There are many others also。 Perhaps the most reasonable account would be one culled from the general drift of the Hindu legends combined with the certainties of historical fact； and from this point of view we may for the present suppose that two brothers； Hindus of the Kuruba caste； who were men of strong religious feeling； serving in the treasury of the king of Warangal； fled from that place on its sack and destruction in 1323 and took service under the petty Rajah of Anegundi。 Both they and their chiefs were filled with horror and disgust at the conduct of the marauding Moslems； and pledged themselves to the cause of their country and their religion。 The brothers rose to be minister and treasurer respectively at Anegundi。 In 1334 the chief gave shelter to Baha…ud…din； nephew of Muhammad of Delhi； and was attacked by the Sultan。 Anegundi fell； as narrated by Batuta； and the Sultan retired； leaving Mallik as his deputy to rule the state。 Mallik found the people too strong for him； and eventually the Sultan restored the country to the Hindus； raising to be rajah and minister respectively the two brothers who had formerly been minister and treasurer。 These were Harihara I。 （〃Hukka〃） and Bukka I。
The First Vijayanagar Dynasty
＇The following shows the pedigree of this dynasty as given in the EPIGRAPHIA INDICA （iii。 p。 36）。 Inscriptions not yet satisfactorily examined will probably add to the information given。＇
CHAPTER 3
The First Kings （A。D。 1336 to 1379）
Rapid acquisition of territory Reign of Harihara I。 Check to Muhammadan aggression Reign of Bukka I。 Kampa and Sangama？ The Bahmani kingdom established； 1347 Death of Nagadeva of Warangal Vijayanagar's first great war Massacres by Muhammad Bahmani Battle at Adoni； 1366 Flight of Bukka Mujahid's war； 1375 He visits the Malabar coast Siege of Vijayanagar Extension of territory Death of Mujahid； 1378。
The city of Vijayanagar； thus founded about the year 1335； speedily grew in importance and became the refuge of the outcasts； refugees； and fighting men of the Hindus； beaten and driven out of their old strongholds by the advancing Muhammadans。
The first rulers of Vijayanagar； however； did not dare to call themselves kings； nor did even the Brahmans do so who composed the text of their early inscriptions。 It is for this reason that I have spoken of Harihara I。 and Bukka I。 as 〃Chiefs。〃 The inscription referred to of Harihara in 1340 calls him 〃Hariyappa VODEYA；〃 the former name being less honourable than 〃Harihara；〃 and the latter definitely entitling him to rank only as a chieftain。 Moreover； the Sanskrit title given him is MAHAMANDALESVARA； which may be translated 〃great lord〃 not king。 And the same is the case with his successor； Bukka； in two inscriptions；＇32＇ one of which is dated in 1353。 Already in 1340 Harihara is said to have been possessed of very large territories； and he was the acknowledged overlord of villages as far north as the Kaladgi district； north of the Malprabha； a country that had been overrun by Muhammad Taghlaq。 That this was not a mere empty boast is shown by the fact that a fort was built in that year at Badami by permission of Harihara。
And thus we see the first chief of Vijayanagar quietly； and perhaps peacefully； acquiring great influence and extensive possessions。 These so rapidly increased that Bukka's successor； Harihara II。； styles himself RAJADHIRAJA； 〃king of kings；〃 or emperor。
But to revert to the first king Harihara； or； as Nuniz calls him； 〃Dehorao；〃 for DEVA RAYA。 He reigned； according to our chronicle； seven years； 〃and did nothing therein but pacify the kingdom； which he left in complete tranquillity。〃 His death； if this be so； would have taken place about the year 1343。 Nuniz relates that he founded a temple in honour of the Brahman hermit； his protector。 This was the great temple at Hampe close to the river； which is still in full preservation and is the only one among the massive shrines erected at the capital in which worship is still carried on； the others were remorselessly wrecked and destroyed by the Muhammadans in 1565。 As already stated； the traveller Ibn Batuta refers to this king under the name of 〃Haraib〃 or 〃Harib〃 in or about the year 1342。 If the traditions collated by Nuniz； according to which Harihara I。 lived at peace during the seven years of his reign； be true； his death must have occurred before 1344； because in that year； as we learn from other sources； Krishna； son of Pratapa Rudra of Warangal； took refuge at Vijayanagar； and； in concert with its king and with the surviving Ballala princes of Dvarasamudra； drove back the Muhammadans； rescued for a time part of the Southern Dakhan country； and prepared the way for the overthrow of the sovereignty of Delhi south of the Vindhyas。 I take it； therefore； that Harihara died in or about the year A。D。 1343。
As to his having reigned quietly； I know of only one statement to the contrary。 An inscription of Samgama II。 recording a grant in 1356； and referred to below； states that Harihara I。 〃defeated the Sultan；〃 but perhaps this only alludes to the fact that Muhammad Taghlaq had to abandon his hold on the country。
The next king was Harihara's brother； Bukka I。 （〃Bucarao〃）； and according to Nuniz he reigned thirty…seven years； conquering in that time all the kingdoms of the south； even including Orissa （Orya）。 Without laying too much stress on conquests by force of arms； it seems certain that most if not all Southern India submitted to his rule； probably only too anxious to secure a continuance of Hindu domination in preference to the despotism of the hated followers of Islam。＇33＇ According to the chronicle； therefore； the death of Bukka I。； as we must call him； took place about the year A。D。 1380。 As to inscriptions of his reign； Dr。 Hultzsch＇34＇ mentions that they cover the period from about 1354 to 1371； while the first inscription of his successor； Harihara II。； is dated in 1379。＇35＇ If； then； we assume that Bukka I。 reigned till 1379； we find the chronicle so far accurate that Bukka I。 did in fact reign thirty…six years； though not thirty…seven A。D。 1343 to 1379。
But meanwhile we have another story from an inscription on copper…plates which is to be seen preserved in the Collector's office at Nellore。＇36＇ It has been carefully edited by Mr。 H。 Krishna Sastri。 According to this it would appear that Bukka I。； who undoubtedly was a man of war； usurped the throne。 It asserts that the father of Harihara I。； who was named Samgama； had five sons。 The eldest was Harihara himself； the second Kampa； and the third Bukka。 We want to know who succeeded Harihara。 There is extant an inscription of Bukka dated in 1354； and there is this Nellore inscription dated in 1356。 The latter comes from a far…off country near the eastern coast； and it relates that Kampa succeeded Harihara； and that Samgama II。； son of Kampa； succeeded his father； and granted a village in the Nellore district to the Brahmans on a date which corresponds to May 3； A。D。 1356。 It implies that Samgama had succeeded his father Kampa exactly a year previous to the grant。 Thus it claims that Kampa was king from 1343 to 1355。 We know nothing more of this； and there i
