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CHAPTER¡¡A


Diamonds

However¡¡much¡¡it¡¡may¡¡at¡¡first¡¡sight¡¡appear¡¡that¡¡our¡¡chroniclers¡¡have¡¡exaggerated¡¡in¡¡their¡¡description¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hindu¡¡sovereign¡¡and¡¡his¡¡nobles£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wonderful¡¡display¡¡of¡¡jewels¡¡made¡¡on¡¡days¡¡of¡¡high¡¡festival¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ladies¡¡of¡¡their¡¡households£»¡¡an¡¡account¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡given¡¡us¡¡by¡¡Paes£»¡¡I¡¡for¡¡one¡¡see¡¡little¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡doubt¡£¡¡Nuniz¡¡distinctly¡¡states¡¡£¨p¡£¡¡389£©¡¡that¡¡the¡¡diamond¡¡mines£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡day¡¡the¡¡richest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡were¡¡farmed¡¡out¡¡on¡¡condition¡¡that¡¡all¡¡stones¡¡above¡¡twenty¡¡mangellins¡¡in¡¡weight¡¡¡¡about¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡carats¡¡¡¡were¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Raya¡¡for¡¡his¡¡personal¡¡use£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡many¡¡of¡¡these¡£¡¡Barradas¡¡£¨p¡£¡¡226¡¡above£©¡¡states¡¡that£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡rumour£»¡¡even¡¡after¡¡the¡¡downfall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡the¡¡king¡¡at¡¡Chandragiri¡¡in¡¡1614¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡had¡¡no¡¡less¡¡than¡¡three¡¡large¡¡chests¡¡full¡¡of¡¡diamonds¡¡in¡¡his¡¡possession£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡traveller¡¡and¡¡chronicler¡¡has¡¡something¡¡to¡¡say¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subject¡£

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¡¨There¡¡is¡¡yet¡¡another¡¡hill¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Countrie¡¡of¡¡Decam£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡called¡¡Velha£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Rocke£»¡¡from¡¡whence¡¡come¡¡the¡¡best¡¡diamonds¡¡and¡¡are¡¡sold¡¡for¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡price¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡they¡¡find¡¡Diamonds¡¡of¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡Mangelyns¡¡and¡¡more£»¡¡but¡¡very¡¡few¡£¡¨

As¡¡regards¡¡the¡¡diamond¡¡¡¨as¡¡large¡¡as¡¡a¡¡hen's¡¡egg£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡found¡¡at¡¡the¡¡sack¡¡of¡¡Vijayanagar¡¡and¡¡presented¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Adil¡¡Shah¡¡£¨above£»¡¡p¡£¡¡208£©£»¡¡Couto¡¡£¨Decade¡¡VIII¡£¡¡c¡£¡¡xv¡££©¡¡says¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡jewel¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Raya¡¡had¡¡affixed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡base¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plume¡¡on¡¡his¡¡horse's¡¡head¡­dress¡£¡¡Garcia¡¡da¡¡Orta£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡in¡¡India¡¡in¡¡1534£»¡¡says¡¡that¡¡at¡¡Vijayanagar¡¡a¡¡diamond¡¡had¡¡been¡¡seen¡¡as¡¡large¡¡as¡¡a¡¡small¡¡hen's¡¡egg£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡even¡¡declares¡¡the¡¡weights¡¡of¡¡three¡¡others¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡respectively¡¡120£»¡¡148£»¡¡and¡¡250¡¡MANGELIS£»¡¡equivalent¡¡to¡¡150£»¡¡175£»¡¡and¡¡312¡¡1/2¡¡carats¡¡£¨Tavernier£»¡¡V¡£¡¡Ball£»¡¡ii¡£¡¡433£©¡£

Dr¡£¡¡Ball¡¡has¡¡gone¡¡carefully¡¡into¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡the¡¡diamonds¡¡known¡¡as¡¡¡¨Babar's£»¡¨¡¡¡¨the¡¡Mogul's£»¡¨¡¡¡¨Pitt's£»¡¨¡¡¡¨the¡¡KOH¡­I¡­NUR£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡his¡¡Appendix¡¡I¡£¡¡I¡¡beg¡¡to¡¡refer¡¡those¡¡interested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡subject¡£

It¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡this¡¡hen's¡¡egg¡¡diamond¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡the¡¡fame¡¡as¡¡Sultan¡¡Babar's£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡former¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡at¡¡Vijayanagar¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1565£»¡¡whereas¡¡Sultan¡¡Babar's¡¡was¡¡received¡¡by¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Humayun¡¡at¡¡Agra¡¡in¡¡1526£»¡¡and¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been£»¡¡forty¡¡years¡¡later£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hindu¡¡king¡¡of¡¡the¡¡south¡££§651£§

Dr¡£¡¡Ball¡¡has¡¡shown¡¡that¡¡probably¡¡the¡¡KOH¡­I¡­NUR¡¡is¡¡identical¡¡with¡¡the¡¡¡¨Mogul's¡¡diamond¡£¡¨¡¡Was£»¡¡then£»¡¡this¡¡¡¨hen's¡¡egg¡¨¡¡diamond¡¡the¡¡same£¿¡¡Probably¡¡not¡£¡¡If¡¡we¡¡had¡¡been¡¡told¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¨hen's¡¡egg£»¡¨¡¡when¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sack¡¡of¡¡Vijayanagar£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡cut£»¡¡the¡¡proof¡¡CONTRA¡¡would¡¡be¡¡conclusive£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡KOH¡­I¡­NUR¡¡was¡¡certainly¡¡uncut¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1656¡¡or¡¡1657¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡information¡¡available¡¡on¡¡this¡¡point¡£

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The¡¡KOH¡­I¡­NUR¡¡was¡¡found¡¡at¡¡Kollur¡¡on¡¡the¡¡river¡¡Krishna£»¡¡probably¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1656¡£¡¡Mir¡¡Jumla¡¡farmed¡¡the¡¡mines¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡presented¡¡it¡¡uncut¡¡to¡¡the¡¡emperor£»¡¡Shah¡¡Jahan¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡weighed¡¡756¡¡English¡¡carats¡¡£¨Ball£»¡¡ii¡£¡¡444£©¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡entrusted¡¡to¡¡a¡¡Venetian¡¡named¡¡Hortensio¡¡Borgio£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡so¡¡damaged¡¡and¡¡wasted¡¡in¡¡his¡¡hands¡¡that£»¡¡when¡¡seen¡¡by¡¡Tavernier¡¡in¡¡Aurangzib's¡¡treasury¡¡in¡¡1665£»¡¡it¡¡weighed¡¡not¡¡more¡¡than¡¡268¡¡1/2¡¡English¡¡carats¡£¡¡In¡¡1739¡¡Nadir¡¡Shah¡¡sacked¡¡Delhi¡¡and¡¡carried¡¡the¡¡stone¡¡away¡¡with¡¡him¡¡to¡¡Persia£»¡¡conferring¡¡on¡¡it¡¡its¡¡present¡¡immortal¡¡name¡¡the¡¡¡¨Mountain¡¡of¡¡Light¡£¡¨¡¡On¡¡his¡¡murder¡¡in¡¡1747¡¡it¡¡passed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡his¡¡grandson£»¡¡Shah¡¡Rukh¡£¡¡Four¡¡years¡¡later¡¡Shah¡¡Rukh¡¡gave¡¡it¡¡to¡¡Ahmad¡¡Shah¡¡Durani¡¡of¡¡Kabul£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡him¡¡it¡¡was¡¡bequeathed¡¡to¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Taimur¡£¡¡In¡¡1793¡¡it¡¡passed¡¡by¡¡descent¡¡to¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Shah¡¡Zaman£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡blinded¡¡and¡¡deposed¡¡by¡¡his¡¡brother¡¡Muhammad£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡retained¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stone¡¡in¡¡his¡¡prison£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1795¡¡it¡¡became¡¡the¡¡property¡¡of¡¡his¡¡brother¡¡Sultan¡¡Shuja¡£¡¡In¡¡1809£»¡¡after¡¡Shuja¡¡became¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Kabul£»¡¡Elphinstone¡¡saw¡¡the¡¡diamond¡¡in¡¡his¡¡bracelet¡¡at¡¡Peshawur¡£¡¡In¡¡1812£»¡¡Shuja£»¡¡being¡¡dethroned¡¡by¡¡Muhammad£»¡¡fled¡¡to¡¡Lahore£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡was¡¡detained¡¡as¡¡a¡¡quasi¡­prisoner¡¡by¡¡Ranjit¡¡Singh£»¡¡the¡¡ruler¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Panjab¡£¡¡In¡¡1813¡¡an¡¡agreement¡¡was¡¡arrived¡¡at£»¡¡and¡¡Shuja¡¡surrendered¡¡the¡¡diamond¡¡to¡¡Ranjit¡¡Singh¡£¡¡Ranjit¡¡often¡¡wore¡¡the¡¡stone£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡constantly¡¡seen¡¡by¡¡European¡¡visitors¡¡to¡¡Lahore¡£¡¡Dying¡¡in¡¡1839£»¡¡the¡¡KOH¡­I¡­NUR¡¡was¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡jewel¡­chamber¡¡till¡¡the¡¡infant¡¡Dhulip¡¡Singh¡¡was¡¡acknowledged¡¡as¡¡Ranjit's¡¡successor¡£¡¡In¡¡1849¡¡it¡¡was¡¡handed¡¡over¡¡to¡¡Sir¡¡John¡¡Lawrence¡¡on¡¡the¡¡annexation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Panjab£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡him¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡England¡¡to¡¡Her¡¡Majesty¡¡the¡¡Queen¡£¡¡In¡¡1851¡¡it¡¡was¡¡exhibited¡¡at¡¡the¡¡first¡¡great¡¡Exhibition£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1852¡¡it¡¡was¡¡re¡­cut¡¡by¡¡an¡¡Amsterdam¡¡cutter£»¡¡Voorsanger£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡employ¡¡of¡¡Messrs¡£¡¡Garrards¡£¡¡The¡¡weight¡¡is¡¡now¡¡106¡¡1/16¡¡carats¡£

It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡interesting¡¡to¡¡trace¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¨hen's¡¡egg¡¨¡¡diamond¡¡after¡¡its¡¡acquisition¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Bijapur¡¡sultan£»¡¡Ali¡¡Adil¡£

H¡£¡¡de¡¡Montfart£»¡¡who¡¡travelled¡¡in¡¡India¡¡in¡¡1608£»¡¡saw¡¡a¡¡very¡¡large¡¡diamond¡¡in¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mogul¡¡emperor¡¡Jahangir¡¡at¡¡Delhi£»£§652£§¡¡but¡¡this¡¡had¡¡been¡¡pierced¡£¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡seene¡¡one¡¡with¡¡the¡¡great¡¡MOGOR¡¡as¡¡bigge¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Hen's¡¡egge£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡that¡¡very¡¡forme£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡caused¡¡expressly¡¡to¡¡bee¡¡pierced¡¡like¡¡a¡¡pearle¡¡to¡¡weare¡¡it¡¡on¡¡his¡¡arme¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡It¡¡weighteth¡¡198¡¡Mangelins¡£¡¨



CHAPTER¡¡B

The¡¡Wealth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dakhan¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Fourteenth¡¡Century¡¡A¡£D¡£

When¡¡Malik¡¡Kafur£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1310¡¡A¡£D¡££»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Ala¡­ud¡­Din¡¡Khilji¡¡of¡¡Delhi£»¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡his¡¡successful¡¡raids¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Dakhan¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Malabar¡¡coast£»¡¡sacking¡¡all¡¡the¡¡Hindu¡¡temples£»¡¡ravaging¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡of¡¡Maisur£»¡¡and¡¡despoiling¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡Delhi¡¡with¡¡an¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡treasure¡¡that¡¡seems¡¡almost¡¡fabulous¡£¡¡Firishtah¡¡writes£º¡¡¡¨They¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡temples¡¡prodigious¡¡spoils£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡idols¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡adorned¡¡with¡¡precious¡¡stones£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡rich¡¡effects¡¡consecrated¡¡to¡¡Hindu¡¡worship£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡Malik¡¡presented¡¡his¡¡sovereign¡¡with¡¡¡¨312¡¡elephants£»¡¡20£»000¡¡horses£»¡¡96£»000¡¡MANS¡¡of¡¡gold£»¡¡several¡¡boxes¡¡of¡¡jewels¡¡and¡¡pearls£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡precious¡¡effects¡£¡¨

When¡¡we¡¡come¡¡to¡¡estimate¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡we¡¡are¡¡met¡¡with¡¡a¡¡difficulty£»¡¡as¡¡there¡¡are¡¡many¡¡varieties¡¡of¡¡MANS¡¡in¡¡India£»¡¡the¡¡variation¡¡being¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡from¡¡19¡¡lbs¡£¡¡in¡¡Travancore¡¡to¡¡163¡¡1/4¡¡lbs¡£¡¡in¡¡Ahmadnagar¡£¡¡The¡¡Madras¡¡MAN¡¡weighs¡¡25¡¡lbs¡££»¡¡the¡¡Bombay¡¡MAN¡¡28¡¡lbs¡£¡¡Hawkins£»¡¡writing¡¡in¡¡1610£»¡¡gives¡¡55¡¡lbs¡£¡¡to¡¡the¡¡MAN£»£§653£§¡¡Middleton£»¡¡in¡¡1611£»¡¡33¡¡lbs¡££§654£§¡¡Now¡¡Firishtah¡¡had¡¡more¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡Ahmadnagar¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡part¡¡of¡¡India£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡his¡¡estimate¡¡was¡¡based¡¡on¡¡the¡¡MAN¡¡of¡¡that¡¡tract¡£¡¡Malik¡¡Kafur's¡¡96£»000¡¡MANS¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡would¡¡have¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡enormous¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡15£»672£»000¡¡lbs¡£¡¡weight¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡likely¡¡that¡¡Firishtah¡¡would¡¡have¡¡had¡¡in¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡the¡¡Travancore¡¡MAN¡£¡¡Even¡¡if¡¡he¡¡was¡¡thinking¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Madras¡¡MAN£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡likely£»¡¡his¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gold¡¡carried¡¡off¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡2£»400£»000¡¡lbs¡£

Whether¡¡we¡¡accept¡¡these¡¡amounts¡¡or¡¡not£»¡¡there¡¡can¡¡be¡¡no¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡the¡¡richness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡temples¡¡was¡¡very¡¡great£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡see¡£¡¡The¡¡country¡¡had¡¡always¡¡been¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡Hindu¡¡kings£»¡¡and¡¡treasures¡¡had¡¡year¡¡by¡¡year¡¡accumulated¡£¡¡The¡¡Brahmans¡¡exacted¡¡gifts¡¡and¡¡payments¡¡from¡¡the¡¡people¡¡on¡¡all¡¡occasions¡£¡¡Kings¡¡and¡¡chiefs£»¡¡merchants¡¡and¡¡landowners£»¡¡vied¡¡with¡¡one¡¡another¡¡in¡¡presenting¡¡rich¡¡offerings¡¡to¡¡their¡¡favourite¡¡places¡¡of¡¡worship£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡remembered¡¡that¡¡this¡¡practice¡¡had¡¡been¡¡going¡¡on¡¡from¡¡time¡¡immemorial£»¡¡it¡¡need¡¡be¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡for¡¡wonder¡¡that¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡first¡¡violently¡¡despoiled¡¡the¡¡sacred¡¡buildings¡¡departed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡country¡¡laden¡¡with¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡incredible¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡booty¡£¡¡Colonel¡¡Dow£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡works¡¡of¡¡Firishtah¡¡£¨i¡£¡¡307£©£»¡¡computes¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gold¡¡carried¡¡off¡¡by¡¡Malik¡¡Kafur¡¡at¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡millions¡¡sterling¡¡of¡¡our¡¡money¡£


CHAPTER¡¡C






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NOTES

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