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a forgotten empire-vijayanagar-第66章

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'332'  In this I follow Couto; but the Golkonda historian quoted by Briggs (Firishtah; iii。 414) states that the 〃allied armies halted for ten days on the field of action; and then proceeded to the capital of Beejanuggur。〃 It is; however; quite possible that both accounts are correct。 The advanced Muhammadan troops are almost certain to have been pushed on to the capital。 The main body; after the sovereigns had received information that no opposition was offered; may have struck their camp on the tenth day。

'333'  Purchas; edit。 of 1625; ii。 p。 1703。

'334'  Couto states that this diamond was one which the king had affixed to the base of the plume on his horse's headdress (Dec。 VIII。 c。 15)。 (See Appendix A。)

'335'  Portuguese ARMEZIM; 〃a sort of Bengal taffeta〃 (Michaelis' Dict。)。

'336'  Gold coins of Vijayanagar。

'337'  KULLAYI。 See below; p。 252; 273; 383; and notes。

'338'  Dec。 VIII。 c。 15。 I have taken this and the next paragraph from Lopes's CHRONICA DOS REYS DE BISNAGA; Introd。; p。 lxviii。

'339'  Writing in 1675; the travelled Fryer relates what he saw of the Inquisition at Goa。 I take the following from his Letter iv。; chapter ii。 〃Going the next Morning to the Palace…Stairs; we saw their Sessions…House; the bloody Prison of the Inquisition; and in a principal Market…place was raised an Engine a great height; at top like a Gibbet; with a Pulley; with steppings to go upon; as on a Flagstaff; for the STRAPADO; which unhinges a Man's joints; a cruel Torture。 Over against these Stairs is an Island where they burn 。。。 all those condemned by the Inquisitor; which are brought from the SANCTO OFFICIO dress'd up in most horrid Shapes of Imps and Devils; and so delivered to the executioner。。。。 St。 JAGO; or St。 James's Day; is the Day for the AUCTO DE FIE。〃 And in chapter v。 of the same Letter he states that; when he was at Goa; 〃all Butcher's Meat was forbidden; except Pork〃  a regulation irksome enough even to the European residents; but worse for those Hindus allowed by their caste rules to eat meat; but to whom pork is always especially distasteful。 Linschoten; who was in India from 1583 to 1589; mentions the imprisonments and tortures inflicted on the Hindus by the Inquisition (vol。 ii。 pp。 158  227)。

'340'  Caesar Frederick。

'341'  I。E。; they advanced by way of Mudkal; Tavurugiri; and Kanakagiri; a distance of about fifty…five miles; to Anegundi on the north bask of the river at Vijayanagar。

'342'  Other accounts say that Venkatadri was killed in the battle; and that Tirumala alone of the three brothers survived。 Firishtah only wrote from hearsay; and was perhaps misinformed。 Probably for 〃Venkatadri〃 should be read 〃Tirumala。〃

'343'  Firishtah wrote this towards the close of the century。

'344'  〃South Indian Inscriptions;〃 Hultzsch; i。 69; IND。 ANT。; xxii。 136。

'345'  The pedigree is taken from the EPIGRAPHIA INDICA; iii。 238。 I am not responsible for the numbers attached so the names。 Thus I should prefer to call Rama Raya II。 〃Rama I。;〃 since his ancestors do not appear to have reigned even in name。 But I take the table as Dr。 Hultzsch has given it。 See the Kondyata grant of 1636 (IND。 ANT。; xiii。 125); the Vilapaka grant of 1601 (ID。 ii。 371); and the Kallakursi grant of 1644 (ID。 xiii。 153); also my 〃Lists of Antiquities; Madras;〃 i。 35  an inscription of 1623 (No。 30) at Ellore。

'346'  Scott; i; 303。

'347'  Briggs; iii pp。 435  438。

'348'  According to the Kuniyur plates (EPIG。 IND; iii。 236); Rama III。; Tirumala's third son; was not king。

'349'  EPIG。 IND。; iv。 269  The Vilapaka Grant。

'350'  Traditionary history at Adoni relates that the governor of the fortress appointed by Sultan Ali Adil about A。D。 1566 was Malik Rahiman Khan; who resided there for nearly thirty…nine years。 His tomb is still kept up by a grant annually made by the Government in continuation of the old custom; and is in good preservation; having an establishment with a priest and servants。 Navab Siddi Masud Khan was governor when the great mosque; called the Jumma Musjid; was completed (A。D。 1662)。 The Bijapur Sultan; the last of his line; sent to him a marble slab with an inscription and a grant of a thousand bold pieces。 The slab is still to be seen on one of the arches in the interior; and the money was spent in gilding and decorating the building。 Aurangzib of Delhi annexed Bijapur in 1686; and appointed Navab Ghazi…ud…Din Khan governor of Adoni; who had to take the place from the Bijapur governor; Siddi Masud Khan。 This was done after a fight; in consequence of the Delhi troops firing (blank) on the great mosque from their guns; which so terrified the governor; who held the Jumma Musjid dearer than his life; that he surrendered。 The new governor's family ruled till 1752; when the country was given to Bassalat Jung of Haidarabad。 He died and was buried here in 1777; and his tomb is still maintained。 The place was ceded to the English by the Nizam in 1802 with the 〃Ceded Districts。〃

'351'  Briggs; iii。 416; ff。

'352'  〃Lists of Antiquities; Madras〃 (Sewell); ii。 6; 7; Nos。 45; 46。

'353'  OP。 CIT。; ii 139  140。

'354'  The Italian traveller Pietro della Valle was at Ikkeri at the close of the year 1623; and gives an interesting account of all that he saw; and what befell him there。 He went with an embassy from Goa to that place。 〃This Prince VENKTAPA NAIEKA was sometime Vassal and one of the ministers of the great King of VIDIA NAGAR 。。。 but after the downfall of the king 。。。 Venktapa Naieka 。。。 remain'd absolute Prince of the State of which he was Governour; which also; being a good souldier; he hath much enlarged。〃

'355'  CARTARIO DOS JESUITOS (Bundle 36; packet 95; No。 22; in the National Archives at Lisbon; ARCHIVO DA TORRE DO TOMBO)。 Compare Antonio Bocarro; DECADA xiii。 p。 296。 Mr。 Lopes also refers me to an as yet inedited MS。; DOCUMENTOS REMETTIDOS DA INDIA; or LIVROS DAS MONCOES; t。 i。 359; and t。 ii。 370  371; as relating to the same tragic events。

'356'  See the genealogical table on p。 214。 Venkata I。 was son of Tirumala; the first real king of the fourth dynasty。 The nephew; 〃Chikka Raya;〃 may have been Ranga III。; 〃Chikka〃 (young) being; as Barradas tells us; a name usually given to the heir to the throne。 In that case Ranga's son; Rama IV。; 〃one of several brothers;〃 would be the boy who survived the wholesale massacre related in the letter。

'357'  The name 〃Chikka Raya〃 in Kanarese means 〃little〃 or 〃young〃 Raya。

'358'  Chandragiri。

'359'  It is not known to whom this refers。 The name is perhaps 〃Obala。〃

'360'  This youth was only a great…nephew of Jaga Raya's by a double marriage。 His wife was niece of King Venkata; and therefore by marriage niece of Queen Bayama; who was Jaga Raya's daughter。

'361'  BREDOS。 See note; p。 245。

'362'  Perhaps Ite Obalesvara。

'363'  Chinna Obala Raya。

'364'  Written in 1616。

'365'  This was Muttu Virappa; Nayakka (or Naik) of Madura from 1609 to 1623。 Mr。 Nelson (〃The Madura Country〃) mentions that in his reign there was a war with Tanjore。 Nuniz; writing in 1535; does not mention Madura as amongst the great divisions of the Vijayanagar kingdom; and this coincides with the history as derived from other sources。 But by 1614 the Naik of Madura had become very powerful; though the people still occasionally recognised their old sovereigns; the Pandiyans; one of whom is mentioned as late as 1623 (〃Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India;〃 85)。

'366'  Trichinopoly。

'367'  Close to Madras; often called 〃Melliapor〃 by the Portuguese; its native name being Mailapur。 Linschoten; writing at the end of the sixteenth century; a few years earlier than the date of the events described; says; 〃This towne 。。。 is now the chiefe cittie of Narsinga and of the coast of Choromandel。〃

'368'  See above; p。 214。

'369'  〃Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India;〃 p。 112。

'370'  〃He〃 here is Domingo Paes。

'371'  The 〃kingdom of Narsinga〃 is the name often given by the Portuguese and others to Vijayanagar。

'372'  The term here is limited to the small territory of Portuguese India immediately round the city of Goa。 Thus Linschoten (A。D。 1583) wrote; 〃At the end of Cambaya beginneth India; AND the lands of Decam and Cuncam;〃 meaning that immediately south of the territories of Cambay began those of Portuguese India; while other countries on the border were the Dakhan and the Konkan。

'373'  In Portugal。

'374'  This was apparently the usual route for travellers from the coast to Vijayanagar。 Fr。 Luis used it for his journey from Cochin to the capital in 1509 (above; p。 123; and note)。

'375'  Probably Sandur; about 120 miles from the coast at Bhatkal。 Sandur is a small Mahratta state 25 miles from Vijayanagar。

'376'  That is; on the east of Portuguese India; west of the territory of Vijayanagar。

'377'  Unidentified。 The great tree was of course a banyan。

'378'  Coromandel。 This name was applied by the Portuguese to the Eastern Tamil and Southern Telugu countries。 It had no well…defined limits; and often was held to extend even as far north as to the Krishna river; or even to Orissa。 Yule and Burnell adhere to the now generally received definition of the name from CHOLA…MANDALA; the country of the Cholas (Glossary; S。V。 Coromandel)。

'379'  Orissa。

'380'  COMQUISTA COM is evidently an error for CONFINA COM。 The same word is used three times in the next paragraph。

'381'  The Adil Khan; Sultan of Bijapur。 The name is sometimes written by the Portuguese IDALXA (XA for Shah)。 We have numberless spellings in the old chronicles; thus; HIDALCAN; ADELHAM; &c。

'382'  For Nizam…ul…Mulkh; or the Nizam Shah; the Sultan of Ahmadnagar。 Similarly the Qutb Shah of Golkonda is called in these chronicles 〃Cotamaluco。〃 The Imad Shah of Birar is called the 〃Imademaluco;〃 or even 〃Madremaluco;〃 by the Dutch (Linschoten) and Portuguese。 The Barid Shah of Bidar is styled 〃Melique Verido。〃

'383'  The spelling of the name in the original is very doubtful。 First it reads ARCHA; on the next occasion it is undoubtedly DARCHA。 The third mention of the place calls it LARCHA。 But in each case the R is not very clear; and might be an I undotted。 Moreover; the C may possibly be an E; and the name may be ARCHA or DAREHA。 If we should accept the latter; we may identify it with Dharwar; and believe it to be the same as the DUREE of Nuniz (below; p。 292)。

'384'  PRANHAS in original; probably for PIANHAS or PEANHAS (see below; p。 288)。

'385'  JOGIS; Hindu ascetics。

'386'  This probably refers to the Egyptian obelisk at St。 Peter's。

'387'  Evidently the god GANESA。

'388'  〃Bisnaga;〃 the Portuguese rendering of VIJAYANAGAR; the 〃city of victory。〃 The spellings adopted by different writers have been endless。 We have Beejanugger and Beejnugger in the translations of Firishtah; Bisnagar; Bidjanagar; Bijanagher; amongst the Portuguese; Bicheneger In the writings of the Russian Nikitin; Bizenegalia in those of the Italian Nicolo dei Conti。

'389'  BUQUEYROIS。 The word implies something dug out; as opposed so redoubts; which would be built up。

'390'  Dakhan。

'391'  This is Nagalapur; the modern Hospett (EPIG。 IND。; iv。 267)。

'392'  This tank or lake is described by Nuniz (see p。 364)。

'393'  HUU TIRO DE FALLCAO; a s

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