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The¡¡date¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡inscription¡¡of¡¡Harihara¡¡II¡£¡¡as¡¡yet¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡light¡¡is£»¡¡as¡¡before¡¡stated£»¡¡October¡¡15£»¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1399¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡inscriptions¡¡extant¡¡of¡¡Bukka¡¡II¡££»¡¡his¡¡eldest¡¡son£»¡¡both¡¡dated¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1406£»£§83£§¡¡and¡¡several¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter's¡¡successor£»¡¡the¡¡younger¡¡brother¡¡of¡¡Bukka¡¡II¡££»¡¡whose¡¡name¡¡was¡¡Devaraya¡¡I¡££»¡¡and¡¡whose¡¡reign¡¡lasted¡¡till¡¡at¡¡least¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1412¡£

It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡remembered¡¡that¡¡the¡¡first¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Vijayanagar£»¡¡Harihara¡¡I¡££»¡¡was¡¡an¡¡old¡¡man¡¡£¨Nuniz¡¡says¡¡¡¨very¡¡old¡¨£©£»¡¡and¡¡reigned¡¡seven¡¡years¡£¡¡His¡¡successor£»¡¡Bukka£»¡¡his¡¡brother£»¡¡reigned¡¡thirty¡­seven¡¡years¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Nuniz£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡best¡¡not¡¡to¡¡assume¡¡too¡¡great¡¡an¡¡age¡¡for¡¡Harihara¡¡I¡£¡¡However¡¡this¡¡may¡¡be£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡appear¡¡that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡peaceful¡¡monarch¡¡Harihara¡¡II¡££»¡¡son¡¡of¡¡Bukka¡¡I¡££»¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡throne£»¡¡his¡¡father¡¡must¡¡have¡¡died¡¡at¡¡a¡¡very¡¡advanced¡¡age£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡young¡£¡¡He¡¡reigned¡¡at¡¡least¡¡twenty¡¡years£»¡¡as¡¡before¡¡stated£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡are¡¡therefore¡¡justified¡¡in¡¡assuming¡¡that¡¡at¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign¡¡£¨in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1399£©¡¡he¡¡was¡¡quite¡¡an¡¡old¡¡man¡£¡¡With¡¡this¡¡in¡¡our¡¡minds£»¡¡let¡¡us¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡Firishtah's¡¡narrative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Firuz¡¡Shah¡¡Bahmani£»¡¡beginning¡¡with¡¡his¡¡accession¡¡in¡¡November¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1397¡£

He¡¡tells¡¡us¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Hijra¡¡year¡¡801¡¡£¨13th¡¡September¡¡1398¡¡to¡¡3rd¡¡September¡¡1399£©£»¡¡month¡¡not¡¡given¡¡

¡¨Dewal¡¡Roy¡¡of¡¡Beejanuggur£»¡¡with¡¡thirty¡¡thousand¡¡horse¡¡and¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡army¡¡of¡¡foot£»¡¡invaded¡¡the¡¡royal¡¡territories¡¡between¡¡the¡¡rivers£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡design¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡forts¡¡of¡¡Mudkul¡¡and¡¡Roijore¡¨¡¡£¨Raichur£©¡£

And¡¡in¡¡a¡¡later¡¡passage¡¡we¡¡are¡¡told¡¡that¡¡the¡¡campaign¡¡was¡¡at¡¡an¡¡end¡¡a¡¡few¡¡months¡¡before¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡Hijra¡¡801£»¡¡I¡£E¡£¡¡a¡¡few¡¡months¡¡before¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡August¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1399¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hindu¡¡army¡¡must¡¡therefore¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡place¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cold¡¡season¡¡of¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1398£»¡¡probably¡¡not¡¡earlier¡¡than¡¡December¡¡in¡¡that¡¡year£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡great¡¡cotton¡¡plains¡¡across¡¡which¡¡the¡¡troops¡¡had¡¡to¡¡march¡¡were¡¡passable¡£¡¡It¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡supposed¡¡that¡¡King¡¡Harihara¡¡II¡££»¡¡then¡¡quite¡¡old¡¡and¡¡always¡¡a¡¡lover¡¡of¡¡peace£»¡¡would¡¡without¡¡motive¡¡have¡¡waged¡¡this¡¡sudden¡¡war¡¡and¡¡himself¡¡led¡¡his¡¡armies¡¡into¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡more¡¡likely¡¡that¡¡the¡¡invasion¡¡was¡¡a¡¡bold¡¡dash¡¡made¡¡by¡¡his¡¡son¡¡with¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡permission¡£¡¡The¡¡Muhammadan¡¡historians¡¡admit¡¡an¡¡unbroken¡¡peace¡¡of¡¡twenty¡¡years¡¡previous¡¡to¡¡this¡¡date¡£

It¡¡seems£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡chronicles¡¡of¡¡Nuniz£»¡¡the¡¡writings¡¡of¡¡Firishtah£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡extant¡¡inscriptions¡¡all¡¡agree¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡we¡¡must¡¡place¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡Harihara¡¡II¡£¡¡at¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1399¡£¡¡Little¡¡more¡¡can¡¡be¡¡said¡¡about¡¡the¡¡events¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign¡£

The¡¡new¡¡king£»¡¡his¡¡eldest¡¡son£»¡¡Bukka¡¡II¡££»¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡middle¡¡age£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡a¡¡son¡¡old¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡field¡¡with¡¡him¡¡before¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡throne¡£

¡¨This¡¡king¡¡£¨'Pureoyre'£©£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡Nuniz£»¡¡¡¨had¡¡a¡¡son£»¡¡who¡¡by¡¡his¡¡death¡¡inherited¡¡the¡¡kingdom£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡called¡¡Ajarao£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡reigned¡¡forty¡­three¡¡years£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡time¡¡he¡¡was¡¡always¡¡at¡¡war¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Moors¡£¡¨

I¡¡can¡¡give¡¡no¡¡explanation¡¡as¡¡to¡¡why¡¡Nuniz¡¡calls¡¡the¡¡successor¡¡of¡¡Harihara¡¡II¡¡¡¨Ajarao£»¡¨¡¡nor¡¡as¡¡to¡¡his¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡forty¡­three¡¡years¡¡for¡¡his¡¡reign¡£¡¡The¡¡names¡¡and¡¡lengths¡¡of¡¡reigns¡¡given¡¡to¡¡¡¨Ajarao's¡¨¡¡successors¡¡by¡¡our¡¡chronicler¡¡prove¡¡that¡¡by¡¡¡¨Ajarao¡¨¡¡he¡¡means¡¡two¡¡kings£»¡¡Bukka¡¡II¡£¡¡and¡¡his¡¡successor£»¡¡Deva¡¡Raya¡¡I¡££»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡period¡¡covered¡¡by¡¡their¡¡combined¡¡reigns¡¡was¡¡only¡¡fourteen¡¡years£»¡¡not¡¡forty¡­three¡£

Nuniz¡¡states¡¡that¡¡the¡¡successor¡¡of¡¡Harihara¡¡II¡£¡¡greatly¡¡improved¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Vijayanagar£»¡¡raising¡¡fresh¡¡walls¡¡and¡¡towers£»¡¡increasing¡¡its¡¡extent£»¡¡and¡¡building¡¡further¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡fortification¡£¡¡But¡¡his¡¡great¡¡work¡¡was¡¡the¡¡construction¡¡of¡¡a¡¡huge¡¡dam¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Tungabhadra¡¡river£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡formation¡¡of¡¡an¡¡aqueduct¡¡fifteen¡¡miles¡¡long¡¡from¡¡the¡¡river¡¡into¡¡the¡¡city¡£¡¡If¡¡this¡¡be¡¡the¡¡same¡¡channel¡¡that¡¡to¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day¡¡supplies¡¡the¡¡fields¡¡which¡¡occupy¡¡so¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡site¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡city£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡most¡¡extraordinary¡¡work¡£¡¡For¡¡several¡¡miles¡¡this¡¡channel¡¡is¡¡cut¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡solid¡¡rock¡¡at¡¡the¡¡base¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hills£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡remarkable¡¡irrigation¡¡works¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡India¡£¡¡No¡¡details¡¡are¡¡given¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wars¡¡he¡¡engaged¡¡in£»¡¡except¡¡that£»¡¡besides¡¡his¡¡campaigns¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Moors£»¡¡he¡¡took¡¡¡¨Goa£»¡¡Chaul£»¡¡and¡¡Dabull£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡reduced¡¡the¡¡Choromandel¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peninsula¡¡to¡¡loyalty¡¡and¡¡obedience¡¡to¡¡his¡¡rule¡£

We¡¡learn¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡more¡¡about¡¡the¡¡doings¡¡of¡¡Bukka¡¡II¡£¡¡and¡¡Deva¡¡Raya¡¡I¡£¡¡from¡¡Firishtah¡¡than¡¡from¡¡Nuniz£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡make¡¡no¡¡apology¡¡for¡¡quoting¡¡copiously¡¡from¡¡the¡¡former¡¡author£»¡¡whose¡¡writings¡¡throw¡¡much¡¡light¡¡on¡¡the¡¡period¡£

Bukka's¡¡first¡¡war¡¡began¡¡with¡¡the¡¡invasion¡¡already¡¡alluded¡¡to¡£¡¡It¡¡took¡¡place¡¡during¡¡his¡¡father¡¡Harihara's¡¡reign£»¡¡apparently¡¡about¡¡the¡¡month¡¡of¡¡December¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1398¡¡£¨rather¡¡later¡¡than¡¡earlier£©¡£¡¡The¡¡wide¡¡cotton¡¡plains¡¡of¡¡that¡¡tract¡¡are¡¡only¡¡passable¡¡during¡¡prolonged¡¡dry¡¡weather£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡prince¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡not¡¡have¡¡risked¡¡an¡¡advance¡¡while¡¡there¡¡was¡¡any¡¡likelihood¡¡of¡¡rain¡¡falling¡£¡¡Bukka's¡¡son¡¡accompanied¡¡his¡¡father£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡objective¡¡was¡¡the¡¡country¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Doab£»¡¡and¡¡particularly¡¡the¡¡fortresses¡¡of¡¡Mudkal¡¡and¡¡Raichur£»¡¡then¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bahmani¡¡Sultan¡£¡¡Sultan¡¡Firuz¡¡moved¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡him£»¡¡slaughtering¡¡on¡¡the¡¡way¡¡a¡¡Hindu¡¡chief¡¡or¡¡zamindar¡¡and¡¡seven¡¡or¡¡eight¡¡thousand¡¡of¡¡his¡¡followers£»¡¡¡¨who¡¡had¡¡always¡¡been¡¡very¡¡troublesome¡¡and¡¡refractory¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡Raya¡¡had¡¡advanced¡¡to¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡frontier¡¡of¡¡the¡¡debatable¡¡land¡¡and¡¡was¡¡encamped¡¡on¡¡the¡¡river¡¡Krishna£»¡¡then¡¡in¡¡full¡¡flood£»¡¡having¡¡large¡¡bodies¡¡of¡¡troops¡¡posted¡¡to¡¡oppose¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Muhammadans¡£

¡¨Sultan¡¡Feroze¡¡Shaw£»£§84£§¡¡on¡¡his¡¡arrival¡¡near¡¡the¡¡river£»¡¡held¡¡a¡¡council¡¡of¡¡war¡¡with¡¡his¡¡chief¡¡officers£»¡¡but¡¡received¡¡no¡¡advice¡¡that¡¡to¡¡him¡¡appeared¡¡satisfactory¡£

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