抢占奥运-第9章
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中国大学生篮球协会成立于1985年。在1998年中国大学生篮球联赛举办前，该组织已经做了大量工作，促使篮球运动在大学校园内得到推广。中国大学生篮协第一次举办联赛，就吸引了来自26个省市的617支球队。在2000至2001赛季，篮球联赛活动在校园内受到更加热烈的欢迎。许多著名高校开始致力于该活动，试图成为联赛中的强校。同享有63年历史的美国高校体育协会相比，中国大学生篮协刚刚起步。然而，以它现在的发展速度，这个年轻的篮球组织将会迎来它光辉的未来。
正文跳水 （一）
The sport of diving began in Europe in the early 1800s when Swedish and German gymnasts took their acrobatics to the beach to practise their jumps and twists over water。 Diving was originally considered a diversion from gymnastics； and was only seen as a sport in its own right in the late 19th century。
跳水运动开始于19世纪早期的欧洲，当时瑞典和德国体操选手在海面上练习跳跃和翻转。跳水就被看作是这些体操选手的一种娱乐项目，在19世纪末期被看作为一种体育运动。
History
历史
Diving from a Rock； 6th c。B。C。
What could be more exhilarating than watching a diver execute a dive with twists and turns in mere fractions of seconds before plunging through the water？ A sport of grace and finesse； diving also involves considerable speed； as the diver's body can hit the water's surface going faster than a car traveling through town； making diving a unique blend of athletic and artistic talents。 No one knows exactly when diving officially began； but people have been jumping off cliffs and into the sea for millennia。 Historical evidence suggests that it dates back at least to Greece's ancient Games。 Long before the modern springboard and platform； people dived off cliffs and bridges into the water below； invigorated by the adrenaline rush as they descended through the air and plunged into the water below。 Diving developed further as an athletic discipline in 17th…century Europe； when gymnasts practiced their acrobatics over water。 The first official diving competition took place in 1880 in England。 Initially； the only dive was a straight forward one； resembling a swimmer's standard entry into the pool。
没有比观看跳水运动员入水之前短短几秒之内做转体等跳水动作更让人愉悦的了。跳水不仅动作优雅讲究技巧，而且具有相当快的速度，因为跳水运动员的身体触水时，速度能够快于穿越市区的汽车，这使得跳水成为运动和艺术独一无二的完美结合。无人确切知道跳水正式始于何时，但从悬崖跳入水中的活动已有数千年历史。史料证实跳水的起源至少要追溯到希腊远古的比赛。在现代跳板和跳台发明之前的很长一段时间里，人们都是从悬崖或桥上跳入水中，在从空中下降直至入水的过程中，迅速分泌的肾上腺素使得人们产生了兴奋和快乐的感觉。跳水在十七世纪进一步发展成为一种体育运动。运动员要在水面上完成各种技巧动作。1880年在英国举行了第一次正式的跳水比赛，最初跳水只有直体向前跳水一种姿势，酷似游泳者的标准入水。
While swimming and diving are seen as inter…connected sporting disciplines； part of the same water family so to speak； contemporary diving has more in common really with gymnastics。 In the early 1800s； Swedish and German gymnasts practiced their somersaults and twists over water。 Their practices became known as fancy diving； a term that stuck until the early 1900s。 When diving debuted at the 1904 Olympics； one of the two events was a plunge for distance； the goal being to swim the furthest underwater after a dive。 The event was dropped immediately because it was not well received by the audience not really a spectator sport as most of the action happened under the water。 At the 1908 Games in London； the pool was 100m long and the diving tower was removable。 In 1908； springboard diving was added to the original platform diving event。 At the 1912 Stockholm Games 〃fancy highdiving〃 was introduced and it was the first time women were allowed to compete in their own platform event。 Women had a springboard event which began in 1920。 The first concrete diving tower appeared in 1924 in Paris。 In the 1920s； divers grew tired of the slow rotation from rigid take…offs starting with a straight position。 They became fancier as the pike and tuck positions began to dominate； making multiple somersaults possible。
虽然游泳和跳水因为都是水上运动，而通常被联系在一起，现代跳水与体操却有着更多相似之处。十九世纪初期，瑞典和德国的体操运动员在水上练习翻滚以及转体。他们的实践发展成为人们所知的花式跳水，这一词沿用至二十世纪早期。当跳水在1904年奥运会上初次亮相的时候，两个比赛项目之一是类似跳远一样的跳水，其目的是让运动员获得冲力以便能在水底下游得最远，该项目不久就被取消了，因为观众并不看好它，它不是一项真正的观赏性运动。1908年在伦敦举行的奥运会上，跳水池的长度为100米，跳台也是可以活动的。那年跳板项目出现，成为继最初的跳台跳水之后的新项目。1912斯德哥尔摩奥运会上，“花式高台跳水”出现，女子第一次有了自己的跳台项目。1920年女子跳板项目设立，第一个水泥跳台诞生于1924年的巴黎。20世纪二十年代时跳水运动员厌倦了缓慢的旋转动作，这是由僵硬的起跳加直体姿势造成的。当屈体和抱膝成为主要的跳水姿势后，更多的翻腾动作使运动员有了更加精彩的表现。
More About Diving
Development of World Diving跳水的发展：
Diving developed in Europe in the 17th century； when gymnasts practised their acrobatics over water。 The modern sport of diving originated in Germany and Sweden at the beginning of the 19th century。 The sports were named springboard diving； plain high diving； and fancy high diving。 Competitive diving first gained international prominence in the early 20th century； when men’s plain high diving debuted as an Olympic event at the 1904 Games。 Springboard diving joined the Games four years later in London； England。 Men’s fancy high diving and women’s plain high diving became Olympic sports at the 1912 Games in Stockholm； Sweden。
Olympic History跳水在奥运会上的历史：
Diving was contested at the 1904 Olympics in St。 Louis； and its appearance on the Olympic programme in both springboard and platform events has been continuous since 1908。 The diving programme has been relatively constant since 1928； with men and women competing in both the 10 metre platform and the 3 metre springboard events。 Prior to that time； a men's event for plain high diving was on the programme in 1912； 1920 and 1924。 Early Olympic competitions also differed in the heights of the platform and springboard。
Two new events were added to the Olympic programme in 2000 for both men and women； these being synchronised platform diving and synchronised springboard diving。 These events consist of two divers leaving the platform or springboard simultaneously and diving together。 Usually the athletes perform the same dive； although occasionally dives which complement each other are chosen。
Diving Facilities and Equipment跳水设施：
Platform跳台：
Platform competitions use three heights： 5 m （16。4 ft）； 7。5 m （24。6 ft）； and 10 m （32。8 ft）。 The platforms vary in width and length depending on their height。 The 10…m platform is 2 m （6。6 ft） wide and 6 m （19。7 ft） long。 A nonslip material covers the surface and the front edge of the platform； and handrails surround the back and sides。 Many pools have stacked platforms； with one platform built directly above another。 The platform above projects a minimum of 76 cm （30 in） beyond the platform below； so that the diver does not hit the lower one on the way down。 Collegiate divers may use all three platform heights during competition。 In platform competitions at the Olympic Games； world championships； and World Cup； 10 m is the standard height。
Springboard跳板：
Competitive springboards are 1 m （3。3 ft） and 3 m （9。8 ft） above the surface of the water。 They are made of an aluminum alloy and measure 4。9 m （16 ft） long and 。5 m （1。6 ft） wide。 Springboards hang over the pool at least 1。5 m （5 ft） beyond the edge。 The last portion of the board is made of a lightweight material that minimizes the potential for serious injury if a diver accidentally hits it with the hands； arms； feet； or head。 High school divers use 1…m springboards。 Both 1…m and 3…m boards are used in collegiate competitions； as well as the world championships and World Cup。 Olympic springboard diving is limited to the 3…m competition。
Diving Today：
Diving today is one of the world's most popular sports。 Thousands of people dive every day in some form in almost all of the world's countries。 Many Chinese divers actually go to Diving school when they are very young； where training and study are of equal importance。 In the Olympic games； diving is always one of the most popular events for its excitement； beauty and drama。
Amateur Diving业余跳水：
Amateur diving is the organized sport which athletes compete in at swimming pools around the world。 In Amateur competitions； divers compete always against members of their same sex。 There are junior competitions where age is taken into considerations； and senior competitions which are open to all age groups。 In most cases divers all perform a list of dives。 These lists are made up of easier dives called compulsories； and harder dives called optionals。 The group of compulsory dives has a limit of combined difficulty and must cover all groups of dives。 The optional dives must also cover all groups of dives； but has no difficulty limit。 Some competitions only have optional dives。
Professional Diving （High Diving高台跳水and Cliff Diving悬崖跳水） ：
Professional diving is when the athletes are paid to perform in some form of High Diving or Stunt Diving。 There are acrobatic diving shows all over the world in amusement parks； fairs and water parks。 These shows often contain a combination of normal diving； clown diving； fire diving； and high diving。 Clown divers delight the crowd with all sort of humorous antics。 Fire divers done protective clothing and set themselves on fire before diving into the water。 High Diving consists of acrobatic dives between 23 … 28 meters； from 75…90 feet up； many times into very shallow water of around 9 feet deep。 When the diver takes off from a natural rock rather than a man…made platform； it is reffered to as Cliff Diving。 From that height； the athlete has around 3 seconds before impacting on the surface of the water。 The speed when entering the water is between 78 km/h and 100 km/h。
Diving Events Rules
跳水规则
The individual medal diving events are the men's 3m springboard； the men's 10m platform； the women's 3m springboard and the women's 10m platform。 Using 〃fancy〃 to describe diving is probably more apt for synchronized diving； which made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Sydney Olympics。 Synchronized diving events consist of men's 3m and 10m and women's 3m and 10m。 These events consist of two divers leaving the platform or springboard simultaneously and diving together。 Usually the athletes perform the same dive； although occasionally dives which complement each other are chosen。 Divers must attempt a set number of dives selected from each of the main diving groups。 The springboard competition consists of five groups： front； back； reverse； inward and twisting。 Platform competition includes those five groups； plus the armstand dive。 The United States has dominated the sport of diving； perhaps to an even greater extent than any other sport at the Olympics。 In the 1980s the Chinese entered diving competition and p
