protagoras-第1章
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380 BC
PROTAGORAS
by Plato
translated by Benjamin Jowett
PROTAGORAS
PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE： SOCRATES； who is the narrator of the
Dialogue to his Companion； HIPPOCRATES； ALCIBIADES； CRINAS；
PROTAGORAS； HIPPIAS； PRODICUS； Sophists； CALLIAS； a wealthy
Athenian。 Scene： The House of Callias
Com。 Where do you come from； Socrates？ And yet I need hardly ask the
question； for I know that you have been in chase of the fair
Alcibiades。 I saw the day before yesterday； and he had got a beard
like a man…and he is a man； as I may tell you in your ear。 But I
thought that he was still very charming。
Soc。 What of his beard？ Are you not of Homer's opinion； who says
Youth is most charming when the beard first appears？
And that is now the charm of Alcibiades。
Com。 Well； and how do matters proceed？ Have you been visiting him；
and was he gracious to you？
Soc。 Yes； I thought that he was very gracious； and especially
to…day； for I have just come from him； and he has been helping me in
an argument。 But shall I tell you a strange thing？ I paid no attention
to him； and several times I quite forgot that he was present。
Com。 What is the meaning of this？ Has anything happened between
you and him？ For surely you cannot have discovered a fairer love
than he is； certainly not in this city of Athens。
Soc。 Yes； much fairer。
Com。 What do you mean…a citizen or a foreigner？
Soc。 A foreigner。
Com。 Of what country？
Soc。 Of Abdera。
Com。 And is this stranger really in your opinion a fairer love
than the son of Cleinias？
Soc。 And is not the wiser always the fairer； sweet friend？
Com。 But have you really met； Socrates； with some wise one？
Soc。 Say rather； with the wisest of all living men； if you are
willing to accord that title to Protagoras。
Com。 What！ Is Protagoras in Athens？
Soc。 Yes； he has been here two days。
Com。 And do you just come from an interview with him？
Soc。 Yes； and I have heard and said many things。
Com。 Then； if you have no engagement； suppose that you sit down tell
me what passed； and my attendant here shall give up his place to you。
Soc。 To be sure； and I shall be grateful to you for listening。
Com。 Thank you； too； for telling us。
Soc。 That is thank you twice over。 Listen then：…
Last night； or rather very early this morning； Hippocrates； the
son of Apollodorus and the brother of Phason； gave a tremendous
thump with his staff at my door； some one opened to him； and he came
rushing in and bawled out： Socrates； are you awake or asleep？
I knew his voice； and said： Hippocrates； is that you？ and do you
bring any news？
Good news； he said； nothing but good。
Delightful； I said； but what is the news？ and why have you come
hither at this unearthly hour？
He drew nearer to me and said： Protagoras is come。
Yes； I replied； he came two days ago： have you only just heard of
his arrival？
Yes； by the gods； he said； but not until yesterday evening。
At the same time he felt for the truckle…bed； and sat down at my
feet； and then he said： Yesterday quite late in the evening； on my
return from Oenoe whither I had gone in pursuit of my runaway slave
Satyrus； as I meant to have told you； if some other matter had not
come in the way；…on my return； when we had done supper and were
about to retire to rest； my brother said to me： Protagoras is come。
I was going to you at once； and then I thought that the night was
far spent。 But the moment sleep left me after my fatigue； I got up and
came hither direct。
I； who knew the very courageous madness of the man； said： What is
the matter？ Has Protagoras robbed you of anything？
He replied； laughing： Yes； indeed he has； Socrates； of the wisdom
which he keeps from me。
But； surely； I said； if you give him money； and make friends with
him； he will make you as wise as he is himself。
Would to heaven； he replied； that this were the case！ He might
take all that I have； and all that my friends have； if he pleased。 But
that is why I have come to you now； in order that you may speak to him
on my behalf； for I am young； and also I have never seen nor heard
him； （when he visited Athens before I was but a child） and all men
praise him； Socrates； he is reputed to be the most accomplished of
speakers。 There is no reason why we should not go to him at once；
and then we shall find him at home。 He lodges； as I hear； with Callias
the son of Hipponicus： let us start。
I replied： Not yet； my good friend； the hour is too early。 But let
us rise and take a turn in the court and wait about there until
daybreak； when the day breaks； then we will go。 For Protagoras is
generally at home； and we shall be sure to find him； never fear。
Upon this we got up and walked about in the court； and I thought
that I would make trial of the strength of his resolution。 So I
examined him and put questions to him。 Tell me； Hippocrates； I said；
as you are going to Protagoras； and will be paying your money to
him； what is he to whom you are going？ and what will he make of you？
If； for example； you had thought of going to Hippocrates of Cos； the
Asclepiad； and were about to give him your money； and some one had
said to you： You are paying money to your namesake Hippocrates； O
Hippocrates； tell me； what is he that you give him money？ how would
you have answered？
I should say； he replied； that I gave money to him as a physician。
And what will he make of you？
A physician； he said。
And if you were resolved to go to Polycleitus the Argive； or
Pheidias the Athenian； and were intending to give them money； and some
one had asked you： What are Polycleitus and Pheidias？ and why do you
give them this money？…how would you have answered？
I should have answered； that they were statuaries。
And what will they make of you？
A statuary； of course。
Well now； I said； you and I are going to Protagoras； and we are
ready to pay him money on your behalf。 If our own means are
sufficient； and we can gain him with these； we shall be only too glad；
but if not； then we are to spend the money of your friends as well。
Now suppose； that while we are thus enthusiastically pursuing our
object some one were to say to us： Tell me； Socrates； and you
Hippocrates； what is Protagoras； and why are you going to pay him
money；…how should we answer？ I know that Pheidias is a sculptor； and
that Homer is a poet； but what appellation is given to Protagoras？ how
is he designated？
They call him a Sophist； Socrates； he replied。
Then we are going to pay our money to him in the character of a
Sophist？
Certainly。
But suppose a person were to ask this further question： And how
about yourself？ What will Protagoras make of you； if you go to see
him？
He answered； with a blush upon his face （for the day was just
beginning to dawn； so that I could see him）： Unless this differs in
some way from the former instances； I suppose that he will make a
Sophist of me。
By the gods； I said； and are you not ashamed at having to appear
before the Hellenes in the character of a Sophist？
Indeed； Socrates； to confess the truth； I am。
But you should not assume； Hippocrates； that the instruction of
Protagoras is of this nature： may you not learn of him in the same way
that you learned the arts of the grammarian； musician； or trainer； not
with the view of making any of them a profession； but only as a part
of education； and because a private gentleman and freeman ought to
know them？
Just so； he said； and that； in my opinion； is a far truer account of
the teaching of Protagoras。
I said： I wonder whether you know what you are doing？
And what am I doing？
You are going to commit your soul to the care of a man whom you call
a Sophist。 And yet I hardly think that you know what a Sophist is； and
if not； then you do not even know to whom you are committing your soul
and whether the thing to which you commit yourself be good or evil。
I certainly think that I do know； he replied。
Then tell me； what do you imagine that he is？
I take him to be one who knows wise things； he replied； as his
name implies。
And might you not； I said； affirm this of the painter and of the
carpenter also： Do not they； too； know wise things？ But suppose a
person were to ask us： In what are the painters wise？ We should
answer： In what relates to the making of likenesses； and similarly
of other things。 And if he were further to ask： What is the wisdom
of the Sophist； and what is the manufacture over which he
presides？…how should we answer him？
How should we answer him； Socrates？ What other answer could there be
but that he presides over the art which makes men eloquent？
Yes； I replied； that is very likely true； but not enough； for in the
answer a further question is involved： Of what does the Sophist make a
man talk eloquently？ The player on the lyre may be supposed to make
a man talk eloquently about that which he makes him understand； that
is about playing the lyre。 Is not that true？
Yes。
Then about what does the Sophist make him eloquent？ Must not he make
him eloquent in that which he understands？
Yes； that may be assumed。
And what is that which the Sophist knows and makes his disciple
know？
Indeed； he said； I cannot tell。
Then I proceeded to say： Well； but are you aware of the danger which
you are incurring？ If you were going to commit your body to some
one； who might do good or harm to it； would you not carefully consider
and ask the opinion of your friends and kindred； and deliberate many
days as to whether you should give him the care of your body？ But when
the soul is in question； which you hold to be of far more value than
the body； and upon the good or evil of which depends the well…being of
your all；…about this never consulted either with your father or with
your brother or with any one of us who are your companions。 But no
sooner does this foreigner appear； than you instantly commit your soul
to his keeping。 In the evening； as you say； you hear of him； and in
the morning you go to him； never deliberating or taking the opinion of
any one as to whether you ought to intrust yourself to him or not；…you
have quite made up your mind that you will at all hazards be a pupil
of Protagoras； and are prepared to expend all the property of yourself
and of your friends in carrying out at any price this determination
