part20-第10章

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　　　　　　　　3。　Never　spend　your　money　before　you　have　it。

　　　　　　　　4。　Never　buy　what　you　do　not　want；　because　it　is　cheap；　it　will

be　dear　to　you。

　　　　　　　　5。　Pride　costs　us　more　than　hunger；　thirst　and　cold。

　　　　　　　　6。　We　never　repent　of　having　eaten　too　little。

　　　　　　　　7。　Nothing　is　troublesome　that　we　do　willingly。

　　　　　　　　8。　How　much　pain　have　cost　us　the　evils　which　have　never

happened。

　　　　　　　　9。　Take　things　always　by　their　smooth　handle。

　　　　　　　　10。　When　angry；　count　ten；　before　you　speak；　if　very　angry；　an

hundred。







　　　　　　　　THE　OBJECT　OF　THE　DECLARATION　OF　INDEPENDENCE




　　　　　　　　_To　Henry　Lee_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　May　8；　1825_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　Your　favor　of　Apr。　29　has　been　duly　recieved；　and

the　offer　of　mineralogical　specimens　from　Mr。　Myer　has　been

communicated　to　Dr。　Emmet　our　Professor　of　Natural　history。　　The　last

donation　of　the　legislature　to　the　University　was　appropriated

specifically　to　a　library　and　apparatus　of　every　kind。　　But　we　apply

it　first　to　the　more　important　articles　of　a　library；　of　an

astronomical；　physical；　&　chemical　apparatus。　　And　we　think　it　safest

to　see　what　these　will　cost；　before　we　venture　on　collections　of

mineral　&　other　subjects；　the　last　we　must　proportion　to　what　sum　we

shall　have　left　only。　　The　Professor　possesses　already　what　he　thinks

will　be　sufficient　for　mineralogical　and　geological　explanations　to

his　school。　　I　do　not　know　how　far　he　might　be　tempted　to　enlarge　his

possession　by　a　catalogue　of　articles　and　prices；　if　both　should　be

satisfactory。　　If　Mr。　Myer　chuses　to　send　such　a　catalogue；　it　shall

be　returned　to　you　immediately；　if　the　purchase　be　not　approved。




　　　　　　　　That　George　Mason　was　the　author　of　the　bill　of　rights；　and　the

constitution　founded　on　it；　the　evidence　of　the　day　established　fully

in　my　mind。　　Of　the　paper　you　mention；　purporting　to　be　instructions

to　the　Virginia　delegation　in　Congress；　I　have　no　recollection。　　If

it　were　anything　more　than　a　project　of　some　private　hand；　that　is　to

say；　had　any　such　instructions　been　ever　given　by　the　convention；

they　would　appear　in　the　journals；　which　we　possess　entire。　　But　with

respect　to　our　rights；　and　the　acts　of　the　British　government

contravening　those　rights；　there　was　but　one　opinion　on　this　side　of

the　water。　　All　American　whigs　thought　alike　on　these　subjects。　　When

forced；　therefore；　to　resort　to　arms　for　redress；　an　appeal　to　the

tribunal　of　the　world　was　deemed　proper　for　our　justification。　　This

was　the　object　of　the　Declaration　of　Independence。　　Not　to　find　out

new　principles；　or　new　arguments；　never　before　thought　of；　not　merely

to　say　things　which　had　never　been　said　before；　but　to　place　before

mankind　the　common　sense　of　the　subject；　in　terms　so　plain　and　firm

as　to　command　their　assent；　and　to　justify　ourselves　in　the

independent　stand　we　are　compelled　to　take。　　Neither　aiming　at

originality　of　principle　or　sentiment；　nor　yet　copied　from　any

particular　and　previous　writing；　it　was　intended　to　be　an　expression

of　the　American　mind；　and　to　give　to　that　expression　the　proper　tone

and　spirit　called　for　by　the　occasion。　　All　its　authority　rests　then

on　the　harmonizing　sentiments　of　the　day；　whether　expressed　in

conversation；　in　letters；　printed　essays；　or　in　the　elementary　books

of　public　right；　as　Aristotle；　Cicero；　Locke；　Sidney；　&c。　　The

historical　documents　which　you　mention　as　in　your　possession；　ought

all　to　be　found；　and　I　am　persuaded　you　will　find；　to　be

corroborative　of　the　facts　and　principles　advanced　in　that

Declaration。　　Be　pleased　to　accept　assurances　of　my　great　esteem　and

respect。







　　　　　　　　THE　ANGLO…SAXON　LANGUAGE




　　　　　　　　_To　the　Honorable　J。　Evelyn　Denison；　M。P。_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　November　9；　1825_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　Your　favor　of　July　30th　was　duly　received；　and　we

have　now　at　hand　the　books　you　have　been　so　kind　as　to　send　to　our

University。　　They　are　truly　acceptable　in　themselves；　for　we　might

have　been　years　not　knowing　of　their　existence；　but　give　the　greater

pleasure　as　evidence　of　the　interest　you　have　taken　in　our　infant

institution。　　It　is　going　on　as　successfully　as　we　could　have

expected；　and　I　have　no　reason　to　regret　the　measure　taken　of

procuring　Professors　from　abroad　where　science　is　so　much　ahead　of

us。　　You　witnessed　some　of　the　puny　squibs　of　which　I　was　the　butt　on

that　account。　　They　were　probably　from　disappointed　candidates；　whose

unworthiness　had　occasioned　their　applications　to　be　passed　over。

The　measure　has　been　generally　approved　in　the　South　and　West；　and　by

all　liberal　minds　in　the　North。　　It　has　been　peculiarly　fortunate；

too；　that　the　Professors　brought　from　abroad　were　as　happy　selections

as　could　have　been　hoped；　as　well　for　their　qualifications　in　science

as　correctness　and　amiableness　of　character。　　I　think　the　example

will　be　followed；　and　that　it　cannot　fail　to　be　one　of　the

efficacious　means　of　promoting　that　cordial　good　will；　which　it　is　so

much　the　interest　of　both　nations　to　cherish。　　These　teachers　can

never　utter　an　unfriendly　sentiment　towards　their　native　country；　and

those　into　whom　their　instructions　will　be　infused；　are　not　of

ordinary　significance　only：　they　are　exactly　the　persons　who　are　to

succeed　to　the　government　of　our　country；　and　to　rule　its　future

enmities；　its　friendships　and　fortunes。　　As　it　is　our　interest　to

receive　instruction　through　this　channel；　so　I　think　it　is　yours　to

furnish　it；　for　these　two　nations　holding　cordially　together；　have

nothing　to　fear　from　the　united　world。　　They　will　be　the　models　for

regenerating　the　condition　of　man；　the　sources　from　which

representative　government　is　to　flow　over　the　whole　earth。




　　　　　　　　I　learn　from　you　with　great　pleasure；　that　a　taste　is　reviving

in　England　for　the　recovery　of　the　Anglo…Saxon　dialect　of　our

language；　for　a　mere　dialect　it　is；　as　much　as　those　of　Piers

Plowman；　Gower；　Douglas；　Chaucer；　Spenser；　Shakspeare；　Milton；　for

even　much　of　Milton　is　already　antiquated。　　The　Anglo…Saxon　is　only

the　earliest　we　possess　of　the　many　shades　of　mutation　by　which　the

language　has　tapered　down　to　its　modern　form。　　Vocabularies　we　need

for　each　of　these　stages　from　Somner　to　Bailey；　but　not　grammars　for

each　or　any　of　them。　　The　grammar　has　changed　so　little；　in　the

descent　from　the　earliest；　to　the　present　form；　that　a　little

observation　suffices　to　understand　its　variations。　　We　are　greatly

indebted　to　the　worthies　who　have　preserved　the　Anglo…Saxon　form；

from　Doctor　Hickes　down　to　Mr。　Bosworth。　　Had　they　not　given　to　the

public　what　we　possess　through　the　press；　that　dialect　would　by　this

time　have　been　irrecoverably　lost。　　I　think　it；　however；　a　misfortune

that　they　have　endeavored　to　give　it　too　much　of　a　learned　form；　to

mount　it　on　all　the　scaffolding　of　the　Greek　and　Latin；　to　load　it

with　their　genders；　numbers；　cases；　declensions；　conjugations；　&c。

Strip　it　of　these　embarrassments；　vest　it　in　the　Roman　type　which　we

have　adopted　instead　of　our　English　black　letter；　reform　its　uncouth

orthography；　and　assimilate　its　pronunciation；　as　much　as　may　be；　to

the　present　English；　just　as　we　do　in　reading　Piers　Plowman　or

Chaucer；　and　with　the　cotemporary　vocabulary　for　the　few　lost　words；

we　understand　it　as　we　do　them。　　For　example；　the　Anglo…Saxon　text　of

the　Lord's　prayer；　as　given　us　6th　Matthew；　ix。；　is　spelt　and　written

thus；　in　the　equivalent　Roman　type：　〃Faeder　ure　thu　the　eart　in

heofenum；　si　thin　nama　gehalgod。　　to　becume　thin　rice。　　gewurthe　thin

willa　on　eorthan。　　swa　swa　on　heofenum。　　urne　daeghwamlican　hlaf　syle

us　to　daeg。　　and　forgyf　us　ure　gyltas；　swa　swa　we　forgifath　urum

gyltendum。　　and　ne　ge…laedde　thu　us　on　costnunge；　ac　alys　us　of

yfele'。　　I　should　spell　and　pronounce　thus：　'Father　our；　thou　tha　art

in　heavenum。　　si　thine　name　y…hallowed。　　come　thin　ric。　　y…wurth

thine　will　on　earthan。　　so　so　on　heavenum。　　ourn　daywhamlican　loaf

sell　us　to　day。　　and　forgive　us　our　guilts　so　so　we　forgivath　ourum

guiltendum。　　and　no　y…lead　thou　us　on　costnunge；　ac　a…lease　us　of

evil'。　　And　here　it　is　to　be　observed　by…the…bye；　that　there　is　but

the　single　word　〃temptation〃　in　our　present　version　of　this　prayer

that　is　not　Anglo…Saxon；　for　the　word　〃trespasses〃　taken　from　the

French；　（｛ofeilemata｝　in　the　original）　might　as　well　have　been

translated　by　the　Anglo…Saxon　〃guilts。〃




　　　　　　　　The　learned　apparatus　in　which　Dr。　Hickes　and　his　successors

have　muffled　our　Anglo…Saxon；　is　what　has　frightened　us　from

encountering　it。　　The　simplification　I　propose　may；　on　the　contrary；

make　it　a　regular　part　of　our　common　English　education。




　　　　　　　　So　little　reading　and　writing　was　there　among　our　Anglo…Saxon

ancestors　of　that　day；　that　they　had　no　fixed　orthography。　　To

produce　a　given　sound；　every　one　jumbled　the　letters　together；

according　to　his　unlettered　notion　of　their　power；　and　all　jumbled

them　differently；　just　as　would　be　done　at　this　day；　were　a　dozen

peasants；　who　have　learnt　the　alphabet；　but　have　never　read；　desired

to　write　the　Lord's　prayer。　　Hence　the　varied　modes　of　spelling　by

which　the　Anglo…Saxons　meant　to　express　the　same　sound。　　The　word

_many_；　for　example；　was　spelt　in　twenty　different　ways；　yet　we

cannot　suppose　they　were　twenty　different　words；　or　that　they　had

twenty　different　ways　of　pronouncing　the　same　word。　　The　Anglo…Saxon

orthography；　then；　is　not　an　exact　representation　of　the　sounds　meant

to　be　conveyed。　　We　must　drop　in　pronunciation　the　superfluous

consonants；　and　give　to　the　remaining　letters　their　present　English

sound；　because；　not　knowing　the　true　one；　the　present　enunciation　is

as　likely　to　be　right　as　any　other；　and　indeed　more　so；　and

facilitates　the　acquisition　of　the　language。




　　　　　　　　It　is　much　to　be　wished　that　the　publication　of　the　present

county　dialects　of　England　should　go　on。　　It　will　restore　to　us　our

language　in　all　its　shades　of　variation。　　It　will　incorporate　into

the　present　one　all　the　riches　of　our　ancient　dialects；　and　what　a

store　this　will　be；　may　be　seen　by　running　the　eye　over　the　county

glossaries；　and　observing　the　words　we　have　lost　by　abandonment　and

disuse；　which　in　sound　and　sense　are　inferior　to　nothing　we　have

retained。　　When　these　local　vocabularies　are　published　and　digested

together　into　a　single　one；　it　is　probable　we　shall　find　that　there

is　not　a　word　in　Shakspeare　which　is　not　now　in　use　in　some　of　the

counties　in　England；　from　whence　we　may　obtain　its　true　sense。　　And

what　an　exchange　will　their　recovery　be　for　the　volumes　of　idle

commentaries　and　conjectures　with　which　that　divine　poet　has　been

masked　and　metamorphosed。　　We　shall　find　in　him　new　sublimities　which

we　had　never　tasted　before；　and　find　beauties　in　our　ancient　poets

which　are　lost　to　us　now。　　It　is　not　that　I　am　merely　an　enthusiast

for　Palaeology。　　I　set　equal　value　on　the　beautiful　engr