part20-第7章

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expense　of　nourishment　while　with　the　mother；　and　of　transportation。

And　from　what　fund　are　these　expenses　to　be　furnished？　　Why　not　from

that　of　the　lands　which　have　been　ceded　by　the　very　States　now

needing　this　relief？　　And　ceded　on　no　consideration；　for　the　most

part；　but　that　of　the　general　good　of　the　whole。　　These　cessions

already　constitute　one　fourth　of　the　States　of　the　Union。　　It　may　be

said　that　these　lands　have　been　sold；　are　now　the　property　of　the

citizens　composing　those　States；　and　the　money　long　ago　received　and

expended。　　But　an　equivalent　of　lands　in　the　territories　since

acquired；　may　be　appropriated　to　that　object；　or　so　much；　at　least；

as　may　be　sufficient；　and　the　object；　although　more　important　to　the

slave　States；　is　highly　so　to　the　others　also；　if　they　were　serious

in　their　arguments　on　the　Missouri　question。　　The　slave　States；　too；

if　more　interested；　would　also　contribute　more　by　their　gratuitous

liberation；　thus　taking　on　themselves　alone　the　first　and　heaviest

item　of　expense。




　　　　　　　　In　the　plan　sketched　in　the　Notes　on　Virginia；　no　particular

place　of　asylum　was　specified；　because　it　was　thought　possible；　that

in　the　revolutionary　state　of　America；　then　commenced；　events　might

open　to　us　some　one　within　practicable　distance。　　This　has　now

happened。　　St。　Domingo　has　become　independent；　and　with　a　population

of　that　color　only；　and　if　the　public　papers　are　to　be　credited；

their　Chief　offers　to　pay　their　passage；　to　receive　them　as　free

citizens；　and　to　provide　them　employment。　　This　leaves；　then；　for　the

general　confederacy；　no　expense　but　of　nurture　with　the　mother　a　few

years；　and　would　call；　of　course；　for　a　very　moderate　appropriation

of　the　vacant　lands。　　Suppose　the　whole　annual　increase　to　be　of

sixty　thousand　effective　births；　fifty　vessels；　of　four　hundred　tons

burthen　each；　constantly　employed　in　that　short　run；　would　carry　off

the　increase　of　every　year；　and　the　old　stock　would　die　off　in　the

ordinary　course　of　nature；　lessening　from　the　commencement　until　its

final　disappearance。　　In　this　way　no　violation　of　private　right　is

proposed。　　Voluntary　surrenders　would　probably　come　in　as　fast　as　the

means　to　be　provided　for　their　care　would　be　competent　to　it。

Looking　at　my　own　State　only；　and　I　presume　not　to　speak　for　the

others；　I　verily　believe　that　this　surrender　of　property　would　not

amount　to　more；　annually；　than　half　our　present　direct　taxes；　to　be

continued　fully　about　twenty　or　twenty…five　years；　and　then　gradually

diminishing　for　as　many　more　until　their　final　extinction；　and　even

this　half　tax　would　not　be　paid　in　cash；　but　by　the　delivery　of　an

object　which　they　have　never　yet　known　or　counted　as　part　of　their

property；　and　those　not　possessing　the　object　will　be　called　on　for

nothing。　　I　do　not　go　into　all　the　details　of　the　burthens　and

benefits　of　this　operation。　　And　who　could　estimate　its　blessed

effects？　　I　leave　this　to　those　who　will　live　to　see　their

accomplishment；　and　to　enjoy　a　beatitude　forbidden　to　my　age。　　But　I

leave　it　with　this　admonition；　to　rise　and　be　doing。　　A　million　and　a

half　are　within　their　control；　but　six　millions；　（which　a　majority　of

those　now　living　will　see　them　attain；）　and　one　million　of　these

fighting　men；　will　say；　〃we　will　not　go。〃




　　　　　　　　I　am　aware　that　this　subject　involves　some　constitutional

scruples。　　But　a　liberal　construction；　justified　by　the　object；　may

go　far；　and　an　amendment　of　the　constitution；　the　whole　length

necessary。　　The　separation　of　infants　from　their　mothers；　too；　would

produce　some　scruples　of　humanity。　　But　this　would　be　straining　at　a

gnat；　and　swallowing　a　camel。




　　　　　　　　I　am　much　pleased　to　see　that　you　have　taken　up　the　subject　of

the　duty　on　imported　books。　　I　hope　a　crusade　will　be　kept　up　against

it；　until　those　in　power　shall　become　sensible　of　this　stain　on　our

legislation；　and　shall　wipe　it　from　their　code；　and　from　the

remembrance　of　man；　if　possible。




　　　　　　　　I　salute　you　with　assurances　of　high　respect　and　esteem。







　　　　　　　　PROFESSORS　FROM　ABROAD




　　　　　　　　_To　Dugald　Stewart_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello　in　Virginia；　Apr。　26；　1824_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　It　is　now　35　years　since　I　had　the　great　pleasure

of　becoming　acquainted　with　you　in　Paris；　and　since　we　saw　together

Louis　XVI。　led　in　triumph　by　his　people　thro'　the　streets　of　his

capital；　these　years　too　have　been　like　ages　in　the　events　they　have

engendered　without　seeming　at　all　to　have　bettered　the　condn　of

suffering　man。　　Yet　his　mind　has　been　opening　and　advancing；　a

sentiment　of　his　wrongs　has　been　spreading；　and　it　will　end　in　the

ultimate　establishment　of　his　rights。　　To　effect　this　nothing　is

wanting　but　a　general　concurrence　of　will；　and　some　fortunate

accident　will　produce　that。　　At　a　subsequent　period　you　were　so　kind

as　to　recall　me　to　your　recollection　on　the　publicn　of　your

invaluable　book　on　the　Philosophy　of　the　Human　Mind；　a　copy　of　which

you　sent　me；　and　I　have　been　happy　to　see　it　become　the　text　book　of

most　of　our　colleges　&　academies；　and　pass　thro'　several

reimpressions　in　the　U。S。　　An　occurrence　of　a　character　dear　to　us

both　leads　again　to　a　renewal　of　our　recollections　and　associates　us

in　an　occasion　of　still　rendering　some　service　to　those　we　are　about

to　leave。　　The　State　of　Virga；　of　which　I　am　a　native　and　resident；

is　establishing　an　university　on　a　scale　as　extensive　and　liberal　as

circumstances　permit　or　call　for。　　We　have　been　4　or　5　years　in

preparing　our　buildings；　which　are　now　ready　to　recieve　their

tenants。　　We　proceed；　therefore；　to　the　engaging　professors；　and

anxious　to　recieve　none　but　of　the　highest　grade　of　science　in　their

respective　lines；　we　find　we　must　have　recourse　to　Europe；　where

alone　that　grade　is　to　be　found；　and　to　Gr。　Br。　of　preference；　as　the

land　of　our　own　language；　morals；　manners；　and　habits。　　To　make　the

selection　we　send　a　special　agent；　M'r　Francis　W。　Gilmer；　who　will

have　the　honor　of　delivering　you　this　letter。　　He　is　well　educated

himself　in　most　of　the　branches　of　science；　of　correct　morals　and

habits；　an　enlarged　mind；　and　a　discretion　meriting　entire

confidence。　　From　the　universities　of　Oxford　and　Cambridge；　where　we

expect　he　will　find　persons　duly　qualified　in　the　particular　branches

in　which　these　seminaries　are　respectively　eminent；　he　will　pass　on

to　Edinburg；　distinguished　for　it's　school　of　Medicine　as　well　as　of

other　sciences；　but　when　arrived　there　he　will　be　a　perfect　stranger；

and　would　have　to　grope　his　way　in　darkness　and　uncertainty；　you　can

lighten　his　path；　and　to　beseech　you　to　do　so　is　the　object　of　this

letter。　　Your　knolege　of　persons　and　characters　there　can　guard　him

against　being　misled　and　lead　him　to　the　consummation　of　our　wishes。

We　do　not　expect　to　engage　the　high　characters　there　who　are　at　the

head　of　their　schools；　established　in　offices；　honors；　&　emoluments

which　can　be　bettered　no　where。　　But　we　know　there　is　always　a　junior

set　of　aspirants；　treading　on　their　heels；　ready　to　take　their

places；　and　as　well　&　sometimes　better　qualified　than　they　are。

These　persons；　unsettled　as　yet；　surrounded　by　competitors　of　equal

claims；　and　perhaps　greater　credit　and　interest；　may　be　willing　to

accept　immediately　a　comfortable　certainty　here　in　place　of　uncertain

hopes　there；　and　a　lingering　delay　of　even　these。　　From　this

description　of　persons　we　may　hope　to　procure　characters　of　the　first

order　of　science。　　But　how　to　distinguish　them？　　For　we　are　told　that

were　the　mission　of　our　agent　once　known；　he　would　be　overwhelmed

with　applicants；　unworthy　as　well　as　worthy；　yet　all　supported　on

recommendns　and　certificates　equally　exaggerated；　and　by　names　so

respectable　as　to　confound　all　discrimination。　　Yet　this

discrimination　is　all　important　to　us。　　An　unlucky　selection　at　first

would　blast　all　our　prospects。　　Let　me　beseech　you；　then；　good　Sir；

to　lead　Mr。　Gilmer　by　the　hand　in　his　researches；　to　instruct　him　as

to　the　competent　characters；　&　guard　him　against　those　not　so。

Besides　the　first　degree　of　eminence　in　science；　a　professor　with　us

must　be　of　sober　and　correct　morals　&　habits；　having　the　talent　of

communicating　his　knolege　with　facility；　and　of　an　accomodating　and

peaceable　temper。　　The　latter　is　all　important　for　the　harmony　of　the

institution。　　For　minuter　particulars　I　will　refer　you　to　Mr。　Gilmer；

who　possesses　a　full　knolege　of　everything　&　our　full　confidence　in

everything。　　He　takes　with　him　plans　of　our　establm't；　which　will

shew　the　comfortable　accommodns　provided　for　the　professors；　whether

with　or　without　families；　and　by　the　expensiveness　and　extent　of　the

scale　they　will　see　it　is　not　an　ephemeral　thing　to　which　they　are

invited。




　　　　　　　　A　knolege　of　your　character　&　disposns　to　do　good　dispenses

with　all　apology　for　the　trouble　I　give　you。　　While　the　character　and

success　of　this　institN；　involving　the　future　hopes　and　happiness　of

my　country；　will　justify　the　anxieties　I　feel　in　the　choice　of　it's

professors；　I　am　sure　the　object　will　excite　in　your　breast　such

sympathies　of　kind　disposN；　as　will　give　us　the　benefits　we　ask　of

your　counsels　&　attentions。　　And；　with　my　acknolegements　for　these；

accept　assurances　of　constant　and　sincere　attamt；　esteem　&　respect。







　　　　　　　　SAXONS；　CONSTITUTIONS；　AND　A　CASE　OF　PIOUS　FRAUD




　　　　　　　　_To　Major　John　Cartwright_

　　　　　　　　_Monticello；　June　5；　1824_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　AND　VENERABLE　SIR；　　I　am　much　indebted　for　your　kind

letter　of　February　the　29th；　and　for　your　valuable　volume　on　the

English　constitution。　　I　have　read　this　with　pleasure　and　much

approbation；　and　think　it　has　deduced　the　constitution　of　the　English

nation　from　its　rightful　root；　the　Anglo…Saxon。　　It　is　really

wonderful；　that　so　many　able　and　learned　men　should　have　failed　in

their　attempts　to　define　it　with　correctness。　　No　wonder　then；　that

Paine；　who　thought　more　than　he　read；　should　have　credited　the　great

authorities　who　have　declared；　that　the　will　of　parliament　is　the

constitution　of　England。　　So　Marbois；　before　the　French　revolution；

observed　to　me；　that　the　Almanac　Royal　was　the　constitution　of

France。　　Your　derivation　of　it　from　the　Anglo…Saxons；　seems　to　be

made　on　legitimate　principles。　　Having　driven　out　the　former

inhabitants　of　that　part　of　the　island　called　England；　they　became

aborigines　as　to　you；　and　your　lineal　ancestors。　　They　doubtless　had

a　constitution；　and　although　they　have　not　left　it　in　a　written

formula；　to　the　precise　text　of　which　you　may　always　appeal；　yet　they

have　left　fragments　of　their　history　and　laws；　from　which　it　may　be

inferred　with　considerable　certainty。　　Whatever　their　history　and

laws　shew　to　have　been　practised　with　approbation；　we　may　presume　was

permitted　by　their　constitution；　whatever　was　not　so　practised；　was

not　permitted。　　And　although　this　constitutio