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〃Lettres sur les Anglais;〃 to the year 1728。  The 〃Lettres Persanes;〃

by Montesquieu; published in 1721; contain the germs of all the

leading ideas of the century。



'4'。  〃Raison〃 (cult of)。  Cult proposed by the Hébertists and

aimed at replacing Christianity under the French Revolution。  The Cult

of Reason was celebrated in the church of Notre Dame de Paris on the

10th of November 1793。  The cult disappeared with the Hébertists

(March 1794) and Robespierre replaced it with the cult of the Superior

Being。  (SR。)



'5'。  Joseph de Maistre; Oeuvres inédites;〃 pp。  8; 11。



'6'。  Diderot's letters on the Blind and on the Deaf and Dumb are

addressed in whole or in part to women。



'7'。  〃Correspondence of Gouverneur Morris;〃 (in English); II; 89。

(Letter of January 24; 1790)



'8'。  John Andrews in 〃A comparative view;〃 etc。  (1785)。  … Arthur

Young; I。  123。  〃I should pity the man who expected; without other

advantages of a very different nature; to be well received in a

brilliant circle in London; because he was a fellow of the Royal

Society。  But this would not be the case with a member of the Academy

of Sciences at Paris; he is sure of a good reception everywhere。〃



'9'。  〃I met in Paris the d'Alemberts; the Marmontels; the Baillys

at the houses of duchesses; which was an immense advantage to all

concerned。  。  。  。  When a man with us devotes himself to writing

books he is considered as renouncing the society equally of those who

govern as of those who laugh。  。  。  Taking literary vanity into

account the lives of your d'Alemberts and Baillys are as pleasant as

those of your seigniors。〃 (Stendhal; 〃Rome; Naples et Florence;〃 377;

in a narrative by Col。  Forsyth)。



'10'。  〃Entretien d'un philosophe avec la Maréchale …。〃



'11'。  The television audience today cannot threaten never again to

invite the boring 〃philosopher〃 to dinner; but will zap away; a move

that the system accurately senses。  The rules that Taine describes

are; alas; therefore once more valid。  (SR。)



'12'。  The same process is observable in our day in the 〃Sophismes

économiques〃 of Bastiat; the 〃Eloges historiques〃 of Flourens; and in

〃Le Progrès;〃 by Edmond About。



'13'。  The 〃Portier de Chartreux。〃 (An infamous pornographic book。

(SR。))



'14'。  〃Thérese Philosophe。〃 There is a complete literature of this

species。



'15'。  See the edition of M。 Dauban in which the suppressed

passages are restored。



'16'。  〃Esprit des Lois;〃 ch。  XV。  book V。  (Reasons in favor of

slavery)。  The 〃Defence of the Esprit des Lois;〃 I。  Reply to the

second objection。  II。  Reply to the fourth objection。



'17'。  Letter 24 (on Louis XIV。)



'18'。  Letter 18 (on the purity and impurity of things)。  Letter 39

(proofs of the mission of Mohammed)。



'19'。  Letters 75 and 118。



'20'。  Letters 98 (on the modern sciences); 46 (on a true system of

worship); 11 and 14 (on the nature of justice)。



'21'。  Cf 〃Micromégas;〃 〃L'homme aux quarantes écus;〃 〃Dialogues

entre A; B; C;〃 Dic。  Philosophique;〃 passim。   …  In verse; 〃Les

systèmes;〃 〃La loi naturelle;〃 〃Le pour et le countre;〃; 〃Discours sur

l'homme;〃 etc。



'22'。  〃Traité de métaphysique;〃 chap。  I。  p。1 (on the peasantry)。

…  〃Lettres sur les Anglais;〃 passim。   …   〃Candide;〃 passim。   …

〃La Princesse de Babylone;〃 ch。  VII。  VIII。  IX。  and XI。



'23' 〃Dict。  Phil。〃 articles; 〃Maladie;〃 (Replies to the princess)。

…  〃Candide;〃 at Madame de Parolignac。  The sailor in the wreck。

Narrative of Paquette。   …  The 〃Ingénu;〃 the first chapters。



'24'。  〃Candide;〃 the last chapter。  When there was no dispute

going on; it was so wearisome that the old woman one day boldly said

to him: 〃I should like to know which is worse to be ravished a hundred

times by Negro pirates; to have one's rump gashed; or be switched by

the Bulgarians; to be scourged or hung in an auto…da…fé; to be cut to

pieces; to row in the galleys; to suffer any misery through which we

have passed; or sit still and do nothing?〃 … 〃That is the great

question;〃 said Candide。



'25'。  For example; in the lines addressed to the Princess Ulrique

in the preface to 〃Alzire;〃 dedicated to Madame du Chatelet:



      〃Souvent un peu de verité;〃 etc。



'26' The scholar in the dialogue of 〃Le Mais;〃 (Jenny)。   …  The

canonization of Saint Cucufin。   …  Advice to brother Pediculuso。   …

The diatribe of Doctor Akakia。    …  Conversation of the emperor of

China with brother Rigolo; etc。



'27'。  〃Dict。  Philosophique;〃 the article 〃Ignorance。〃  …   〃Les

Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfied。〃  …  〃L'homme au quarante écus;〃

chap。  VII。  and XI。



'28'。  Bachaumont; III; 194。  (The death of the Comte de Maugiron)。



'29'。  〃The novels of the younger Crébillon were in fashion。  My

father spoke with Madame de Puisieux on the ease with which licentious

works were composed; he contended that it was only necessary to find

an arousing idea as a peg to hang others on in which intellectual

libertinism should be a substitute for taste。  She challenged him to

produce on of this kind。  At the end of a fortnight he brought her

'Les bijoux indiscrets' and fifty louis。〃 (Mémoires of Diderot; by his

daughter)。   …   〃La Religieuse;〃 has a similar origin; its object

being to mystify M。 de Croismart。



'30'。  〃Le Rêve de d'Alembert。〃



'31'。  〃Le neveau de Rameau。〃



'32'。  The words of Diderot himself in relation to the 〃Rêve de

d'Alembert。〃



'33' One of the finest stanzas in 〃Souvenir〃 is almost literally

transcribed (involuntarily; I suppose); from the dialogue on Otaheite

(Tahiti)。



'34'。  〃Nouvelle Héloise;〃 passim。; and notably Julie's

extraordinary letter; second part; number 15。  …  〃émile;〃 the

preceptor's discourse to émile and Sophie the morning after their

marriage。   …   Letter of the comtesse de Boufflers to Gustavus III。;

published by Geffroy; (〃Gustave III。  et la cour de France〃)。  〃I

entrust to Baron de Lederheim; though with reluctance; a book for you

which has just been published; the infamous memoirs of Rousseau

entitled 'Confessions。' They seem to me those of a common scullion and

even lower than that; being dull throughout; whimsical and vicious in

the most offensive manner。  I do not recur to my worship of him (for

such it was) I shall never console myself for its having caused the

death of that eminent man David Hume; who; to gratify me; undertook to

entertain that filthy animal in England。〃



'35'。  〃Confessions;〃 part I; book III。



'36'。  Letter to M; de Beaumont。



'37'。  〃émile;〃 letter IV。  193。  〃People of the world must

necessarily put on disguise; let them show themselves as they are and

they would horrify us;〃 etc。



'38'。  See; especially; his book entitled 〃Rousseau juge de Jean…

Jacques;〃 his connection with Hume and the last books of the

〃confessions。〃



'39'。  〃Confessions;〃 part 2。  book XI。  〃The women were

intoxicated with the book and with the author to such an extent that

there were few of them; even of high rank; whose conquest I could not

have made if I had undertaken it。  I possess evidence of this which I

do not care; to publish; and which; without having been obliged to

prove it by experience; warrant; my statement。〃 Cf。  G。  Sand;

〃Histoire de ma vie;〃 I。73。



'40'。  See an engraving by Moreau called 〃Les Petits Parrains。〃 …

Berquin; passim。; and among others 〃L'épée。〃  …   Remark the ready…

made phrases; the style of an author common to children; in Berquin

and Madame de Genlis。



'41'。  See the description of sunrise in 〃émile;〃 of the élysée (a

natural garden); in 〃Héloise。〃 And especially in 〃Emile;〃 at the end

of the fourth book; the pleasures which Rousseau would enjoy if he

were rich。



'42'。  See in Marivaux; (〃La double inconstance;〃) a satire on the

court; courtiers and the corruptions of high life; opposed to the

common people in the country。



'43' Bachmaumont; I。  254。



'44'。  〃A calculator was required for the place but a dancer got

it。〃  …   〃The sale of offices is a great abuse。〃 …〃Yes; it would he

better to give them for nothing。〃  …  〃Only small men fear small

literature。〃   …  〃Chance makes the interval; the mind only can alter

that !〃  …  〃A courtier? … they say it is a very difficult

profession。〃  …  〃To receive; to take; and to ask; is the secret in

three words;〃 etc;  …  Also the entire monologue by Figaro; and all

the scenes with Bridoisin。













CHAPTER II。   THE FRENCH PUBLIC。



I。    THE NOBILITY。



The Aristocracy。   … Novelty commonly repugnant to it。   …

Conditions of this repugnance。   … Example in England。



  This public has yet to be made willing to be convinced and to be

won over; belief occurs only when there is a disposition to believe;

and; in the success of books; its share is often greater than that of

their authors。   On addressing men about politics or religion their

opinions are; in general already formed; their prejudices; their

interests; their situation have confirmed them beforehand; they listen

to you only after you have uttered aloud what they inwardly think。

Propose to them to demolish the great social edifice and to rebuild it

anew on a quite an opposite plan: ordinarily you auditors will consist

only of those who are poorly lodged or shelterless; who live in

garrets or cellars; or who sleep under the stars; on the bare ground

in the vicinity of houses。   The common run of people; whose lodgings

are small but tolerable; dread moving and adhere to their accustomed

ways。   The difficulty becomes much greater on appealing to the upper

classes who occupy superior habitations; their acceptance of your

proposal depends either on their great delusions or on their great

disinterestedness。   In England they quickly foresee the danger。



In vain is philosophy there indigenous and precocious; it does not

become acclimatized。   In 1729; Montesquieu writes in his memorandum…

book: 〃No religion in England; four or five members of the House of

Commons attend mass or preaching in the House。   。   。   。   When

religion is mentioned everybody begins to laugh。   A man having said:

I believe that as an article of faith; everybody laughed。   A

committee is appointed to consider the state of religion; but it is

regarded as absurd。〃 Fifty years later the public mind undergoes a

reaction; all with a good roof over their heads and a good coat on

their backs'1' see the consequence of the new doctrines。   In any

event they feel that closet speculations are not to become street

preaching。   Impiety seems to them an indiscretion; they consider

religion as the cement of public order。   This is owing to the fact

that they are themselves public men; engaged in active life; taking a

part in the government; and instructed through their daily and

personal experience。   Practical life f

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