the origins of contemporary france-1-第8章
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rest'。
'4'。 Léonce de Lavergne; 〃Les Assemblées Povinciales;〃 p。 19。 …
Consult the official statement of the provincial assemblies; and
especially the chapters treating of the vingtièmes (an old tax of one…
twentieth on incomes。…TR。)
'5'。 A report made by Treilhard in the name of the ecclesiastic
committee; (Moniteur; 19th December; 1789): The religious
establishments for sale in Paris alone were valued at 150 millions。
Later (in the session of the 13th February; 1791); Amelot estimates
the property sold and to be sold; not including forests; at 3;700
millions。 M。 de Bouillé estimates the revenue of the clergy at 180
millions。 (Mémoires; p。44)。 'French currency is so well known to
readers in general it is not deemed necessary to reduce statements of
this kind to the English or American standard; except in special
cases。…TR。)
'6' A report by Chasset on Tithes; April; 1790。 Out of 123
millions 23 go for the costs of collection: but; in estimating the
revenue of an individual the sums he pays to his intendants; overseers
and cashiers are not deducted。 … Talleyrand (October l0; 1789)
estimates the revenue of real property at 70 millions and its value at
2;100 millions。 On examination however both capital and revenue are
found considerably larger than at first supposed。 (Reports of
Treilbard and Chasset)。 Moreover; in his valuation; Talleyrand left
out habitations and their enclosures as well as a reservation of one…
fourth of the forests。 Besides this there must be included in the
revenue before 1789 the seigniorial rights enjoyed by the Church。
Finally; according to Arthur Young; the rents which the French
proprietor received were not two and a half per cent。 as nowadays but
three and three quarters per cent … The necessity of doubling the
figures to obtain a present money valuation is supported by
innumerable facts; and among others the price of a day's labor; which
at that time was nineteen sous。 (Arthur Young)。 (Today; in 1999; in
France the minimum legal daily wage is around 300 francs。 20 sous
constituted a franc。 So the sums referred to by Taine under the
Revolution must be multiplied with at least 300 in order to compare
them with 1990 values。 To obtain dollars multiply with 50。 SR。)
'7'。 National archives; among the papers of the ecclesiastical
committee; box (portfolios) 10; 11; 13; 25。 … Beugnot's Memoirs; I。
49; 79。 … Delbos; 〃L'Eglise de France;〃 I。 399。 … Duc de Lévis;
〃Souvenirs et Portraits;〃 p。156。
'8'。 Léonce de Lavergne; 〃économie Rurale en France;〃 p。24。 …
Perin; 〃La Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 (Statements of grievances in
Artois); p。317。 ( In French 〃cahiers des doleances〃 … statements of
local complaints and expectations … prepared all over France for use
by their delegates for the ètats Generaux。 SR。)
'9'。 Boiteau; 〃état de la France en 1789;〃 p。47。 Voltaire;
〃Politique et Legislation;〃 the petition of the serfs of St。 Claude。
'10'。 Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 II。 272。
'11'。 De Bouillé; 〃Mémoires;〃 p。41。 It must not be forgotten that
these figures must be doubled to show corresponding sums of the
present day。 10;000 livres (francs) rental in 1766 equal in value
20;000 in 1825。 (Madame de Genlis; 〃Memoirs;〃 chap。 IX)。 Arthur
Young; visiting a chateau in Seine…et…Marne; writes: 〃I have been
speaking to Madame de Guerchy; and I have learned from this
conversation that to live in a chateau like this with six men
servants; five maids; eight horses; a garden and a regular table; with
company; but never go to Paris; might be done for 1;000 louis per
annum。 It would in England cost 2;000。 At the present day in France
24;000 francs would be 50;000 and more。〃 Arthur Young adds: 〃There are
gentlemen (noblesse) that live in this country on 6;000 or 8000 and
keep two men; two maids; three horses and a cabriolet。〃 To do this
nowadays would require from 20;000 to 25;000。 … It has become much
more expensive; especially due to the rail…ways; to live in the
provinces。 〃According to my friends du Rouergue;〃 he says again; 〃I
could live at Milhau with my family in the greatest abundance on 100
louis (2;000 francs); there are noble families supporting themselves
on revenues of fifty and even twenty…five louis。〃 At Milhau; to day;
prices are triple and even quadruple。 … In Paris; a house in the Rue
St。 Honore which was rented for 6;000 francs in 1787 is now rented for
16;000 francs。
'12'。 〃Rapports de l'Agence du clergé de 1780 à 1785。〃 In
relation to the feudal rights the abolition of which is demanded in
Boncerf's work; the chancellor Séguier said in 1775: 〃Our Kings have
themselves declared that they are; fortunately; impotent to make any
attack on property。〃
'13'。 Léonce de Lavergne; 〃Les Assemblées provinciales;〃 p。296。
Report of M。 Schwendt on Alsace in 1787。 … Warroquier; 〃Etat de la
France en 1789;〃 I。541。 … Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃
I。 19; 102。 … Turgot; (collection of economists); 〃Réponse aux
observations du garde des sceaux sur la suppression des corvées;〃 I。
559。
'14'。 This term embraces various taxes originating in feudal times;
and rendered particularly burdensome to the peasantry through the
management of the privileged classes。 …TR。
'15'。 The arpent measures between one and one and a half acres。 …TR
'16'。 De Tocqueville; 〃L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution;〃 p。 406。
〃The inhabitants of Montbazon had subjected to taxation the stewards
of the duchy which belonged to the Prince de Rohan。 This prince caused
this abuse to be stopped and succeeded in recovering the sum of 5;344
livres which he had been made to pay unlawfully under this right〃
'17'。 Necker; 〃Administration des Finances:〃 ordinary taxation (la
taille) produced 91 millions; les vingtièmes 76;500;000; the
capitation tax 41;500;000。
'18'。 Raudot; 〃La France avant la Révolution;〃 p。 51。 … De Bouillé;
〃Mémoires;〃 p。 44。 … Necker; 〃De 1'Administration des Finances;〃 II;
p。 181。 The above relates to what was called the clergy of France;
(116 dioceses)。 The clergy called foreign; consisted of that of the
three bishoprics and of the regions conquered since Louis XIV; it had
a separate régime and paid somewhat like the nobles。 … The décimes
which the clergy of France levied on its property amounted to a sum of
10;500;000 livres。
'19'。 De Toqueville; ib。 104; 381; 407。 … Necker; ib。 I。 102。 …
Boiteau; ib。 362。 … De Bouillé; ib。 26; 41; and the following pages。
Turgot; ib。 passim。 … Cf。 passim。 … Cf。 Book V; ch。 2; on the
taillage。
'20'。 See 〃La France ecclésiastique; 1788;〃 for these details。
'21'。 Official statements and manuscript reports of the States…
General of 1789。 〃Archives nationales;〃 vol。 LXXXVIII pp。 23; 85; 121;
122'; 152。 Procès…verbal of January 12; 1789。
'22'。 Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 V。 II。 pp。 271;
272。 〃The house Orleans; he says; is in possession of the excises。〃 He
estimates this tax at 51;000;000 for the entire kingdom。
'23'。 Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 V。 I。 p。 77。 Observe the ceremonial
system with the Duc de Penthièvre; chapters I。; III。 The Duc d'Orléans
organizes a chapter and bands of canonesses。 The post of chancellor to
the Duc d'Orléans is worth 100;000 livres per annum; (〃Gustave III。 et
la cour de France;〃 by Geffroy; I。 410。)
'24'。 De Tocqueville; ibid。 p。40。 … Renauldon; advocate in the
bailiwick of Issoudun; 〃Traité historique et pratique des droits
seigneuriaux; 1765;〃 pp。 8; 10; 81 and passim。 … Statement of
grievance of a magistrate of the Chatelet on seigniorial judgments;
1789。 … Duvergier; 〃Collection des Lois;〃 Decrees of the 15…28 March;
1790; on the abolition of the feudal régime; Merlin of Douai;
reporter; I。 114 Decrees of 19…23 July; 1790; I。 293。 Decrees of the
13…20 April; 1791; (I。 295。)
'25'。 National archives; G; 300; (1787)。 〃M。 de Boullongne;
seignior of Montereau; here possesses a toll…right consisting of 2
deniers (farthings) per ox; cow; calf or pig; 1 per sheep; 2 for a
laden animal; 1 sou and 8 deniers for each four…wheeled vehicle; 5
deniers for a two… wheeled vehicle; and 10 deniers for a vehicle drawn
by three; four; or five horses; besides a tax of 10 deniers for each
barge; boat or skiff ascending the river; the same tax for each team
of horses dragging the boats up; 1 denier for each empty cask going
up。〃 Analogous taxes are enforced at Varennes for the benefit of the
Duc de Chatelet; seignior of Varennes。
'26'。 National archives; K; 1453; No。1448: A letter by M。 de
Meulan; dated June 12; 1789。 This tax on grain belonged at that time
to the Comte d'Artois。 … Chateaubriand; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。73。
'27'。 Renauldon; ibid。。 249; 258。 〃There are few seignioral towns
which have a communal slaughter…house。 The butcher must obtain special
permission from the seignior。〃 … The tax on grinding was an average of
a sixteenth。 In many provinces; Anjou; Berry; Maine; Brittany; there
was a lord's mill for cloths and barks。
'28'。 Renauldon; ibid。。 pp。 181; 200; 203; observe that he wrote
this in 1765。 Louis XVI。 suppressed serfdom on the royal domains in
1778; and many of the seigniors; especially in Franche…Comté; followed
his example。 Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 V。 I。 p。142。 … Voltaire; 〃Mémoire
au roi sur les serfs du Jura。〃 … 〃Mémoires de Bailly;〃 II。 214;
according to an official report of the Nat。 Ass。; August 7; 1789。 I
rely on this report and on the book of M。 Clerget; curate of Onans in
Franche…Comté who is mentioned in it。 M。 Clerget says that there are
still at this time (1789) 1;500;000 subjects of the king in a state of
servitude but he brings forward no proofs to support these figures。
Nevertheless it is certain that the number of serfs and mortmains is
still very great。 National archives; H; 723; registers on mortmains in
Franche…Comté in 1788; H。 200; registers by Amelot on Burgundy in
1785。 〃In the sub…delegation of Charolles the inhabitants seem a
century behind the age; being subject to feudal tenures; such as mort…
main; neither mind nor body have any play。 The redemption of mortmain;
of which the king himself has set the example; has been put at such an
exorbitant price by laymen; that the unfortunate sufferers cannot; and
will not be able to secure it。
'29'。 Boiteau; ibid。。 p。 25; (April; 1790); … Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃
I。 142。
'30'。 See END…NOTE 2 at the end of the volume
CHAPTER III。 LOCAL SERVICES DUE BY THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES。
I。 Examples in Germany and England。 … These services are not
rendered by the privileged classes in France。
LET us consider the first one; local government。 There are
countries at the gates of France in which feudal subjection; more