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farmers。  In 1772; in relation to the vingtième; which is levied on the

net revenue of real property; the intendant of Caen; having completed

the statement of his quota; estimates that out of 150;000 〃there are

perhaps 50;000 whose liabilities did not exceed five sous; and perhaps

still as many more not exceeding twenty sous。〃'49' Contemporary

observers authenticate this passion of the peasant for land。  〃The

savings of the lower classes; which elsewhere are invested with

individuals and in the public funds; are wholly destined in France to

the purchase of land。〃 〃Accordingly the number of small rural holdings

is always on the increase。  Necker says that there is an immensity of

them。〃 Arthur Young; in 1789; is astonished at their great number and

〃inclines to think that they form a third of the kingdom。〃 This

already would be our actual estimate; and we still find;

approximately; the actual figures; on estimating the number of

proprietors in comparison with the number of inhabitants。



The small cultivator; however; in becoming a possessor of the soil

assumed its charges。  Simply as day…laborer; and with his arms alone;

he was only partially affected by the taxes; 〃where there is nothing

the king loses his dues。〃 But now; vainly is he poor and declaring

himself still poorer; the fisc has a hold on him and on every portion

of his new possessions。  The collectors; peasants like himself; and

jealous; by virtue of being his neighbors; know how much his property;

exposed to view; brings in; hence they take all they can lay their

hands on。  Vainly has he labored with renewed energy; his hands remain

as empty; and; at the end of the year; he discovers that his field has

produced him nothing。  The more he acquires and produces the more

burdensome do the taxes become。  In 1715; the taille and the poll…tax;

which he alone pays; or nearly alone; amounts to sixty…six millions of

livres; the amount is ninety…three millions in 1759 and one hundred

and ten millions in 1789。'50'  In 1757; the charges amount to

283;156;000 livres; in 1789 to 476;294;000 livres。



Theoretically; through humanity and through good sense; there is;

doubtless; a desire to relieve the peasant; and pity is felt for him。

But; in practice; through necessity and routine; he is treated

according to Cardinal Richelieu's precept; as a beast of burden to

which oats is sparingly rationed out for fear that he may become too

strong and kick; 〃a mule which; accustomed to his load; is spoiled

more by long repose than by work。〃。。。。



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Notes:



'1' Labruyère; edition of Destailleurs; II; 97。  Addition to the

fourth ed。  (1689)



'2' Oppression and misery begin about 1672。  … At the end of the

seventeenth century (l698); the reports made up by the intendants for

the Duc de Bourgogne; state that many of the districts and provinces

have lost one…sixth; one…fifth; one…quarter; the third and even the

half of their population。  (See details in the 〃correspondance des

contr?leurs…généraux from 1683 to 1698;〃 published by M。 de

Boislisle)。  According to the reports of intendants; (Vauban; 〃Dime

Royale;〃 ch。  VII。  § 2。); the population of France in 1698 amounted to

19;994;146 inhabitants。  From 1698 to 1715 it decreases。  According to

Forbonnais; there were but 16 or 17 millions under the Regency。  After

this epoch the population no longer diminishes but; for forty years;

it hardly increases。  In 1753 (Voltaire; 〃Dict Phil。;〃 article

Population); there are 3;550;499 hearths; besides 700;000 souls in

Paris; which makes from 16 to 17 millions of inhabitants if we count

four and one…half persons to each fireside; and from 18 to 19 millions

if we count five persons。



'3' Floquet; 〃Histoire du Parlement de Normandie;〃 VII。  402。



'4' Rousseau; 〃Confessions;〃 1st part; ch。  IV。  (1732)。



'5'D'Argenson; 19th and 24th May; July 4; and Aug。  1; 1739



'6' 〃Résumé d'histoire d'Auvergne par un Auvergnat〃 (M。

Tallandier); p。  313。



'7' D'Argenson; 1740; Aug。  7 and 21; September 19 and 24; May 28

and November 7。



'8' D'Argenson; October 4; 1749; May 20; Sept。  12; Oct。  28; Dec。

28; 1750。



'9' D'Argenson; June 21; 1749; May 22; 1750; March 19; 1751;

February 14; April 15; 1752; etc。



'10' Floquet; ibid。。  VII。  410 (April; 1752; an address to the

Parliament of Normandy)



'11' D'Argenson; November 26; 1751: March 15; 1753。



'12' D'Argenson; IV。  124; VI。  165: VII。  194; etc。



'13' Floquet; ibid。  VI。  400…430



'14' 〃Correspondance;〃 by Métra; I。  338; 341。  … Hippeau; 〃Le

Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。  62; 199; 358。



'15' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Basse Normandie〃

(1787); p。151。



'16' Archives nationales; G; 319。  Condition of the directory of

Issoudun; and H; 1149; 612; 1418。



'17' Ibid。。  The letters of M。 de Crosne; intendant of Rouen

(February 17; 1784); of M。 de Blossac; intendant of Poitiers (May 9;

1784); of M。 de Villeneuve; intendant of Bourges (March 28; 1784); of

M。 de Cypierre; intendant of Orleans (May 28; 1784); of M。 de Maziron;

intendant of Moulins (June 28; 1786); of M。 Dupont; intendant of

Moulins (Nov。  16; 1779); etc。



'18' Archives nationales; H; 200 (A memorandum by M。 Amelot;

intendant at Dijon; 1786)。



'19' Gautier de Bianzat; 〃Doléances sur les surcharges que portent

les gens du Tiers…Etat;〃 etc。  (1789); p。  188。  … 〃Procès…verbaux de

I'assemblée provinciale d'Auvergne〃 (1787); p。  175。



'20' Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'Agriculture et les chores rurales dans

le Toulousain;〃 112。



'21' 〃Procès…verbaux de assemblée provinciale de la Haute…Guyenne;〃

I。  47; 79。



'22' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale du Soissonais〃

(1787); p。  457; 〃de l'assemblée provinciale d'Auch;〃 p。  24。



'23' 〃Résumé des cahiers;〃 by Prudhomme; III。  271。



'24' Hippeau; ibid。  VI。  74; 243 (grievances drawn up by the

Chevalier de Bertin)。



'25' See the article 〃Fermiers et Grains;〃 in the Encyclopedia; by

Quesnay; 1756。



'26' Théron de Montaugé; p。25。  … 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 III。  190

(1766); IX。  15 (an article by M。 de Butré; 1767)。



'27' 〃Procés…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de l'Orléanais〃

(1787); in a memoir by M。 d'Autroche。



'28' One is surprised to see such a numerous people fed even though

one…half; or one…quarter of the arable land is sterile wastes。  (Arthur

Young; II; 137。)



'29' Archives nationales; H; 1149。  A letter of the Comtesse de

Saint…Georges (1772) on the effects of frost。  〃The ground this year

will remain uncultivated; there being already much land in this

condition; and especially in our parish。〃 Théron de Montaugé; ibid。。

45; 80。



'30' Arthur Young; II。  112; 115。  … Théron de Montaugé; 52; 61。



'31' The Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 p。29。



'32' Cf Galiani; 〃Dialogues sur le commerce des blés。〃 (1770); p。

193。  Wheat bread at this time cost four sous per pound。



'33' Arthur Young; II。  200; 201; 260…265。  …  Théron de Montaugé;

59; 68; 75; 79; 81; 84。



'34' 〃The poor people who cultivate the soil here are métayers;

that is men who hire the land without ability to stock it; the

proprietor is forced to provide cattle and seed and he and his tenants

divide the produce。〃  …  ARTHUR YOUNG。(TR。)



'35' 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 VI。  81…94 (1767); and IX。  99 (1767)。



'36' Turgot; 〃Collections des économistes;〃 I。  544; 549。



'37' Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 83。。



'38' Hippeau; VI; 91。



'39' Dulaure; 〃Description de l'Auvergne;〃 1789。



'40' Arthur Young; I。  235。



'41' 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 XX。  146; a letter of the Marquis de

…   August 17; 1767。



'42' Lucas de Montigny; 〃Memoires de Mirabeau;〃 I; 394。



'43' Arthur Young; I。  280; 289; 294。



'44' Lafayette 〃Mémoires;〃 V。  533。



'45' Lucas de Montigny; ibid。  (a letter of August 18; 1777)。



'46' De Tocqueville; 117。



'47' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Basse Normandie〃

(1787); p。205。



'48' Léonce de Lavergne; p。  26 (according to the tables of

indemnity granted to the émigrés in 1825)。  In the estate of Blet (see

note 2 at the end of the volume); twenty…two parcels are alienated in

1760。  … Arthur Young; I。  308 (the domain of Tour…d'Aigues; in

Provence); and II。  198; 214。  … Doniol; 〃Histoire des classes rurales;〃

p。450。  … De Tocqueville; p。36。



'49' Archives nationales; H; 1463 (a letter by M。 de Fontette;

November 16; 1772)。  …  Cf。  Cochut; 〃Revue des Deux Mondes;〃

September; 1848。  The sale of the national property seems not to have

sensibly increased small properties nor sensibly diminished the number

of the large ones。  The Revolution developed moderate sized properties。

In 1848; the large estates numbered 183;000 (23;000 families paying

300 francs taxes; and more; and possessing on the average 260 hectares

of land; and 160;000 families paying from 230 to 500 francs taxes and

possessing on the average 75 hectares。) These 183;000 families

possessed 18;000;000 hectares。   …  There are besides 700;000 medium

sized estates (paying from 50 to 250 francs tax); and comprising

15;000;000 hectares。   …  And finally 3;900;000 small properties

comprising 15;000;000 hectares (900;000 paying from 25 to 50 francs

tax; averaging five and one…half hectares each; and 3;000;000 paying

less than 25 francs; averaging three and one ninth hectares each)。   …

According to the partial statement of de Tocqueville the number of

holders of real property had increased; on the average; to five…

twelfths; the population; at the same time; having increased five…

thirteenths (from 26 to 36 millions)。



'50' 〃Compte…général des revenus et dépenses fixes au 1er Mai; 1789

(Imprimerie Royale; 1789)。  … De Luynes; XVI。  49。  … Roux and Buchez; I。

206; 374。  (This relates only to the countries of election; in the

provinces; with assemblies; the increase is no less great)。  Archives

nationales; H2; 1610 (the parish of Bourget; in Anjou)。  Extracts from

the taille rolls of three métayer… farms belonging to M。 de Ruillé。

The taxes in 1762 are 334 livres; 3 sous; in 1783; 372 livres; 15

sous。













CHAPTER II。  TAXATION THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF MISERY。



I。   EXTORTION。



Direct taxes。  … State of different domains at the end of the reign

of Louis XV。  … Levies of the tithe and the owner。  … What remains to

the proprietor。



 Let us closely examine the extortions he has to endure; which are

very great; much beyond any that we can imagine。  Economists had long

prepared the budget of a farm and shown by statistics the excess of

charges with which the cultivator is overwhelmed。  If he continues to

cultivate; they say; he must have his share in the crops; an

inviolable po

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