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1767。



'3' 〃Collection des économistes;〃 I。  551; 562。



'4' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Champagne〃

(1787); p。  240。



'5' Cf。; 〃Notice historique sur la Révolution dans le département de

l'Eure;〃 by Boivin…Champeaux; p。  37。  … A register of grievances of the

parish of Epreville; on 100 francs income the Treasury takes 22 for

the taille;  16 for collaterals; 15 for the poll…tax; 11 for the

vingtièmes; total 67 livres。



'6' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Ile…de…France

(1787); p。  131。



'7' 〃Procèx…verbaux de l'ass。  prov de la Haute…Guyenne〃 (1784); II。

17; 40; 47。



'8' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  d'Auvergne〃 (1787); p。  253。  …

Doléances; by Gautier de Biauzat; member of the council elected by the

provincial assembly of Auvergne。  (1788); p。3。



'9' See note 5 at the end of the volume。



'10' 〃Théron de Montaugé;〃 p。  109 (1763)。  Wages at this time are

from 7 to 12 sous a day during the summer。



'11' Archives nationales; procès…verbaux and registers of the

States…General; V。  59; p。  6。  Memorandum to M。 Necker from M。 d'Orgeux;

honorary councilor to the Parliament of Bourgogne; 25 Oct。  1788。。



'12' Ibid。  H; 1418。  A letter of the intendant of Limoges; Feb。  26;

1784。



'13' Turgot; II。  259。



'14' Archives nationales; H; 426 (remonstrances of the Parliament

of Brittany; Feb。  1783)。



'15' Mercier; XI。  59; X。  262。



'16' Archives nationales; H; 1422; a letter by M d'Aine; intendant

of Limoges (February 17; 1782) one by the intendant of Moulins (April;

1779); the trial of the community of Mollon (Bordelais); and the

tables of its collectors。



'17' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  d'Auvergne;〃 p。  266。



'18' Albert Babeau; 〃Histoire de Troyes;〃 I。  72



'19' 〃 Procés…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de Berry〃 (1778); I。  pp。72;

80。



'20' De Tocqueville; 187。



'21' Archives nationales; H; 1417。  (A letter of M。 de Cypièrre;

intendant at Orleans; April 17; 1765)。



'22' 〃Traité de Population;〃 2d part; p。26。



'23' Archives nationales; H; 1417。  (A letter of M。 de Cypièrre;

intendant at Orleans; April 17; 1765)。



'24' Ibid。  H; 1418。  (Letter of May 28; 1784)。



'25' Ibid。  (Letter of the intendant of Tours; June 15; 1765。)



'26' Archives Nationales; H; 1417。  A report by Raudon; receiver of

tailles in the election of Laon; January; 1764。



'27' 〃Procèx…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de Berry〃 (1778); I。  p。72。



'28' Champfort; 93。



'29' 〃Procèx…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de Berry;〃 I。  77。



'30' Arthur Young; II。  205。



'31' 〃Procès…verbaux of the ass。  prov。  of the generalship of Rouen〃

(1787); p。271。



'32' Letrosne (1779)。  〃De l'administration provinciale et de Ia

reforme de l'imp?t;〃 pp。  39 to 262 and 138。  … Archives nationales; H。

138 (1782)。  Cahier de Bugey; 〃Salt costs a person living in the

countryside purchasing it from the retailers from 15 to 17 sous a

pound; according to the way of measuring it。



'33' Floquet; VI。  367 (May 10; 1760)。



'34' Boivin…Champeaux; p。44。  (Cahiers of Bray and of Gamaches)。



'35' Arthur Young; II。  175…178。



'36' Archives nationales; G; 300; G; 319。  (Registers and

instructions of various local directors of the Excise to their

successors)。



'37' Letrosne; ibid。  523。



'38' Octroi: a toll or tax levied at the gates of a city on

articles brought in。  (SR。)



'39' Archives Nationales; H; 426 (Papers of the Parliament of

Brittany; February; 1783)。



'40' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de Soissonnais〃 (1787); p。45。

… Archives nationales; H; 1515 (Remonstrances of the Parliament of

Metz; 1768)。  The class of indigents form more than twelve…thirteenths

of the whole number of villages of laborers and generally those of the

wine…growers。〃 Ibid。  G; 319 (Tableau des directions of Chateaudon and

Issoudun);



'41' Albert Babeau; I。  89。  p。  21。



'42' 〃Mémoires;〃 presented to the Assembly of Notables; by M。 de

Calonne (1787); p。67。



'43' Here we are at the root of the reason why democratically

elected politicians and their administrative staffs are today taxed

even though such taxation is only a paper…exercise adding costs to the

cost of government administration。  (SR。)



'44' Gautier de Bianzat; 〃Doléances;〃 193; 225。  〃Procès…verbaux de

l'ass。  prov。  de Poitou〃 (1787); p。99。



'45' Gautier de Bianzat; ibid。。



'46' Archives nationales; the procès…verbaux and cahiers of the

States…General; V。  59。  P。  6。  (Letter of M。 Orgeux to M。 Necker); V。

27。  p。  560…573。  (Cahiers of the Third…Estate of Arnay…le…Duc)



'47' In these figures the rise of the money standard has been kept

in mind; the silver 〃marc;〃 worth 59 francs in 1965; being worth 49

francs during the last half of the eighteenth century。



'48' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de Ile…de…France;〃 132; 158;

de l'Orléanais; 96; 387。



'49' 〃Mémoire;〃 presented to the Assembly of Notables (1787); p。  1。

…  See note 2 at the end of the volume; on the estate of Blet。



'50' 〃Procès…verbeaux de l'ass。  prov。  d'Alsace〃 (1787); p。  116;〃  …

of Champagne;〃 192。  (According to a declaration of June 2; 1787; the

tax substituted for the corvée may be extended to one…sixth of the

taille; with accessory taxes and the poll…tax combined)。  〃De la

généralité d'Alen?con;〃 179; 〃  …   du Berry;〃 I。  218。



'51' Archives nationales; G; 322 (Memorandum on the excise dues of

Compiègne and its neighborhood; 1786)



'52' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de l'Ile…de…France;〃 p。  104。



'53' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de Berry; I。  85; II。  91。  〃  …

de l'Orléanais; p。  225。〃 〃Arbitrariness; injustice; inequality; are

inseparable from the taille when any change of collector takes place。〃



'54' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 H。  615。  Letter of M。 de Lagourda; a

noble from Bretagne; to M。 Necker; dated December 4; 1780: 〃 You are

always taxing the useful and necessary people who decrease in numbers

all the time: these are the workers of the land。  The countryside has

become deserted and no one will any longer plow the land。  I testify to

God and to you; Sir; that we have lost more than a third of our

budding wheat of the last harvest because we did not have the

necessary man…power do to the work。〃



'55' Ibid。  1149。  (letter of M。 de Reverseau; March 16; 1781); H;

200 (letter of M。 Amelot; Nov。  2; 1784)。



'56' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de la généralite de Rouen;〃

p。91。



'57' Hippeau; VI。  22 (1788)。



'58' D'Argenson。  VI。  37。



'59' Archives nationales; H。  200 (Memoir of M。 Amelot; 1785)。



'60' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  d'Auvergne;〃 253。



'61' Boivin…Champeaux; 〃Doléances de la parvisse de Tilleul…

Lambert〃 (Eure)。  〃Numbers of privileged characters; Messieurs of the

elections; Messieurs the post…masters; Messieurs the presidents and

other attachés of the salt…warehouse; every individual possessing

extensive property pays but a third or a half of the taxes they ought

to pay。〃



'62' De Tocqueville; 385。  … 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de

Lyonnais;〃 p。  56



'63' Archives nationales; H; 1422。  (Letters of M。 d'Aine;

intendant; also of the receiver for the election of Tulle; February

23; 1783)。



'64' De Tocqueville; 64; 363。



'65' Archives nationales; H; 612; 614。  (Letters of M。 de la Bove;

September 11; and Dec。  2; 1774; June 28; 1777)。



'66' Mercier; II。  62。



'67' 〃Grievances〃 of the parish of Aubervilliers。



'68' Archives nationales; G; 300; G; 322 (〃Mémoires〃 on the excise

duties)。



'69' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  des Trois…Evêchés p。  442。



'70' Archives nationales; H; 1422 (Letter of the intendant of

Moulins; April 1779)。



'71' Archives nationales; H。  1312 (Letters of M。 D'Antheman

procureur…général of the excise court (May 19; 1783); and of the

Archbishop of Aix (June 15; 1783)。) … Provence produced wheat only

sufficient for seven and a half months' consumption。



'72' Abbreviation for the 〃cahier des doléances〃; in English

'register of grieviances'; brought with them by the representatives of

the people to the great gathering in Paris of the 〃States…Généraux〃 in

1789。  (SR。)



'73' The feudal dues may be estimated at a seventh of the net

income and the dime also at a seventh。  These are the figures given by

the ass。  prov。  of Haute…Guyenne (Procès…verbaux; p。  47)。  … Isolated

instances; in other provinces; indicate similar results。  The dime

ranges from a tenth to the thirteenth of the gross product; and

commonly the tenth。  I regard the average as about the fourteenth; and

as one…half of the gross product must he deducted for expenses of

cultivation; it amounts to one…seventh。  Letrosne says a fifth and even

a quarter。



'74' Boivin…Champeaux; 72。



'75' Grievances of the community of Culmon (Election de Langres。)



'76' Boivin…Champeaux; 34; 36; 41; 48。  … Périn (〃Doléances des

paroisses rurales de l'Artuis;〃 301; 308)。  … Archives nationales;

procès…verbaux and cahiers of the States…Géneraux; vol。  XVII。  P。  12

(Letter of the inhabitants of Dracy…le Viteux)。



'77' Motte: a mound indicative of Seigniorial dominion; quevaise;

the right of forcing a resident to remain on his property under

penalty of forfeiture; domaine congéable; property held subject to

capricious ejection。  (TR)



'78' Prud'homme; 〃Résumé des cahiers;〃 III。  passim; and especially

from 317 to 340。













CHAPTER III。  INTELLECTUAL STATE OF THE PEOPLE。



I。



Intellectual incapacity。  … How ideas are transformed into marvelous

stories。



  To comprehend their actions we ought now to look into the

condition of their minds; to know the current train of their ideas;

their mode of thinking。  But is it really essential to draw this

portrait; and are not the details of their mental condition we have

just presented sufficient? We shall obtain a knowledge of them later;

and through their actions; when; in Touraine; they knock a mayor and

his assistant; chosen by themselves; senseless with kicks from their

wooden shoes; because; in obeying the national Assembly; these two

unfortunate men prepared a table of taxes; or when at Troyes; they

drag through the streets and tear to pieces the venerable magistrate

who was nourishing them at that very moment; and who had just dictated

his testament in their favor。…Take the still rude brain of a

contemporary peasant and deprive it of the ideas which; for eighty

years past; have entered it by so many channels; through the primary

school of each village; through the return home of the conscript after

seven years' service; through the prodigious multiplication of books;

newspapers; roads; railroads; foreign travel and every other species

of communication。'1' Try to im

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