the critique of judgement-第29章

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may　be　readily　explained。　For　the　former　is　either　such　an　imitation　of　the　latter　as　goes　the　length　of　deceiving　us；　in　which　case　it　acts　upon　us　in　the　character　of　a　natural　beauty；　which　we　take　it　to　be；　or　else　it　is　an　intentional　art　obviously　directed　to　our　delight。　In　the　latter　case；　however；　the　delight　in　the　product　would；　it　is　true；　be　brought　about　immediately　by　taste；　but　there　would　be　nothing　but　a　mediate　interest　in　the　cause　that　lay　beneath…an　interest；　namely；　in　an　art　only　capable　of　interesting　by　its　end；　and　never　in　itself。　It　will；　perhaps；　be　said　that　this　is　also　the　case　where　an　object　of　nature　only　interests　by　its　beauty　so　far　as　a　moral　idea　is　brought　into　partnership　therewith。　But　it　is　not　the　object　that　is　of　immediate　interest；　but　rather　the　inherent　character　of　the　beauty　qualifying　it　for　such　a　partnership…a　character；　therefore；　that　belongs　to　the　very　essence　of　beauty。　　　The　charms　in　natural　beauty；　which　are　to　be　found　blended；　as　it　were；　so　frequently　with　beauty　of　form；　belong　either　to　the　modifications　of　light　（in　colouring）　or　of　sound　（in　tones）。　For　these　are　the　only　sensations　which　permit　not　merely　of　a　feeling　of　the　senses；　but　also　of　reflection　upon　the　form　of　these　modifications　of　sense；　and　so　embody　as　it　were　a　language　in　which　nature　speaks　to　us　and　which　has　the　semblance　of　a　higher　meaning。　Thus　the　white　colour　of　the　lily　seems　to　dispose　the　mind　to　ideas　of　innocence；　and　the　other　seven　colours；　following　the　series　from　the　red　to　the　violet；　similarly　to　ideas　of　（1）　sublimity；　（2）　courage；　（3）　candour；　（4）　amiability；　（5）　modesty；　（6）　constancy；　（7）　tenderness。　The　bird's　song　tells　of　joyousness　and　contentment　with　its　existence。　At　least　so　we　interpret　nature…whether　such　be　its　purpose　or　not。　But　it　is　the　indispensable　requisite　of　the　interest　which　we　here　take　in　beauty；　that　the　beauty　should　be　that　of　nature；　and　it　vanishes　completely　as　soon　as　we　are　conscious　of　having　been　deceived；　and　that　it　is　only　the　work　of　art…so　completely　that　even　taste　can　then　no　longer　find　in　it　anything　beautiful　nor　sight　anything　attractive。　What　do　poets　set　more　store　on　than　the　nightingale's　bewitching　and　beautiful　note；　in　a　lonely　thicket　on　a　still　summer　evening　by　the　soft　light　of　the　moon？　And　yet　we　have　instances　of　how；　where　no　such　songster　was　to　be　found；　a　jovial　host　has　played　a　trick　on　the　guests　with　him　on　a　visit　to　enjoy　the　country　air；　and　has　done　so　to　their　huge　satisfaction；　by　biding　in　a　thicket　a　rogue　of　a　youth　who　（with　a　reed　or　rush　in　his　mouth）　knew　how　to　reproduce　this　note　so　as　to　hit　off　nature　to　perfection。　But　the　instant　one　realizes　that　it　is　all　a　fraud　no　one　will　long　endure　listening　to　this　song　that　before　was　regarded　as　so　attractive。　And　it　is　just　the　same　with　the　song　of　any　other　bird。　It　must　be　nature；　or　be　mistaken　by　us　for　nature；　to　enable　us　to　take　an　immediate　interest　in　the　beautiful　as　such；　and　this　is　all　the　more　so　if　we　can　even　call　upon　others　to　take　a　similar　interest。　And　such　a　demand　we　do　in　fact　make；　since　we　regard　as　coarse　and　low　the　habits　of　thought　of　those　who　have　no　feeling　for　beautiful　nature　（for　this　is　the　word　we　use　for　susceptibility　to　an　interest　in　the　contemplation　of　beautiful　nature）；　and　who　devote　themselves　to　the　mere　enjoyments　of　sense　found　in　eating　and　drinking。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SS　43。　Art　in　general。

　　（1。）　Art　is　distinguished　from　nature　as　making　（facere）　is　from　acting　or　operating　in　general　（agere）；　and　the　product　or　the　result　of　the　former　is　distinguished　from　that　of　the　latter　as　work　（opus）　from　operation　（effectus）。　　　By　right　it　is　only　production　through　freedom；　i。e。；　through　an　act　of　will　that　places　reason　at　the　basis　of　its　action；　that　should　be　termed　art。　For；　although　we　are　pleased　to　call　what　bees　produce　（their　regularly　constituted　cells）　a　work　of　art；　we　only　do　so　on　the　strength　of　an　analogy　with　art；　that　is　to　say；　as　soon　as　we　call　to　mind　that　no　rational　deliberation　forms　the　basis　of　their　labour；　we　say　at　once　that　it　is　a　product　of　their　nature　（of　instinct）；　and　it　is　only　to　their　Creator　that　we　ascribe　it　as　art。　　　If；　as　sometimes　happens；　in　a　search　through　a　bog；　we　light　on　a　piece　of　hewn　wood；　we　do　not　say　it　is　a　product　of　nature　but　of　art。　Its　producing　cause　had　an　end　in　view　to　which　the　object　owes　its　form。　Apart　from　such　cases；　we　recognize　an　art　in　everything　formed　in　such　a　way　that　its　actuality　must　have　been　preceded　by　a　representation　of　the　thing　in　its　cause　（as　even　in　the　case　of　the　bees）；　although　the　effect　could　not　have　been　thought　by　the　cause。　But　where　anything　is　called　absolutely　a　work　of　art；　to　distinguish　it　from　a　natural　product；　then　some　work　of　man　is　always　understood。　　　（2。）　Art；　as　human　skill；　is　distinguished　also　from　science　（as　ability　from　knowledge）；　as　a　practical　from　a　theoretical　faculty；　as　technic　from　theory　（as　the　art　of　surveying　from　geometry）。　For　this　reason；　also；　what　one　can　do　the'　moment　one　only　knows　what　is　to　be　done；　hence　without…anything　more　than　sufficient　knowledge　of　the　desired　result；　is　not　called　art。　To　art　that　alone　belongs　which　the　possession　of　the　most　complete　knowledge　does　not　involve　one's　having　then　and　there　the　skill　to　do　it。　Camper；　describes　very　exactly　how　the　best　shoe　must　be　made；　but　he；　doubtless；　was　not　able　to　turn　one　out　himself。*

　　*In　my　part　of　the　country；　if　you　set　a　common　man　a　problem　like　that　of　Columbus　and　his　egg；　he　says；　〃There　is　no　art　in　that；　it　is　only　science〃：　i。e。；　you　can　do　it　if　you　know　how；　and　he　says　just　the　same　of　all　the　would…be　arts　of　jugglers。　To　that　of　the　tight…rope　dancer；　on　the　other　hand；　he　has　not　the　least　compunction　in　giving　the　name　of　art。

　　（3。）　Art　is　further　distinguished　from　handicraft。　The　first　is　called　free；　the　other　may　be　called　industrial　art。　We　look　on　the　former　as　something　which　could　only　prove　final　（be　a　success）　as　play；　i。e。；　an　occupation　which　is　agreeable　on　its　own　account；　but　on　the　second　as　labour；　i。e。；　a　business；　which　on　its　own　account　is　disagreeable　（drudgery）；　and　is　only　attractive　by　means　of　what　it　results　in　（e。g。；　the　pay）；　and　which　is　consequently　capable　of　being　a　compulsory　imposition。　Whether　in　the　list　of　arts　and　crafts　we　are　to　rank　watchmakers　as　artists；　and　smiths　on　the　contrary　as　craftsmen；　requires　a　standpoint　different　from　that　here　adopted…one；　that　is　to　say；　taking　account　of　the　proposition　of　the　talents　which　the　business　undertaken　in　either　case　must　necessarily　involve。　Whether；　also；　among　the　so…called　seven　free　arts　some　may　not　have　been　included　which　should　be　reckoned　as　sciences；　and　many；　too；　that　resemble　handicraft；　is　a　matter　I　will　not　discuss　here。　It　is　not　amiss；　however；　to　remind　the　reader　of　this：　that　in　all　free　arts　something　of　a　compulsory　character　is　still　required；　or；　as　it　is　called；　a　mechanism；　without　which　the　soul；　which　in　art　must　be　free；　and　which　alone　gives　life　to　the　work；　would　be　bodyless　and　evanescent　（e。g。；　in　the　poetic　art　there　must　be　correctness　and　wealth　of　language；　likewise　prosody　and　metre）。　For　not　a　few　leaders　of　a　newer　school　believe　that　the　best　way　to　promote　a　free　art　is　to　sweep　away　all　restraint　and　convert　it　from　labour　into　mere　play。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　SS　44。　Fine　art

　　There　is　no　science　of　the　beautiful；　but　only　a　critique。　Nor；　again；　is　there　an　elegant　（schone）　science；　but　only　a　fine　（schone）　art。　For　a　science　of　the　beautiful　would　have　to　determine　scientifically；　i。e。；　by　means　of　proofs；　whether　a　thing　was　to　be　considered　beautiful　or　not；　and　the　judgement　upon　beauty；　consequently；　would；　if　belonging　to　science；　fail　to　be　a　judgement　of　taste。　As　for　a　beautiful　science…a　science　which；　as　such；　is　to　be　beautiful；　is　a　nonentity。　For　if；　treating　it　as　a　science；　we　were　to　ask　for　reasons　and　proofs；　we　would　be　put　off　with　elegant　phrases　（bons　mots）。　What　has　given　rise　to　the　current　expression　elegant　sciences　is；　doubtless；　no　more　than　this；　that　common　observation　has；　quite　accurately；　noted　the　fact　that　for　fine　art；　in　the　fulness　of　its　perfection；　a　large　store　of　science　is　required；　as；　for　example；　knowledge　of　ancient　languages；　acquaintance　with　classical　authors；　history；　antiquarian　learning；　etc。　Hence　these　historical　sciences；　owing　to　the　fact　that　they　form　the　necessary　preparation　and　groundwork　for　fine　art；　and　partly　also　owing　to　the　fact　that　they　are　taken　to　comprise　even　the　knowledge　of　the　products　of　fine　art　（rhetoric　and　poetry）；　have　by　a…confusion　of　words；　actually　got　the　name　of　elegant　sciences。　　　Where　art；　merely　seeking　to　actualize　a　possible　object　to　the　cognition　of　which　it　is　adequate；　does　whatever　acts　are　required　for　that　purpose。　then　it　is　mechanical。　But　should　the　feeling　of　pleasure　be　what　it　has　immediately　in　view；　it　is　then　termed　aesthetic　art。　As　such　it　may　be　either　agreeable　or　fine　art。　The　description　〃agreeable　art〃　applies　where　the　end　of　the　art　is　that　the　pleasure　should　accompany　the　representations　considered　as　mere　sensations；　the　description　〃fine　art〃　where　it　is　to　accompany　them　considered　as　modes　of　cognition。　　　Agreeable　arts　are　those　which　have　mere　enjoyment　for　their　object。　Such　are　all　the　charms　that　can　gratify　a　dinner　party：　entertaining　narrative；　the　art　of　starting　the　whole　table　in　unrestrained　and　sprightly　conversation；　or　with　jest　and　laughter　inducing　a　certain　air　of　gaiety。　Here；　as　the　saying　goes；　there　may　be　much　loose　talk　over　the　glasses；　without　a　person　wishing　to　be　brought　to　book　for　all　he　utters；　because　it　is　only　given　out　for　the　entertainment　of　the　moment；　and　not　as　a　lasting　matter　to　be　made　the　subject　of　reflection　or　repetition。　（Of　the　same　sort　is　also　the　art　of　arranging　the　table　for　enjoyment；　or；　at　large　banquets；　the　music　of　the　orchestra…a　quaint　idea　intended　to　act　on　the　mind　merely　as　an　agreeable　noise　fostering　a　genial　spirit；　which；　without　any　one　paying　the　smallest　attention　to　the　composition；　promotes　the　free　flow　of　conversation　between　guest　and　guest。）　In　addition　must　be　included　play　of　every　kind　which　is　attended　with　no　further　interest　than　that　of　making　the　time　pass　by　unheeded。　　　Fine　art；　on　the　other　hand；　is　a　mode　of　representation　which　is　intrinsically　final；　and　which；　although　devoid　of　an　end；　has　the　effect　of　advancing　the　culture　of　the　mental　powers　in　the　interests　of　social　communication。　　　The　universal　communicability　of　a　pleasure　involves　in　its　very　concept　that　the　pleasure　is　not　one　of　enjoyment　arising　out　of　mere　sensation；　but　must　be　one　of　reflection。　Hence　aesthetic　art；　as　art　which　is　beautiful；　is　one　having　for　its　standard　the　reflective　judgement　and　not　organic　sensation。

　　　　　SS　45。　Fine　art　is　an　art；　so　far　as　it　has　at　the　same　　　　　　　　　　　　　　time　the　appearance　of　being　nature。

　　　A　product　of　fine　art　must　be　recognized　to　be　art　and　not　nature。　Nevertheless　the　finality　in　its　form　must　appear　just　as　free　from　the　constraint　of　arbitrary　rules　as　if　it　were　a　product　of　me