anabasis-第1章

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Anabasis

by　Xenophon

Translation　by　H。　G。　Dakyns




Dedicated　To　Rev。　B。　Jowett；　M。A。　Master　of　Balliol　College　Regius　Professor　of　Greek　in　the　University　of　Oxford



Xenophon　the　Athenian　was　born　431　B。C。　He　was　a　pupil　of　Socrates。　He　marched　with　the　Spartans；　and　was　exiled　from　Athens。　Sparta　gave　him　land　and　property　in　Scillus；　where　he　lived　for　many　years　before　having　to　move　once　more；　to　settle　in　Corinth。　He　died　in　354　B。C。

The　Anabasis　is　his　story　of　the　march　to　Persia　to　aid　Cyrus；　who　enlisted　Greek　help　to　try　and　take　the　throne　from　Artaxerxes；　and　the　ensuing　return　of　the　Greeks；　in　which　Xenophon　played　a　leading　role。　This　occurred　between　401　B。C。　and　March　399　B。C。




BOOK　I

Darius　and　Parysatis　had　two　sons：　the　elder　was　named　Artaxerxes；　and　　1　the　younger　Cyrus。　Now；　as　Darius　lay　sick　and　felt　that　the　end　of　life　drew　near；　he　wished　both　his　sons　to　be　with　him。　The　elder；　as　it　chanced；　was　already　there；　but　Cyrus　he　must　needs　send　for　from　the　province　over　which　he　had　made　him　satrap；　having　appointed　him　general　moreover　of　all　the　forces　that　muster　in　the　plain　of　the　Castolus。　Thus　Cyrus　went　up；　taking　with　him　Tissaphernes　as　his　friend；　and　accompanied　also　by　a　body　of　Hellenes；　three　hundred　heavy　armed　men；　under　the　command　of　Xenias　the　Parrhasian＇1＇。

＇1＇　Parrhasia；　a　district　and　town　in　the　south…west　of　Arcadia。

Now　when　Darius　was　dead；　and　Artaxerxes　was　established　in　the　kingdom；　Tissaphernes　brought　slanderous　accusations　against　Cyrus　before　his　brother；　the　king；　of　harbouring　designs　against　him。　And　Artaxerxes；　listening　to　the　words　of　Tissaphernes；　laid　hands　upon　Cyrus；　desiring　to　put　him　to　death；　but　his　mother　made　intercession　for　him；　and　sent　him　back　again　in　safety　to　his　province。　He　then；　having　so　escaped　through　peril　and　dishonour；　fell　to　considering；　not　only　how　he　might　avoid　ever　again　being　in　his　brother's　power；　but　how；　if　possible；　he　might　become　king　in　his　stead。　Parysatis；　his　mother；　was　his　first　resource；　for　she　had　more　love　for　Cyrus　than　for　Artaxerxes　upon　his　throne。　Moreover　Cyrus's　behaviour　towards　all　who　came　to　him　from　the　king's　court　was　such　that；　when　he　sent　them　away　again；　they　were　better　friends　to　himself　than　to　　　　5　the　king　his　brother。　Nor　did　he　neglect　the　barbarians　in　his　own　service；　but　trained　them；　at　once　to　be　capable　as　warriors　and　devoted　adherents　of　himself。　Lastly；　he　began　collecting　his　Hellenic　armament；　but　with　the　utmost　secrecy；　so　that　he　might　take　the　king　as　far　as　might　be　at　unawares。

The　manner　in　which　he　contrived　the　levying　of　the　troops　was　as　follows：　First；　he　sent　orders　to　the　commandants　of　garrisons　in　the　cities　（so　held　by　him）；　bidding　them　to　get　together　as　large　a　body　of　picked　Peloponnesian　troops　as　they　severally　were　able；　on　the　plea　that　Tissaphernes　was　plotting　against　their　cities；　and　truly　these　cities　of　Ionia　had　originally　belonged　to　Tissaphernes；　being　given　to　him　by　the　king；　but　at　this　time；　with　the　exception　of　Miletus；　they　had　all　revolted　to　Cyrus。　In　Miletus；　Tissaphernes；　having　become　aware　of　similar　designs；　had　forestalled　the　conspirators　by　putting　some　to　death　and　banishing　the　remainder。　Cyrus；　on　his　side；　welcomed　these　fugitives；　and　having　collected　an　army；　laid　siege　to　Miletus　by　sea　and　land；　endeavouring　to　reinstate　the　exiles；　and　this　gave　him　another　pretext　for　collecting　an　armament。　At　the　same　time　he　sent　to　the　king；　and　claimed；　as　being　the　king's　brother；　that　these　cities　should　be　given　to　himself　rather　than　that　Tissaphernes　should　continue　to　govern　them；　and　in　furtherance　of　this　end；　the　queen；　his　mother；　co…operated　with　him；　so　that　the　king　not　only　failed　to　see　the　design　against　himself；　but　concluded　that　Cyrus　was　spending　his　money　on　armaments　in　order　to　make　war　on　Tissaphernes。　Nor　did　it　pain　him　greatly　to　see　the　two　at　war　together；　and　the　less　so　because　Cyrus　was　careful　to　remit　the　tribute　due　to　the　king　from　the　cities　which　belonged　to　Tissaphernes。

A　third　army　was　being　collected　for　him　in　the　Chersonese；　over　against　Abydos；　the　origin　of　which　was　as　follows：　There　was　a　Lacedaemonian　exile；　named　Clearchus；　with　whom　Cyrus　had　become　associated。　Cyrus　admired　the　man；　and　made　him　a　present　of　ten　thousand　darics＇2＇。　Clearchus　took　the　gold；　and　with　the　money　raised　　9　an　army；　and　using　the　Chersonese　as　his　base　of　operations；　set　to　work　to　fight　the　Thracians　north　of　the　Hellespont；　in　the　interests　of　the　Hellenes；　and　with　such　happy　result　that　the　Hellespontine　cities；　of　their　own　accord；　were　eager　to　contribute　funds　for　the　support　of　his　troops。　In　this　way；　again；　an　armament　was　being　secretly　maintained　for　Cyrus。

＇2＇　A　Persian　gold　coin　=　125。55　grains　of　gold。

Then　there　was　the　Thessalian　Aristippus；　Cyrus's　friend＇3＇；　who；　under　pressure　of　the　rival　political　party　at　home；　had　come　to　Cyrus　and　asked　him　for　pay　for　two　thousand　mercenaries；　to　be　continued　for　three　months；　which　would　enable　him；　he　said；　to　gain　the　upper　hand　of　his　antagonists。　Cyrus　replied　by　presenting　him　with　six　months'　pay　for　four　thousand　mercenariesonly　stipulating　that　Aristippus　should　not　come　to　terms　with　his　antagonists　without　final　consultation　with　himself。　In　this　way　he　secured　to　himself　the　secret　maintenance　of　a　fourth　armament。

＇3＇　Lit。　〃guest…friend。〃　Aristippus　was；　as　we　learn　from　the　〃Meno〃　　　　　of　Plato；　a　native　of　Larisa；　of　the　family　of　the　Aleuadae；　and　a　　　　　pupil　of　Gorgias。　He　was　also　a　lover　of　Menon；　whom　he　appears　to　　　　　have　sent　on　this　expedition　instead　of　himself。

Further；　he　bade　Proxenus；　a　Boeotian；　who　was　another　friend；　get　together　as　many　men　as　possible；　and　join　him　in　an　expedition　which　he　meditated　against　the　Pisidians＇4＇；　who　were　causing　annoyance　to　his　territory。　Similarly　two　other　friends；　Sophaenetus　the　Stymphalian＇5＇；　and　Socrates　the　Achaean；　had　orders　to　get　together　as　many　men　as　possible　and　come　to　him；　since　he　was　on　the　point　of　opening　a　campaign；　along　with　Milesian　exiles；　against　Tissaphernes。　These　orders　were　duly　carried　out　by　the　officers　in　question。

＇4＇　Lit。　〃into　the　country　of　the　Pisidians。〃

＇5＇　Of　Stymphalus　in　Arcadia。



II

But　when　the　right　moment　seemed　to　him　to　have　come；　at　which　he　　　　　　　1　should　begin　his　march　into　the　interior；　the　pretext　which　he　put　forward　was　his　desire　to　expel　the　Pisidians　utterly　out　of　the　country；　and　he　began　collecting　both　his　Asiatic　and　his　Hellenic　armaments；　avowedly　against　that　people。　From　Sardis　in　each　direction　his　orders　sped：　to　Clearchus；　to　join　him　there　with　the　whole　of　his　army；　to　Aristippus；　to　come　to　terms　with　those　at　home；　and　to　despatch　to　him　the　troops　in　his　employ；　to　Xenias　the　Arcadian；　who　was　acting　as　general…in…chief　of　the　foreign　troops　in　the　cities；　to　present　himself　with　all　the　men　available；　excepting　only　those　who　were　actually　needed　to　garrison　the　citadels。　He　next　summoned　the　troops　at　present　engaged　in　the　siege　of　Miletus；　and　called　upon　the　exiles　to　follow　him　on　his　intended　expedition；　promising　them　that　if　he　were　successful　in　his　object；　he　would　not　pause　until　he　had　reinstated　them　in　their　native　city。　To　this　invitation　they　hearkened　gladly；　they　believed　in　him；　and　with　their　arms　they　presented　themselves　at　Sardis。　So；　too；　Xenias　arrived　at　Sardis　with　the　contingent　from　the　cities；　four　thousand　hoplites；　Proxenus；　also；　with　fifteen　hundred　hoplites　and　five　hundred　light…armed　troops；　Sophaenetus　the　Stymphalian；　with　one　thousand　hoplites；　Socrates　the　Achaean；　with　five　hundred　hoplites；　while　the　Megarion　Pasion　came　with　three　hundred　hoplites　and　three　hundred　peltasts＇1＇。　This　latter　officer；　as　well　as　Socrates；　belonged　to　the　force　engaged　against　Miletus。　These　all　joined　him　at　Sardis。

＇1＇　〃Targeteers〃　armed　with　a　light　shield　instead　of　the　larger　one　　　　　of　the　hoplite；　or　heavy　infantry　soldier。　Iphicrates　made　great　　　　　use　of　this　arm　at　a　later　date。

But　Tissaphernes　did　not　fail　to　note　these　proceedings。　An　equipment　so　large　pointed　to　something　more　than　an　invasion　of　Pisidia：　so　he　argued；　and　with　what　speed　he　might；　he　set　off　to　the　king；　attended　by　about　five　hundred　horse。　The　king；　on　his　side；　had　no　sooner　heard　from　Tissaphernes　of　Cyrus's　great　armament；　than　he　began　to　make　counter…preparations。

Thus　Cyrus；　with　the　troops　which　I　have　named；　set　out　from　Sardis；　and　marched　on　and　on　through　Lydia　three　stages；　making　two…and…twenty　parasangs＇2＇；　to　the　river　Maeander。　That　river　is　two　hundred　feet＇3＇　broad；　and　was　spanned　by　a　bridge　consisting　of　seven　boats。　Crossing　it；　he　marched　through　Phrygia　a　single　stage；　of　eight　parasangs；　to　Colossae；　an　inhabited　city＇4＇；　prosperous　and　　　　　　6　large。　Here　he　remained　seven　days；　and　was　joined　by　Menon　the　Thessalian；　who　arrived　with　one　thousand　hoplites　and　five　hundred　peltasts；　Dolopes；　Aenianes；　and　Olynthians。　From　this　place　he　marched　three　stages；　twenty　parasangs　in　all；　to　Celaenae；　a　populous　city　of　Phrygia；　large　and　prosperous。　Here　Cyrus　owned　a　palace　and　a　large　park＇5＇　full　of　wild　beasts；　which　he　used　to　hunt　on　horseback；　whenever　he　wished　to　give　himself　or　his　horses　exercise。　Through　the　midst　of　the　park　flows　the　river　Maeander；　the　sources　of　which　are　within　the　palace　buildings；　and　it　flows　through　the　city　of　Celaenae。　The　great　king　also　has　a　palace　in　Celaenae；　a　strong　place；　on　the　sources　of　another　river；　the　Marsyas；　at　the　foot　of　the　acropolis。　This　river　also　flows　through　the　city；　discharging　itself　into　the　Maeander；　and　is　five…and…twenty　feet　broad。　Here　is　the　place　where　Apollo　is　said　to　have　flayed　Marsyas；　when　he　had　conquered　him　in　the　contest　of　skill。　He　hung　up　the　skin　of　the　conquered　man；　in　the　cavern　where　the　spring　wells　forth；　and　hence　the　name　of　the　river；　Marsyas。　It　was　on　this　site　that　Xerxes；　as　tradition　tells；　built　this　very　palace；　as　well　as　the　citadel　of　Celaenae　itself；　on　his　retreat　from　Hellas；　after　he　had　lost　the　famous　battle。　Here　Cyrus　remained　for　thirty　days；　during　which　Clearchus　the　Lacedaemonian　arrived　with　one　thousand　hoplites　and　eight　hundred　Thracian　peltasts　and　two　hundred　Cretan　archers。　At　the　same　time；　also；　came　Sosis　the　Syracusian　with　three　thousand　hoplites；　and　Sophaenetus　the　Arcadian＇6＇　with　one　thousand　hoplites；　and　here　Cyrus　held　a　review；　and　numbered　his　Hellenes　in　the　park；　and　found　that　they　amounted　in　all　to　eleven　thousand　hoplites　and　about　two　thousand　peltasts。

＇2＇　The　Persian　〃farsang〃　=　30　stades；　nearly　1　league；　3　1/2　statute　　　　　miles；　though　not　of　uniform　value　in　all　parts　of　Asia。

＇3＇　〃Two　plethra〃：　the　plethron　=　about　101　English　feet。

＇4＇　Lit。　〃inhabited；〃　many　of　the　cities　of　Asia　being　then　as　now　　　　　deserted；　but　the　suggestion　is　clearly　at　times　〃thickly　　　　　inhabited；〃　〃populous。〃

＇5＇　Lit。　〃paradise；〃　an　oriental　word　=　park　or　pleasure　ground。

＇6＇　Perhaps　this　should　be　Agias　the　Arcadian；　as　Mr。　Macmichael　　　　　suggests。　Sophaenetus　has　already　been　named　above。

From　this　place　he　continued　his　march　two　stagesten　parasangsto