the story of mankind-第33章

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At　first　Magellan　was　well　received；　but　when　he　used

the　guns　of　his　ships　to　make　Christian　converts　he　was　killed

by　the　aborigines；　together　with　a　number　of　his　captains　and

sailors。　The　survivors　burned　one　of　the　three　remaining　ships

and　continued　their　voyage。　They　found　the　Moluccas；　the

famous　Spice　Islands；　they　sighted　Borneo　and　reached　Tidor。

There；　one　of　the　two　ships；　too　leaky　to　be　of　further　use；

remained　behind　with　her　crew。　The　‘‘Vittoria；''　under　Sebastian

del　Cano；　crossed　the　Indian　Ocean；　missed　seeing　the

northern　coast　of　Australia　（which　was　not　discovered　until

the　first　half　of　the　seventeenth　century　when　ships　of　the

Dutch　East　India　Company　explored　this　flat　and　inhospitable

land）；　and　after　great　hardships　reached　Spain。



This　was　the　most　notable　of　all　voyages。　It　had　taken

three　years。　It　had　been　accomplished　at　a　great　cost　both　of

men　and　money。　But　it　had　established　the　fact　that　the　earth

was　round　and　that　the　new　lands　discovered　by　Columbus　were

not　a　part　of　the　Indies　but　a　separate　continent。　From　that

time　on；　Spain　and　Portugal　devoted　all　their　energies　to　the

development　of　their　Indian　and　American　trade。　To　prevent

an　armed　conflict　between　the　rivals；　Pope　Alexander　VI　（the

only　avowed　heathen　who　was　ever　elected　to　this　most　holy

office）　had　obligingly　divided　the　world　into　two　equal　parts

by　a　line　of　demarcation　which　followed　the　50th　degree　of

longitude　west　of　Greenwich；　the　so…called　division　of　Tordesillas

of　1494。　The　Portuguese　were　to　establish　their　colonies

to　the　east　of　this　line；　the　Spaniards　were　to　have　theirs

to　the　west。　This　accounts　for　the　fact　that　the　entire　American

continent　with　the　exception　of　Brazil　became　Spanish　and

that　all　of　the　Indies　and　most　of　Africa　became　Portuguese

until　the　English　and　the　Dutch　colonists　（who　had　no　respect

for　Papal　decisions）　took　these　possessions　away　in　the　seventeenth

and　eighteenth　centuries。



When　news　of　the　discovery　of　Columbus　reached　the

Rialto　of　Venice；　the　Wall　street　of　the　Middle　Ages；　there

was　a　terrible　panic。　Stocks　and　bonds　went　down　40　and　50

percent。　After　a　short　while；　when　it　appeared　that　Columbus

had　failed　to　find　the　road　to　Cathay；　the　Venetian　merchants

recovered　from　their　fright。　But　the　voyages　of　da　Gama　and

Magellan　proved　the　practical　possibilities　of　an　eastern　water…

route　to　the　Indies。　Then　the　rulers　of　Genoa　and　Venice；

the　two　great　commercial　centres　of　the　Middle　Ages　and　the

Renaissance；　began　to　be　sorry　that　they　had　refused　to　listen

to　Columbus。　But　it　was　too　late。　Their　Mediterranean　became

an　inland　sea。　The　overland　trade　to　the　Indies　and

China　dwindled　to　insignificant　proportions。　The　old　days

of　Italian　glory　were　gone。　The　Atlantic　became　the　new

centre　of　commerce　and　therefore　the　centre　of　civilisation。

It　has　remained　so　ever　since。



See　how　strangely　civilisation　has　progressed　since　those

early　days；　fifty　centuries　before；　when　the　inhabitants　of　the

Valley　of　the　Nile　began　to　keep　a　written　record　of　history；

From　the　river　Nile；　it　went　to　Mesopotamia；　the　land　between

the　rivers。　Then　came　the　turn　of　Crete　and　Greece　and

Rome。　An　inland　sea　became　the　centre　of　trade　and　the　cities

along　the　Mediterranean　were　the　home　of　art　and　science　and

philosophy　and　learning。　In　the　sixteenth　century　it　moved

westward　once　more　and　made　the　countries　that　border　upon

the　Atlantic　become　the　masters　of　the　earth。



There　are　those　who　say　that　the　world　war　and　the　suicide

of　the　great　European　nations　has　greatly　diminished　the

importance　of　the　Atlantic　Ocean。　They　expect　to　see　civilisation

cross　the　American　continent　and　find　a　new　home　in　the

Pacific。　But　I　doubt　this。



The　westward　trip　was　accompanied　by　a　steady　increase　in

the　size　of　ships　and　a　broadening　of　the　knowledge　of　the　navigators。

The　flat…bottomed　vessels　of　the　Nile　and　the　Euphrates

were　replaced　by　the　sailing　vessels　of　the　Phoenicians；　the

AEgeans；　the　Greeks；　the　Carthaginians　and　the　Romans。

These　in　turn　were　discarded　for　the　square　rigged　vessels　of

the　Portuguese　and　the　Spaniards。　And　the　latter　were　driven

from　the　ocean　by　the　full…rigged　craft　of　the　English　and　the

Dutch。



At　present；　however；　civilisation　no　longer　depends　upon

ships。　Aircraft　has　taken　and　will　continue　to　take　the　place

of　the　sailing　vessel　and　the　steamer。　The　next　centre　of

civilisation　will　depend　upon　the　development　of　aircraft　and

water　power。　And　the　sea　once　more　shall　be　the　undisturbed

home　of　the　little　fishes；　who　once　upon　a　time　shared　their　deep

residence　with　the　earliest　ancestors　of　the　human　race。







BUDDHA　AND　CONFUCIUS



CONCERNING　BUDDHA　AND　CONFUCIUS





THE　discoveries　of　the　Portuguese　and　the　Spaniards　had

brought　the　Christians　of　western　Europe　into　close　contact

with　the　people　of　India　and　of　China。　They　knew　of　course

that　Christianity　was　not　the　only　religion　on　this　earth。　There

were　the　Mohammedans　and　the　heathenish　tribes　of　northern

Africa　who　worshipped　sticks　and　stones　and　dead　trees。　But

in　India　and　in　China　the　Christian　conquerors　found　new

millions　who　had　never　heard　of　Christ　and　who　did　not　want

to　hear　of　Him；　because　they　thought　their　own　religion；　which

was　thousands　of　years　old；　much　better　than　that　of　the　West。

As　this　is　a　story　of　mankind　and　not　an　exclusive　history　of

the　people　of　Europe　and　our　western　hemisphere；　you　ought

to　know　something　of　two　men　whose　teaching　and　whose

example　continue　to　influence　the　actions　and　the　thoughts

of　the　majority　of　our　fellow…travellers　on　this　earth。



In　India；　Buddha　was　recognised　as　the　great　religious

teacher。　His　history　is　an　interesting　one。　He　was　born　in

the　Sixth　Century　before　the　birth　of　Christ；　within　sight　of　the

mighty　Himalaya　Mountains；　where　four　hundred　years　before

Zarathustra　（or　Zoroaster）；　the　first　of　the　great　leaders　of

the　Aryan　race　（the　name　which　the　Eastern　branch　of　the

Indo…European　race　had　given　to　itself）；　had　taught　his　people

to　regard　life　as　a　continuous　struggle　between　Ahriman；

and　Ormuzd；　the　Gods　of　Evil　and　Good。　Buddha's

father　was　Suddhodana；　a　mighty　chief　among　the　tribe　of　the

Sakiyas。　His　mother；　Maha　Maya；　was　the　daughter　of　a

neighbouring　king。　She　had　been　married　when　she　was　a　very

young　girl。　But　many　moons　had　passed　beyond　the　distant

ridge　of　hills　and　still　her　husband　was　without　an　heir　who

should　rule　his　lands　after　him。　At　last；　when　she　was　fifty

years　old；　her　day　came　and　she　went　forth　that　she　might　be

among　her　own　people　when　her　baby　should　come　into　this

world。



It　was　a　long　trip　to　the　land　of　the　Koliyans；　where　Maha

Maya　had　spent　her　earliest　years。　One　night　she　was　resting

among　the　cool　trees　of　the　garden　of　Lumbini。　There　her　son

was　born。　He　was　given　the　name　of　Siddhartha；　but　we　know

him　as　Buddha；　which　means　the　Enlightened　One。



In　due　time；　Siddhartha　grew　up　to　be　a　handsome　young

prince　and　when　he　was　nineteen　years　old；　he　was　married　to

his　cousin　Yasodhara。　During　the　next　ten　years　he　lived

far　away　from　all　pain　and　all　suffering；　behind　the　protecting

walls　of　the　royal　palace；　awaiting　the　day　when　he　should

succeed　his　father　as　King　of　the　Sakiyas。



But　it　happened　that　when　he　was　thirty　years　old；　he　drove

outside　of　the　palace　gates　and　saw　a　man　who　was　old　and

worn　out　with　labour　and　whose　weak　limbs　could　hardly　carry

the　burden　of　life。　Siddhartha　pointed　him　out　to　his　coachman；

Channa；　but　Channa　answered　that　there　were　lots　of

poor　people　in　this　world　and　that　one　more　or　less　did　not

matter。　The　young　prince　was　very　sad　but　he　did　not　say

anything　and　went　back　to　live　with　his　wife　and　his　father

and　his　mother　and　tried　to　be　happy。　A　little　while　later　he

left　the　palace　a　second　time。　His　carriage　met　a　man　who

suffered　from　a　terrible　disease。　Siddhartha　asked　Channa

what　had　been　the　cause　of　this　man's　suffering；　but　the　coachman

answered　that　there　were　many　sick　people　in　this　world

and　that　such　things　could　not　be　helped　and　did　not　matter

very　much。　The　young　prince　was　very　sad　when　he　heard　this

but　again　he　returned　to　his　people。



A　few　weeks　passed。　One　evening　Siddhartha　ordered　his

carriage　in　order　to　go　to　the　river　and　bathe。　Suddenly　his

horses　were　frightened　by　the　sight　of　a　dead　man　whose　rotting

body　lay　sprawling　in　the　ditch　beside　the　road。　The　young

prince；　who　had　never　been　allowed　to　see　such　things；　was

frightened；　but　Channa　told　him　not　to　mind　such　trifles。　The

world　was　full　of　dead　people。　It　was　the　rule　of　life　that　all

things　must　come　to　an　end。　Nothing　was　eternal。　The　grave

awaited　us　all　and　there　was　no　escape。



That　evening；　when　Siddhartha　returned　to　his　home；　he

was　received　with　music。　While　he　was　away　his　wife　had

given　birth　to　a　son。　The　people　were　delighted　because　now

they　knew　that　there　was　an　heir　to　the　throne　and　they

celebrated　the　event　by　the　beating　of　many　drums。　Siddhartha；

however；　did　not　share　their　joy。　The　curtain　of　life　had　been

lifted　and　he　had　learned　the　horror　of　man's　existence。　The

sight　of　death　and　suffering　followed　him　like　a　terrible　dream。



That　night　the　moon　was　shining　brightly。　Siddhartha

woke　up　and　began　to　think　of　many　things。　Never　again

could　he　be　happy　until　he　should　have　found　a　solution　to　the

riddle　of　existence。　He　decided　to　find　it　far　away　from　all

those　whom　he　loved。　Softly　he　went　into　the　room　where

Yasodhara　was　sleeping　with　her　baby。　Then　he　called　for

his　faithful　Channa　and　told　him　to　follow。



Together　the　two　men　went　into　the　darkness　of　the　night；

one　to　find　rest　for　his　soul；　the　other　to　be　a　faithful　servant

unto　a　beloved　master。



The　people　of　India　among　whom　Siddhartha　wandered　for

many　years　were　just　then　in　a　state　of　change。　Their　ancestors；

the　native　Indians；　had　been　conquered　without　great　difficulty

by　the　war…like　Aryans　（our　distant　cousins）　and　thereafter

the　Aryans　had　been　the　rulers　and　masters　of　tens　of

millions　of　docile　little　brown　men。　To　maintain　themselves　in

the　seat　of　the　mighty；　they　had　divided　the　population　into

different　classes　and　gradually　a　system　of　‘‘caste''　of　the　most

rigid　sort　had　been　enforced　upon　the　natives。　The　descendants

of　the　Indo…European　conquerors　belonged　to　the　highest

‘‘caste；''　the　class　of　warriors　and　nobles。　Next　came　the　caste

of　the　priests。　Below　these　followed　the　peasants　and　the

business　men。　The　ancient　natives；　however；　who　were　called

Pariahs；　formed　a　class　of　despised　and　miserable　slaves　and

never　could　hope　to　be　anything　else。



Even　the　religion　of　the　people　was　a　matter　of　caste。　The

old　Indo…Europeans；　during　their　thousands　of　years　of

wandering；　had　met　with　man