the story of mankind-第53章

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which　（when　all　is　said　and　done）　is　the　only　truly　satisfactory

way　of　living。



I　do　not　want　you　to　think　of　the　Holy　Alliance　as　a　piece

of　paper　which　was　signed　in　the　year　1815　and　lies　dead　and

forgotten　somewhere　in　the　archives　of　state。　It　may　be　forgotten

but　it　is　by　no　means　dead。　The　Holy　Alliance　was

directly　responsible　for　the　promulgation　of　the　Monroe

Doctrine；　and　the　Monroe　Doctrine　of　America　for　the　Americans

has　a　very　distinct　bearing　upon　your　own　life。　That　is

the　reason　why　I　want　you　to　know　exactly　how　this　document

happened　to　come　into　existence　and　what　the　real　motives　were

underlying　this　outward　manifestation　of　piety　and　Christian

devotion　to　duty。



The　Holy　Alliance　was　the　joint　labour　of　an　unfortunate

man　who　had　suffered　a　terrible　mental　shock　and　who　was

trying　to　pacify　his　much…disturbed　soul；　and　of　an　ambitious

woman　who　after　a　wasted　life　had　lost　her　beauty　and　her

attraction　and　who　satisfied　her　vanity　and　her　desire　for

notoriety　by　assuming　the　role　of　self…appointed　Messiah　of　a

new　and　strange　creed。　I　am　not　giving　away　any　secrets

when　I　tell　you　these　details。　Such　sober　minded　people　as

Castlereagh；　Metternich　and　Talleyrand　fully　understood

the　limited　abilities　of　the　sentimental　Baroness。　It　would　have

been　easy　for　Metternich　to　send　her　back　to　her　German

estates。　A　few　lines　to　the　almighty　commander　of　the　imperial

police　and　the　thing　was　done。



But　France　and　England　and　Austria　depended　upon　the

good…will　of　Russia。　They　could　not　afford　to　offend　Alexander。

And　they　tolerated　the　silly　old　Baroness　because　they

had　to。　And　while　they　regarded　the　Holy　Alliance　as　utter

rubbish　and　not　worth　the　paper　upon　which　it　was　written；

they　listened　patiently　to　the　Tsar　when　he　read　them　the　first

rough　draft　of　this　attempt　to　create　the　Brotherhood　of　Men

upon　a　basis　of　the　Holy　Scriptures。　For　this　is　what　the

Holy　Alliance　tried　to　do；　and　the　signers　of　the　document

solemnly　declared　that　they　would　‘‘in　the　administration　of

their　respective　states　and　in　their　political　relations　with　every

other　government　take　for　their　sole　guide　the　precepts　of　that

Holy　Religion；　namely　the　precepts　of　Justice；　Christian

Charity　and　Peace；　which　far　from　being　applicable　only　to

private　concerns　must　have　an　immediate　influence　on　the

councils　of　princes；　and　must　guide　all　their　steps　as　being　the

only　means　of　consolidating　human　institutions　and　remedying

their　imperfections。''　They　then　proceeded　to　promise　each

other　that　they　would　remain　united　‘‘by　the　bonds　of　a　true

and　indissoluble　fraternity；　and　considering　each　other　as

fellow…countrymen；　they　would　on　all　occasions　and　in　all　places

lend　each　other　aid　and　assistance。''　And　more　words　to　the

same　effect。



Eventually　the　Holy　Alliance　was　signed　by　the　Emperor

of　Austria；　who　did　not　understand　a　word　of　it。　It　was　signed

by　the　Bourbons　who　needed　the　friendship　of　Napoleon's　old

enemies。　It　was　signed　by　the　King　of　Prussia；　who　hoped　to

gain　Alexander　for　his　plans　for　a　‘‘greater　Prussia；''　and　by

all　the　little　nations　of　Europe　who　were　at　the　mercy　of　Russia。

England　never　signed；　because　Castlereagh　thought　the

whole　thing　buncombe。　The　Pope　did　not　sign　because　he

resented　this　interference　in　his　business　by　a　Greek…Orthodox

and　a　Protestant。　And　the　Sultan　did　not　sign　because　he

never　heard　of　it。



The　general　mass　of　the　European　people；　however；　soon

were　forced　to　take　notice。　Behind　the　hollow　phrases　of　the

Holy　Alliance　stood　the　armies　of　the　Quintuple　Alliance

which　Metternich　had　created　among　the　great　powers。　These

armies　meant　business。　They　let　it　be　known　that　the　peace

of　Europe　must　not　be　disturbed　by　the　so…called　liberals　who

were　in　reality　nothing　but　disguised　Jacobins；　and　hoped　for

a　return　of　the　revolutionary　days。　The　enthusiasm　for　the

great　wars　of　liberation　of　the　years　1812；　1818；　1814　and

1815　had　begun　to　wear　off。　It　had　been　followed　by　a　sincere

belief　in　the　coming　of　a　happier　day。　The　soldiers　who　had

borne　the　brunt　of　the　battle　wanted　peace　and　they　said　so。



But　they　did　not　want　the　sort　of　peace　which　the　Holy

Alliance　and　the　Council　of　the　European　powers　had　now

bestowed　upon　them。　They　cried　that　they　had　been　betrayed。

But　they　were　careful　lest　they　be　heard　by　a　secret…police　spy。

The　reaction　was　victorious。　It　was　a　reaction　caused　by　men

who　sincerely　believed　that　their　methods　were　necessary　for

the　good　of　humanity。　But　it　was　just　as　hard　to　bear　as　if

their　intentions　had　been　less　kind。　And　it　caused　a　great　deal

of　unnecessary　suffering　and　greatly　retarded　the　orderly

progress　of　political　development。







THE　GREAT　REACTION



THEY　TRIED　TO　ASSURE　THE　WORLD　AN　ERA

OF　UNDISTURBED　PEACE　BY　SUPPRESSING

ALL　NEW　IDEAS。　THEY　MADE　THE

POLICE…SPY　THE　HIGHEST　FUNCTIONARY

IN　THE　STATE　AND　SOON　THE　PRISONS

OF　ALL　COUNTRIES　WERE　FILLED　WITH

THOSE　WHO　CLAIMED　THAT　PEOPLE

HAVE　THE　RIGHT　TO　GOVERN　THEMSELVES

AS　THEY　SEE　FIT





To　undo　the　damage　done　by　the　great　Napoleonic　flood

was　almost　impossible。　Age…old　fences　had　been　washed　away。

The　palaces　of　two　score　dynasties　had　been　damaged　to　such

an　extent　that　they　had　to　be　condemned　as　uninhabitable。

Other　royal　residences　had　been　greatly　enlarged　at　the　expense

of　less　fortunate　neighbours。　Strange　odds　and　ends

of　revolutionary　doctrine　had　been　left　behind　by　the　receding

waters　and　could　not　be　dislodged　without　danger　to　the　entire

community。　But　the　political　engineers　of　the　Congress　did

the　best　they　could　and　this　is　what　they　accomplished。



France　had　disturbed　the　peace　of　the　world　for　so　many

years　that　people　had　come　to　fear　that　country　almost

instinctively。　The　Bourbons；　through　the　mouth　of　Talleyrand；

had　promised　to　be　good；　but　the　Hundred　Days　had　taught

Europe　what　to　expect　should　Napoleon　manage　to　escape　for

a　second　time。　The　Dutch　Republic；　therefore；　was　changed

into　a　Kingdom；　and　Belgium　（which　had　not　joined　the　Dutch

struggle　for　independence　in　the　sixteenth　century　and　since

then　had　been　part　of　the　Habsburg　domains；　firs　t　under　Spanish

rule　and　thereafter　under　Austrian　rule）　was　made　part

of　this　new　kingdom　of　the　Netherlands。　Nobody　wanted　this

union　either　in　the　Protestant　North　or　in　the　Catholic　South；

but　no　questions　were　asked。　It　seemed　good　for　the　peace

of　Europe　and　that　was　the　main　consideration。



Poland　had　hoped　for　great　things　because　a　Pole；　Prince

Adam　Czartoryski；　was　one　of　the　most　intimate　friends　of

Tsar　Alexander　and　had　been　his　constant　advisor　during　the

war　and　at　the　Congress　of　Vienna。　But　Poland　was　made　a

semi…independent　part　of　Russia　with　Alexander　as　her　king。

This　solution　pleased　no　one　and　caused　much　bitter　feeling

and　three　revolutions。



Denmark；　which　had　remained　a　faithful　ally　of　Napoleon

until　the　end；　was　severely　punished。　Seven　years　before；　an

English　fleet　had　sailed　down　the　Kattegat　and　without　a

declaration　of　war　or　any　warning　had　bombarded　Copenhagen

and　had　taken　away　the　Danish　fleet；　lest　it　be　of　value　to

Napoleon。　The　Congress　of　Vienna　went　one　step　further。

It　took　Norway　（which　since　the　union　of　Calmar　of　the　year

1397　had　been　united　with　Denmark）　away　from　Denmark

and　gave　it　to　Charles　XIV　of　Sweden　as　a　reward　for　his　betrayal

of　Napoleon；　who　had　set　him　up　in　the　king　business。

This　Swedish　king；　curiously　enough；　was　a　former　French　general

by　the　name　of　Bernadotte；　who　had　come　to　Sweden　as　one

of　Napolean's｛sic｝　adjutants；　and　had　been　invited　to　the　throne　of

that　good　country　when　the　last　of　the　rulers　of　the　house　of

Hollstein…Gottorp　had　died　without　leaving　either　son　or

daughter。　From　1815　until　1844　he　ruled　his　adopted　country

（the　language　of　which　he　never　learned）　width　great　ability。　He

was　a　clever　man　and　enjoyed　the　respect　of　both　his　Swedish

and　his　Norwegian　subjects；　but　he　did　not　succeed　in　joining

two　countries　which　nature　and　history　had　put　asunder。　The

dual　Scandinavian　state　was　never　a　success　and　in　1905；

Norway；　in　a　most　peaceful　and　orderly　manner；　set　up　as　an

independent　kingdom　and　the　Swedes　bade　her　‘‘good　speed''

and　very　wisely　let　her　go　her　own　way。



The　Italians；　who　since　the　days　of　the　Renaissance　had

been　at　the　mercy　of　a　long　series　of　invaders；　also　had　put

great　hopes　in　General　Bonaparte。　The　Emperor　Napoleon；

however；　had　grievously　disappointed　them。　Instead　of　the

United　Italy　which　the　people　wanted；　they　had　been　divided

into　a　number　of　little　principalities；　duchies；　republics　and

the　Papal　State；　which　（next　to　Naples）　was　the　worst　governed

and　most　miserable　region　of　the　entire　peninsula。　The

Congress　of　Vienna　abolished　a　few　of　the　Napoleonic　republics

and　in　their　place　resurrected　several　old　principalities

which　were　given　to　deserving　members；　both　male　and　female；

of　the　Habsburg　family。



The　poor　Spaniards；　who　had　started　the　great　nationalistic

revolt　against　Napoleon；　and　who　had　sacrificed　the　best　blood

of　the　country　for　their　king；　were　punished　severely　when　the

Congress　allowed　His　Majesty　to　return　to　his　domains。　This

vicious　creature；　known　as　Ferdinand　VII；　had　spent　the　last

four　years　of　his　life　as　a　prisoner　of　Napoleon。　He　had　improved

his　days　by　knitting　garments　for　the　statues　of　his

favourite　patron　saints。　He　celebrated　his　return　by　re…introducing

the　Inquisition　and　the　torture…chamber；　both　of　which

had　been　abolished　by　the　Revolution。　He　was　a　disgusting

person；　despised　as　much　by　his　subjects　as　by　his　four　wives；

but　the　Holy　Alliance　maintained　him　upon　his　legitimate

throne　and　all　efforts　of　the　decent　Spaniards　to　get　rid　of　this

curse　and　make　Spain　a　constitutional　kingdom　ended　in

bloodshed　and　executions。



Portugal　had　been　without　a　king　since　the　year　1807　when

the　royal　family　had　fled　to　the　colonies　in　Brazil。　The　country

had　been　used　as　a　base　of　supply　for　the　armies　of

Wellington　during　the　Peninsula　war；　which　lasted　from　1808

until　1814。　After　1815　Portugal　continued　to　be　a　sort　of

British　province　until　the　house　of　Braganza　returned　to　the

throne；　leaving　one　of　its　members　behind　in　Rio　de　Janeiro

as　Emperor　of　Brazil；　the　only　American　Empire　which　lasted

for　more　than　a　few　years；　and　which　came　to　an　end　in　1889

when　the　country　became　a　republic。



In　the　east；　nothing　was　done　to　improve　the　terrible　conditions

of　both　the　Slavs　and　the　Greeks　who　were　still　subjects

of　the　Sultan。　In　the　year　1804　Black　George；　a　Servian

swineherd；　（the　founder　of　the　Karageorgevich　dynasty）　had

started　a　revolt　against　the　Turks；　but　he　had　been　defeated

by　his　enemies　and　had　been　murdered　by　one　of　his　supposed

friends；　the　rival　Servian　leader；　called　Milosh　Obren