the story of mankind-第58章

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were　very　loud　in　their　abuse　of　the　Danes　and　the　Danes　in

Schleswig　made　a　great　ado　of　their　Danishness；　and　all　Europe

was　discussing　the　problem　and　German　Mannerchors

and　Turnvereins　listened　to　sentimental　speeches　about　the

‘‘lost　brethren''　and　the　different　chancelleries　were　trying　to

discover　what　it　was　all　about；　when　Prussia　mobilised　her

armies　to　‘‘save　the　lost　provinces。''　As　Austria；　the　official

head　of　the　German　Confederation；　could　not　allow　Prussia

to　act　alone　in　such　an　important　matter；　the　Habsburg　troops

were　mobilised　too　and　the　combined　armies　of　the　two　great

powers　crossed　the　Danish　frontiers　and　after　a　very　brave

resistance　on　the　part　of　the　Danes；　occupied　the　two　duchies。

The　Danes　appealed　to　Europe；　but　Europe　was　otherwise

engaged　and　the　poor　Danes　were　left　to　their　fate。



Bismarck　then　prepared　the　scene　for　the　second　number

upon　his　Imperial　programme。　He　used　the　division　of　the

spoils　to　pick　a　quarrel　with　Austria。　The　Habsburgs　fell　into

the　trap。　The　new　Prussian　army；　the　creation　of　Bismarck　and

his　faithful　generals；　invaded　Bohemia　and　in　less　than　six

weeks；　the　last　of　the　Austrian　troops　had　been　destroyed　at

Koniggratz　and　Sadowa　and　the　road　to　Vienna　lay　open。　But

Bismarck　did　not　want　to　go　too　far。　He　knew　that　he　would

need　a　few　friends　in　Europe。　He　offered　the　defeated

Habsburgs　very　decent　terms　of　peace；　provided　they　would

resign　their　chairmanship　of　the　Confederation。　He　was　less

merciful　to　many　of　the　smaller　German　states　who　had　taken

the　side　of　the　Austrians；　and　annexed　them　to　Prussia。　The

greater　part　of　the　northern　states　then　formed　a　new　organisation；

the　so…called　North　German　Confederacy；　and　victorious

Prussia　assumed　the　unofficial　leadership　of　the　German

people。



Europe　stood　aghast　at　the　rapidity　with　which　the　work　of

consolidation　had　been　done。　England　was　quite　indifferent

but　France　showed　signs　of　disapproval。　Napoleon's　hold

upon　the　French　people　was　steadily　diminishing。　The　Crimean

war　had　been　costly　and　had　accomplished　nothing。



A　second　adventure　in　the　year　1863；　when　a　French　army

had　tried　to　force　an　Austrian　Grand…Duke　by　the　name　of

Maximilian　upon　the　Mexican　people　as　their　Emperor；　had

come　to　a　disastrous　end　as　soon　as　the　American　Civil　War　had

been　won　by　the　North。　For　the　Government　at　Washington

had　forced　the　French　to　withdraw　their　troops　and　this　had

given　the　Mexicans　a　chance　to　clear　their　country　of　the　enemy

and　shoot　the　unwelcome　Emperor。



It　was　necessary　to　give　the　Napoleonic　throne　a　new

coat　of　glory…paint。　Within　a　few　years　the　North　German

Confederation　would　be　a　serious　rival　of　France。　Napoleon

decided　that　a　war　with　Germany　would　be　a　good　thing　for　his

dynasty。　He　looked　for　an　excuse　and　Spain；　the　poor　victim

of　endless　revolutions；　gave　him　one。



Just　then　the　Spanish　throne　happened　to　be　vacant。　It

had　been　offered　to　the　Catholic　branch　of　the　house　of　Hohenzollern。

The　French　government　had　objected　and　the　Hohenzollerns

had　politely　refused　to　accept　the　crown。　But

Napoleon；　who　was　showing　signs　of　illness；　was　very　much

under　the　influence　of　his　beautiful　wife；　Eugenie　de　Montijo；

the　daughter　of　a　Spanish　gentleman　and　the　grand…daughter

of　William　Kirkpatrick；　an　American　consul　at　Malaga；　where

the　grapes　come　from。　Eugenie；　although　shrewd　enough；　was

as　badly　educated　as　most　Spanish　women　of　that　day。　She

was　at　the　mercy　of　her　spiritual　advisers　and　these　worthy

gentlemen　felt　no　love　for　the　Protestant　King　of　Prussia。　‘‘Be

bold；''　was　the　advice　of　the　Empress　to　her　husband；　but　she

omitted　to　add　the　second　half　of　that　famous　Persian　proverb

which　admonishes　the　hero　to　‘‘be　bold　but　not　too　bold。''

Napoleon；　convinced　of　the　strength　of　his　army；　addressed

himself　to　the　king　of　Prussia　and　insisted　that　the　king　give

him　assurances　that　‘‘he　would　never　permit　another　candidature

of　a　Hohenzollern　prince　to　the　Spanish　crown。''　As

the　Hohenzollerns　had　just　declined　the　honour；　the　demand

was　superfluous；　and　Bismarck　so　informed　the　French　government。

But　Napoleon　was　not　satisfied。



It　was　the　year　1870　and　King　William　was　taking　the

waters　at　Ems。　There　one　day　he　was　approached　by　the

French　minister　who　tried　to　re…open　the　discussion。　The　king

answered　very　pleasantly　that　it　was　a　fine　day　and　that　the

Spanish　question　was　now　closed　and　that　nothing　more

remained　to　be　said　upon　the　subject。　As　a　matter　of

routine；　a　report　of　this　interview　was　telegraphed　to

Bismarck；　who　handled　all　foreign　affairs。　Bismarck　edited

the　dispatch　for　the　benefit　of　the　Prussian　and　French

press。　Many　people　have　called　him　names　for　doing

this。　Bismarck　however　could　plead　the　excuse　that　the　doctoring

of　official　news；　since　time　immemorial；　had　been　one

of　the　privileges　of　all　civilised　governments。　When　the　‘‘edited''

telegram　was　printed；　the　good　people　in　Berlin　felt　that

their　old　and　venerable　king　with　his　nice　white　whiskers　had

been　insulted　by　an　arrogant　little　Frenchman　and　the　equally

good　people　of　Paris　flew　into　a　rage　because　their　perfectly

courteous　minister　had　been　shown　the　door　by　a　Royal　Prussian

flunkey。



And　so　they　both　went　to　war　and　in　less　than　two　months；

Napoleon　and　the　greater　part　of　his　army　were　prisoners　of

the　Germans。　The　Second　Empire　had　come　to　an　end　and　the

Third　Republic　was　making　ready　to　defend　Paris　against　the

German　invaders。　Paris　held　out　for　five　long　months。　Ten

days　before　the　surrender　of　the　city；　in　the　nearby　palace　of

Versailles；　built　by　that　same　King　Louis　XIV　who　had　been

such　a　dangerous　enemy　to　the　Germans；　the　King　of　Prussia

was　publicly　proclaimed　German　Emperor　and　a　loud　booming

of　guns　told　the　hungry　Parisians　that　a　new　German　Empire

had　taken　the　place　of　the　old　harmless　Confederation　of　Teutonic

states　and　stateless。



In　this　rough　way；　the　German　question　was　finally　settled。

By　the　end　of　the　year　1871；　fifty…six　years　after　the　memorable

gathering　at　Vienna；　the　work　of　the　Congress　had　been　entirely

undone。　Metternich　and　Alexander　and　Talleyrand　had　tried

to　give　the　people　of　Europe　a　lasting　peace。　The　methods

they　had　employed　had　caused　endless　wars　and　revolutions　and

the　feeling　of　a　common　brotherhood　of　the　eighteenth　century

was　followed　by　an　era　of　exaggerated　nationalism　which　has

not　yet　come　to　an　end。







THE　AGE　OF　THE　ENGINE



BUT　WHILE　THE　PEOPLE　OF　EUROPE　WERE

FIGHTING　FOR　THEIR　NATIONAL

INDEPENDENCE；　THE　WORLD　IN　WHICH　THEY

LIVED　HAD　BEEN　ENTIRELY　CHANGED

BY　A　SERIES　OF　INVENTIONS；　WHICH　HAD

MADE　THE　CLUMSY　OLD　STEAM　ENGINE

OF　THE　18TH　CENTURY　THE　MOST　FAITHFUL

AND　EFFICIENT　SLAVE　OF　MAN





THE　greatest　benefactor　of　the　human　race　died　more　than

half　a　million　years　ago。　He　was　a　hairy　creature　with　a　low

brow　and　sunken　eyes；　a　heavy　jaw　and　strong　tiger…like　teeth。

He　would　not　have　looked　well　in　a　gathering　of　modern　scientists；

but　they　would　have　honoured　him　as　their　master。　For

he　had　used　a　stone　to　break　a　nut　and　a　stick　to　lift　up　a　heavy

boulder。　He　was　the　inventor　of　the　hammer　and　the　lever；　our

first　tools；　and　he　did　more　than　any　human　being　who　came

after　him　to　give　man　his　enormous　advantage　over　the　other

animals　with　whom　he　shares　this　planet。



Ever　since；　man　has　tried　to　make　his　life　easier　by　the　use

of　a　greater　number　of　tools。　The　first　wheel　（a　round　disc

made　out　of　an　old　tree）　created　as　much　stir　in　the　communities

of　100；000　B。C。　as　the　flying　machine　did　only　a　few　years

ago。



In　Washington；　the　story　is　told　of　a　director　of　the　Patent

Office　who　in　the　early　thirties　of　the　last　century　suggested

that　the　Patent　Office　be　abolished；　because　‘‘everything　that

possibly　could　be　invented　had　been　invented。''　A　similar

feeling　must　have　spread　through　the　prehistoric　world　when

the　first　sail　was　hoisted　on　a　raft　and　the　people　were　able

to　move　from　place　to　place　without　rowing　or　punting　or

pulling　from　the　shore。



Indeed　one　of　the　most　interesting　chapters　of　history　is

the　effort　of　man　to　let　some　one　else　or　something　else　do　his

work　for　him；　while　he　enjoyed　his　leisure；　sitting　in　the　sun

or　painting　pictures　on　rocks；　or　training　young　wolves　and

little　tigers　to　behave　like　peaceful　domestic　animals。



Of　course　in　the　very　olden　days；　it　was　always　possible

to　enslave　a　weaker　neighbour　and　force　him　to　do　the　unpleasant

tasks　of　life。　One　of　the　reasons　why　the　Greeks　and

Romans；　who　were　quite　as　intelligent　as　we　are；　failed　to

devise　more　interesting　machinery；　was　to　be　found　in　the　wide…

spread　existence　of　slavery。　Why　should　a　great　mathematician

waste　his　time　upon　wires　and　pulleys　and　cogs　and　fill

the　air　with　noise　and　smoke　when　he　could　go　to　the　marketplace

and　buy　all　the　slaves　he　needed　at　a　very　small　expense？



And　during　the　middle…ages；　although　slavery　had　been

abolished　and　only　a　mild　form　of　serfdom　survived；　the　guilds

discouraged　the　idea　of　using　machinery　because　they　thought

this　would　throw　a　large　number　of　their　brethren　out　of

work。　Besides；　the　Middle…Ages　were　not　at　all　interested

in　producing　large　quantities　of　goods。　Their　tailors　and　butchers

and　carpenters　worked　for　the　immediate　needs　of　the　small

community　in　which　they　lived　and　had　no　desire　to　compete

with　their　neighbours；　or　to　produce　more　than　was　strictly

necessary。



During　the　Renaissance；　when　the　prejudices　of　the　Church

against　scientific　investigations　could　no　longer　be　enforced　as

rigidly　as　before；　a　large　number　of　men　began　to　devote　their

lives　to　mathematics　and　astronomy　and　physics　and　chemistry。

Two　years　before　the　beginning　of　the　Thirty　Years　War；

John　Napier；　a　Scotchman；　had　published　his　little　book　which

described　the　new　invention　of　logarithms。　During　the　war　it…

self；　Gottfried　Leibnitz　of　Leipzig　had　perfected　the　system　of

infinitesimal　calculus。　Eight　years　before　the　peace　of　Westphalia；

Newton；　the　great　English　natural　philosopher；　was

born；　and　in　that　same　year　Galileo；　the　Italian　astronomer；

died。　Meanwhile　the　Thirty　Years　War　had　destroyed　the　prosperity

of　central　Europe　and　there　was　a　sudden　but　very　general

interest　in　‘‘alchemy；''　the　strange　pseudo…science　of　the

middle…ages　by　which　people　hoped　to　turn　base　metals　into

gold。　This　proved　to　be　impossible　but　the　alchemists　in　their

laboratories　stumbled　upon　many　new　ideas　and　greatly　helped

the　work　of　the　chemists　who　were　their　successors。



The　work　of　all　these　men　provided　the　world　with　a　solid

scientific　foundation　upon　which　it　was　possible　to　build　even

the　most　complicated　of　engines；　and　a　number　of　practical

men　made　good　use　of　it。　The　Middle…Ages　had　used　wood　for

the　few　bits　of　necessary　ma