on some fossil remains of man-第2章

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well…characterized　varieties；　than　between　the　fossil　cranium　of　Liege
and　that　of　one　of　those　varieties　selected　as　a　term　of　comparison。〃

Geoffroy　St。　Hilaire's　remarks　are；　it　will　be　observed；　little　but　an
echo　of　the　philosophic　doubts　of　the　describer　and　discoverer　of　the
remains。　　As　to　the　critique　upon　Schmerling's　figures；　I　find　that　the
side　view　given　by　the　latter　is　really　about　3/10ths　of　an　inch
shorter　than　the　original；　and　that　the　front　view　is　diminished　to
about　the　same　extent。　　Otherwise　the　representation　is　not；　in　any
way；　inaccurate；　but　corresponds　very　well　with　the　cast　which　is　in　my
possession。

A　piece　of　the　occipital　bone；　which　Schmerling　seems　to　have　missed；
has　since　been　fitted　on　to　the　rest　of　the　cranium　by　an　accomplished
anatomist；　Dr。　Spring；　of　Liege；　under　whose　direction　an　excellent
plaster　cast　was　made　for　Sir　Charles　Lyell。　　It　is　upon　and　from　a
duplicate　of　that　cast　that　my　own　observations　and　the　accompanying
figures；　the　outlines　of　which　are　copied　from　very　accurate　Camera
lucida　drawings；　by　my　friend　Mr。　Busk；　reduced　to　one…half　of　the
natural　size；　are　made。

As　Professor　Schmerling　observes；　the　base　of　the　skull　is　destroyed；
and　the　facial　bones　are　entirely　absent；　but　the　roof　of　the　cranium；
consisting　of　the　frontal；　parietal；　and　the　greater　part　of　the
occipital　bones；　as　far　as　the　middle　of　the　occipital　foramen；　is
entire　or　nearly　so。　The　left　temporal　bone　is　wanting。　　Of　the　right
temporal；　the　parts　in　the　immediate　neighbourhood　of　the　auditory
foramen；　the　mastoid　process；　and　a　considerable　portion　of　the
squamous　element　of　the　temporal　are　well　preserved　（Fig。　22）。

The　lines　of　fracture　which　remain　between　the　coadjusted　pieces　of　the
skull；　and　are　faithfully　displayed　in　Schmerling's　figure；　are　readily
traceable　in　the　cast。　　The　sutures　are　also　discernible；　but　the
complex　disposition　of　their　serrations；　shown　in　the　figure；　is　not
obvious　in　the　cast。　　Though　the　ridges　which　give　attachment　to　muscles
are　not　excessively　prominent；　they　are　well　marked；　and　taken　together
with　the　apparently　well　developed　frontal　sinuses；　and　the　condition
of　the　sutures；　leave　no　doubt　on　my　mind　that　the　skull　is　that　of　an
adult；　if　not　middle…aged　man。

The　extreme　length　of　the　skull　is　7。7　inches。　　Its　extreme　breadth；
which　corresponds　very　nearly　with　the　interval　between　the　parietal
protuberances；　is　not　more　than　5。4　inches。　　The　proportion　of　the
length　to　the　breadth　is　therefore　very　nearly　as　100　to　70。　　If　a　line
be　drawn　from　the　point　at　which　the　brow　curves　in　towards　the　root　of
the　nose；　and　which　is　called　the　'glabella'　（'a'）　（Fig。　22）；　to　the
occipital　protuberance　（'b'）；　and　the　distance　to　the　highest　point　of
the　arch　of　the　skull　be　measured　perpendicularly　from　this　line；　it
will　be　found　to　be　4。75　inches。　　Viewed　from　above；　Fig。　23；　A；　the
forehead　presents　an　evenly　rounded　curve；　and　passes　into　the　contour
of　the　sides　and　back　of　the　skull；　which　describes　a　tolerably　regular
elliptical　curve。

The　front　view　（Fig。　23；　B）　shows　that　the　roof　of　the　skull　was　very
regularly　and　elegantly　arched　in　the　transverse　direction；　and　that
the　transverse　diameter　was　a　little　less　below　the　parietal
protuberances；　than　above　them。　　The　forehead　cannot　be　called　narrow　in
relation　to　the　rest　of　the　skull；　nor　can　it　be　called　a　retreating
forehead；　on　the　contrary；　the　antero…posterior　contour　of　the　skull　is
well　arched；　so　that　the　distance　along　that　contour；　from　the　nasal
depression　to　the　occipital　protuberance；　measures　about　13。75　inches。
The　transverse　arc　of　the　skull；　measured　from　one　auditory　foramen　to
the　other；　across　the　middle　of　the　sagittal　suture；　is　about　13
inches。　　The　sagittal　suture　itself　is　5。5　inches　long。

The　supraciliary　prominences　or　brow…ridges　（on　each　side　of　'a'；　Fig。
22）　are　well；　but　not　excessively；　developed；　and　are　separated　by　a
median　depression。　　Their　principal　elevation　is　disposed　so　obliquely
that　I　judge　them　to　be　due　to　large　frontal　sinuses。

If　a　line　joining　the　glabella　and　the　occipital　protuberance　（'a'；　'b'；
Fig。　22）　be　made　horizontal；　no　part　of　the　occipital　region　projects
more　than　1/10th　of　an　inch　behind　the　posterior　extremity　of　that
line；　and　the　upper　edge　of　the　auditory　foramen　（'c'）　is　almost　in
contact　with　a　line　drawn　parallel　with　this　upon　the　outer　surface　of
the　skull。

A　transverse　line　drawn　from　one　auditory　foramen　to　the　other
traverses；　as　usual；　the　forepart　of　the　occipital　foramen。　　The
capacity　of　the　interior　of　this　fragmentary　skull　has　not　been
ascertained。

The　history　of　the　Human　remains　from　the　cavern　in　the　Neanderthal　may
best　be　given　in　the　words　of　their　original　describer；　Dr
Schaaffhausen*；　as　translated　by　Mr。　Busk。

　　　　＇footnote＇　*ON　THE　CRANIA　OF　THE　MOST　ANCIENT　RACES　OF　MAN。
　　　　By　Professor　D。　Schaaffhausen；　of　Bonn。　　（From　Muller's
　　　　'Archiv'。；　1858；　pp。　453。）　　With　Remarks；　and　original
　　　　Figures；　taken　from　a　Cast　of　the　Neanderthal　Cranium。　　By
　　　　George　Busk；　F。R。S。；　etc。　'Natural　History　Review'。　　April；
　　　　1861。

〃In　the　early　part　of　the　year　1857；　a　human　skeleton　was　discovered　in
a　limestone　cave　in　the　Neanderthal；　near　Hochdal；　between　Dusseldorf
and　Elberfeld。　　Of　this；　however；　I　was　unable　to　procure　more　than　a
plaster　cast　of　the　cranium；　taken　at　Elberfeld；　from　which　I　drew　up
an　account　of　its　remarkable　conformation；　which　was；　in　the　first
instance；　read　on　the　4th　of　February；　1857；　at　the　meeting　of　the
Lower　Rhine　Medical　and　Natural　History　Society；　at　Bonn。*

　　　　＇footnote＇　*'Verhandl。　d。　Naturhist。'　Vereins　der　preuss。
　　　　Rheinlande　und　Westphalens。；　xiv。　　Bonn；　1857。

Subsequently　Dr。　Fuhlrott；　to　whom　science　is　indebted　for　the
preservation　of　these　bones；　which　were　not　at　first　regarded　as　human；
and　into　whose　possession　they　afterwards　came；　brought　the　cranium
from　Elberfeld　to　Bonn；　and　entrusted　it　to　me　for　more　accurate
anatomical　examination。　　At　the　General　Meeting　of　the　Natural　History
Society　of　Prussian　Rhineland　and　Westphalia；　at　Bonn；　on　the　2nd　of
June；　1857；*　Dr　Fuhlrott　himself　gave　a　full　account　of　the　locality；
and　of　the　circumstances　under　which　the　discovery　was　made。

　　　　＇footnote＇　*'Ib。　Correspondenzblatt。　　No。　2。

He　was　of　opinion　that　the　bones　might　be　regarded　as　fossil；　and　in
coming　to　this　conclusion；　he　laid　especial　stress　upon　the　existence
of　dendritic　deposits；　with　which　their　surface　was　covered；　and　which
were　first　noticed　upon　them　by　Professor　Meyer。　　To　this　communication
I　appended　a　brief　report　on　the　results　of　my　anatomical　examination　of
the　bones。　　The　conclusions　at　which　I　arrived　were：1st。　　That　the
extraordinary　form　of　the　skull　was　due　to　a　natural　conformation
hitherto　not　known　to　exist；　even　in　the　most　barbarous　races。　　2nd。
That　these　remarkable　human　remains　belonged　to　a　period　antecedent　to
the　time　of　the　Celts　and　Germans；　and　were　in　all　probability　derived
from　one　of　the　wild　races　of　North…western　Europe；　spoken　of　by　Latin
writers；　and　which　were　encountered　as　autochthones　by　the　German
immigrants。　　And　3rdly。　　That　it　was　beyond　doubt　that　these　human
relics　were　traceable　to　a　period　at　which　the　latest　animals　of　the
diluvium　still　existed；　but　that　no　proof　of　this　assumption；　nor
consequently　of　their　so…termed　'fossil'　condition；　was　afforded　by　the
circumstances　under　which　the　bones　were　discovered。

FIG。　23。The　Engis　skull　viewed　from　above　（A）　and　in　front　（B）。

〃As　Dr。　Fuhlrott　has　not　yet　published　his　description　of　these
circumstances；　I　borrow　the　following　account　of　them　from　one　of　his
letters。　　'A　small　cave　or　grotto；　high　enough　to　admit　a　man；　and
about　15　feet　deep　from　the　entrance；　which　is　7　or　8　feet　wide；　exists
in　the　southern　wall　of　the　gorge　of　the　Neanderthal；　as　it　is　termed；
at　a　distance　of　about　100　feet　from　the　Dussel；　and　about　60　feet
above　the　bottom　of　the　valley。　　In　its　earlier　and　uninjured
condition；　this　cavern　opened　upon　a　narrow　plateau　lying　in　front　of
it；　and　from　which　the　rocky　wall　descended　almost　perpendicularly　into
the　river。　　It　could　be　reached；　though　with　difficulty；　from　above。
The　uneven　floor　was　covered　to　a　thickness　of　4　or　5　feet　with　a
deposit　of　mud；　sparingly　intermixed　with　rounded　fragments　of　chert。
In　the　removing　of　this　deposit；　the　bones　were　discovered。　　The　skull
was　first　noticed；　placed　nearest　to　the　entrance　of　the　cavern；　and
further　in；　the　other　bones；　lying　in　the　same　horizontal　plane。　　Of
this　I　was　assured；　in　the　most　positive　terms；　by　two　labourers　who
were　employed　to　clear　out　the　grotto；　and　who　were　questioned　by　me　on
the　spot。　　At　first　no　idea　was　entertained　of　the　bones　being　human；
and　it　was　not　till　several　weeks　after　their　discovery　that　they　were
recognised　as　such　by　me；　and　placed　in　security。　　But；　as　the
importance　of　the　discovery　was　not　at　the　time　perceived；　the
labourers　were　very　careless　in　the　collecting；　and　secured　chiefly
only　the　larger　bones；　and　to　this　circumstance　it　may　be　attributed
that　fragments　merely　of　the　probably　perfect　skeleton　came　into　my
possession'

〃My　anatomical　examination　of　these　bones　afforded　the　following
results：

〃The　cranium　is　of　unusual　size；　and　of　a　long　elliptical　form。　　A　most
remarkable　peculiarity　is　at　once　obvious　in　the　extraordinary
development　of　the　frontal　sinuses；　owing　to　which　the　superciliary
ridges；　which　coalesce　completely　in　the　middle；　are　rendered　so
prominent；　that　the　frontal　bone　exhibits　a　considerable　hollow　or
depression　above；　or　rather　behind　them；　whilst　a　deep　depression　is
also　formed　in　the　situation　of　the　root　of　the　nose。　　The　forehead　is
narrow　and　low；　though　the　middle　and　hinder　portions　of　the　cranial
arch　are　well　developed。　　Unfortunately；　the　fragment　of　the　skull　that
has　been　preserved　consists　only　of　the　portion　situated　above　the　roof
of　the　orbits　and　the　superior　occipital　ridges；　which　are　greatly
developed；　and　almost　conjoined　so　as　to　form　a　horizontal　eminence。　　It
includes　almost　the　whole　of　the　frontal　bone；　both　parietals；　a　small
part　of　the　squamous　and　the　upper…third　of　the　occipital。　　The
recently　fractured　surfaces　show　that　the　skull　was　broken　at　the　time
of　its　disinterment。　　The　cavity　holds　16；876　grains　of　water；　whence
its　cubical　contents　may　be　estimated　at　57。64　inches；　or　1033。24　cubic
centimetres。　　In　making　this　estimation；　the　water　is　supposed　to　stand
on　a　level　with　the　orbital　plate　of　the　frontal；　with　the　deepest
notch　in　the　squamous　margin　of　the　parietal；　and　with　the　superior
semicircular　ridges　of　the　occipital。　　Estimated　in　dried　millet…seed；
the　contents　equalled　31　ounces；　Prussian　Apothecaries'　weight。　　The
semicircular　line　indicating　the　upper　boundary　of　the　attachment　of
the　temporal　muscle；　though　not　very　strongly　marked；　ascends
nevertheless　to　more　than　half　the　height　of　the　parietal　bone。　　On　the
right　superciliary　ridge　is　observable　an　oblique　furrow　or　depression；
indicative　of　an　injury　received　during　life。*

　　　　＇footnote＇　*This；　Mr。　　Busk　has　poin